Meaning of low and high lab test values

Decoding Thyroid Test Results Chart: What They Mean The Challenge of Diagnosing Thyroid Dysfunction One may assume that diagnosing thyroid-related conditions is straightforward, given the broad range of symptoms and potential impact on multiple organ systems. However, even with readily available blood tests for thyroid, pituitary, liver, and adrenal function, diagnoses are frequently missed. The Misconceptions Surrounding TSH Levels and Hypothyroidism Diagnosis One widespread misconception is the overreliance on increased Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels as a definitive indication of hypothyroidism. In response to low levels of thyroid hormone circulating in the blood, the pituitary gland releases this hormone. An increased TSH level can certainly confirm hypothyroidism, but it can also indicate an overactive thyroid gland, commonly associated with an overactive thyroid gland, making it an overly simplistic measure that overlooks many individuals with the condition. There is a growing belief that the current accepted range of TSH levels from 1.0–4.5 is too broad, suggesting a more appropriate range of TSH levels would be 0.5–1.5. With this adjusted range, more patients could potentially receive a hypothyroidism diagnosis, aligning with a more accurate range of TSH levels. Moreover, TSH levels measured in the lab can vary throughout the day, making them less reliable as an average measure. Factors like monosodium glutamate (MSG) and stress can lower TSH levels, further complicating its reliability as a diagnostic tool, which in turn can impact brain development in individuals, particularly during critical growth periods, and significantly affect overall brain development. Understanding Thyroid Function and Its Importance The thyroid gland plays a pivotal role in maintaining overall health through the production of thyroid hormones, primarily T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine). These hormones regulate essential bodily functions including metabolism, energy levels, and even mood stability. When the thyroid gland functions optimally, it ensures that the body's metabolic processes are aligned, helping to maintain weight, energy balance, and mental clarity. A dysfunction in thyroid function can lead to a cascade of health issues, such as fatigue, weight gain or loss, and cognitive disturbances, highlighting the importance of keeping this small but powerful gland healthy for overall health and well-being. In addition to its metabolic functions, the thyroid gland influences heart rate, body temperature, and menstrual cycles, demonstrating its integral role in multiple physiological systems. An imbalance in thyroid hormone levels can disrupt these systems, leading to conditions such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, and can also significantly affect heart rate. Therefore, understanding thyroid function is crucial not only for diagnosing thyroid-related disorders but also for comprehending how they can impact overall health, heart rate, and quality of life. How to interpret the thyroid test results chart? Interpreting thyroid test results involves looking at levels of thyroid hormones like TSH, T3, and T4. Abnormal results may indicate hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Consult your healthcare provider for a thorough analysis and appropriate treatment if needed. TSH Levels Chart Category | TSH Levels (mU/L) | Indication | Symptoms Normal TSH Levels | 0.4-4.5 | Normal thyroid function | None Optimal Range (Younger Adults) | 0.45-2.5 | Normal thyroid function | None Pregnancy- First Trimester | 0.1-2.5 | Normal for pregnancy | Thyroid medication adjustments may be necessary if your thyroid medication levels are outside this range. - First Trimester | 0.1-2.5 | Normal for pregnancy | None - Second Trimester | 0.2-3.0 | Normal for pregnancy | None - Third Trimester | 0.3-3.0 | Normal for pregnancy | None High TSH Levels | >4.5 | Hypothyroidism | Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, depression, dry skin Subclinical Hypothyroidism | 4.7-10 | Mild hypothyroidism in pregnant women | May be asymptomatic or exhibit mild symptoms | Important to monitor during early pregnancy for pregnant women - Symptomatic Hypothyroidism | >10 | Severe hypothyroidism | More pronounced symptoms Low TSH Levels | <0.4 | Hyperthyroidism | Rapid heartbeat, weight loss, nervousness, tremors, increased sweating - Subclinical Hyperthyroidism | 0.1-0.5 | Mild hyperthyroidism | May be asymptomatic or mild symptoms - Symptomatic Hyperthyroidism | <0.1 | Severe hyperthyroidism | More pronounced symptoms TSH Levels by Age and Gender Age Group | Men (mU/L) | Women (mU/L) 18-30 years | 0.5-4.15 | 0.4-2.34 31-50 years | 0.5-4.15 | 0.4-4.0 51-70 years | 0.5-4.59 | 0.46-4.68 71-90 years | 0.4-5.49 | Not specified TSH Levels in Children Age Group | TSH Levels (mU/L) 0-4 days | 1.6-24.3 2-20 weeks | 0.58-5.57 20 weeks – 18 years | 0.55-5.31 This table provides a clear and concise overview of TSH levels, their implications, and associated symptoms. Always consult with a healthcare provider for personalized medical advice and treatment. Evaluating Thyroid Hormone Levels: T4, T3, and FTI Unreliability of Traditional Thyroid Hormone Tests Traditionally, the levels of thyroid hormones are measured using tests for Total T4 (T4), T3-Uptake, Free Thyroxine Index (FTI or T7), and Total T3 (T3-by-RIA). However, these tests may not provide accurate reflections of functional hormone levels because they don't measure the thyroid levels of the hormone that are actually available for action. Only free T4 and free T3 are available to act on the cells. However, typical tests measure a mixture of protein-bound T4 and T3 (which are unavailable to cells) and free T4 and T3. Therefore, a significant number of individuals may have abnormally low levels of free T4 and T3, even when traditional tests indicate normal results. Broadening the Diagnostic Tools: Beyond Standard Thyroid Tests While traditional thyroid blood tests, such as TSH, T4, and T3, provide valuable insights into thyroid function, they are often insufficient for a comprehensive evaluation of thyroid health. A broader spectrum of diagnostic tools, including a thyroid panel, can enhance the accuracy of thyroid assessments. For instance, advanced thyroid panel tests that measure both free T4 and free T3 levels can give a clearer picture of hormone availability for metabolic processes. This can be particularly beneficial in cases where patients present symptoms of thyroid dysfunction despite normal TSH levels. Additionally, imaging techniques such as thyroid ultrasound can be instrumental in identifying structural abnormalities within the gland, including nodules or inflammation. These tests, including thyroid ultrasound, when combined with clinical evaluations, offer a more holistic approach to understanding thyroid health. By integrating these broader diagnostic tools, healthcare providers can more accurately assess thyroid conditions and tailor appropriate treatment plans, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Other Kinds of Thyroid Function Tests Traditional thyroid hormone tests may not always provide a comprehensive view of thyroid function, particularly in cases of an underactive thyroid condition. Factors such as stress, illness, or medication can influence results, leading to potential misinterpretation. Newer diagnostic tools offer a broader perspective, including tests like thyroid ultrasound or thyroid peroxidase antibodies. These advanced tests help identify underlying causes of thyroid dysfunction beyond what standard tests reveal, guiding healthcare providers towards more accurate diagnoses and personalized treatment plans. Integrating these innovative tools can significantly enhance the accuracy of thyroid disorder management. The Need for a More Holistic Approach to Diagnosis Evaluating Symptom Improvement through Treatment Complicating matters further, symptoms of hypothyroidism and thyroid dysfunction can emerge even with normal blood test results. When treated for hypothyroidism, patients with low free T4 and free T3 levels—regardless of TSH levels—often report significant improvement. Symptoms of hypothyroidism may also vary among individuals, making diagnosis more challenging. Some patients exhibit symptoms of low thyroid action, even when their test results suggest otherwise. As a result, many skilled thyroidologists consider a patient's response to treatment as the primary determinant of a hypothyroidism diagnosis. If symptoms improve with appropriate treatment, it provides compelling evidence of hypothyroidism. Several reputable introductory textbooks strongly support this method of diagnosis. Symptoms and Causes of Thyroid Dysfunction Thyroid dysfunction can manifest through various symptoms, including unexplained weight changes, fatigue, and mood swings. Other signs may involve hair loss, intolerance to cold or heat, and irregular menstrual cycles in women. The causes of thyroid dysfunction are diverse and can include autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroid nodules, or thyroid cancer. Understanding these symptoms and causes, particularly Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is crucial for early detection and effective management of thyroid disorders. Symptoms of High and Low TSH Levels Understanding the symptoms associated with high and low TSH levels is crucial for recognizing thyroid dysfunction. High TSH levels typically indicate hypothyroidism, where the body experiences fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and depression, among other symptoms. Patients may also notice dry skin and hair, constipation, and a general decrease in energy levels. On the other hand, low TSH levels are indicative of an overactive thyroid gland, or hyperthyroidism, leading to symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, unintended weight loss, increased sweating, and anxiety. Individuals may feel nervous or shaky and experience changes in their menstrual cycles. It is important to recognize that these symptoms can significantly impact quality of life and may vary from person to person, emphasizing the need for thorough evaluation and appropriate treatment. Interpreting the Results: What Your Thyroid Test Numbers Really Mean Interpreting thyroid blood tests results can often feel daunting, especially when faced with a range of numbers that may not clearly indicate a health issue. The key to understanding your thyroid blood test results lies in recognizing the significance of each hormone measured. Thyroid blood tests TSH levels serve as an initial screening tool; a high TSH often suggests hypothyroidism, while a low TSH may indicate hyperthyroidism. However, TSH alone does not provide a complete picture. Free T4 and Free T3 levels must also be considered to gauge the active hormone available for the body's metabolic needs. Moreover, it is vital to understand that these values can fluctuate based on various factors, including age, gender, and even the time of day the test was conducted. Therefore, a single test result should not be taken in isolation. Instead, it's essential to discuss these numbers with a healthcare provider who can interpret them in the context of your overall health, symptoms, and any existing medical conditions. A thorough understanding of your thyroid test results can empower you to take informed steps toward managing your thyroid health effectively. Next Steps Following a Thyroid Diagnosis After receiving a thyroid diagnosis, the next steps typically involve discussing treatment options with your healthcare provider. This may include thyroid hormone replacement therapy, medication adjustments, or lifestyle changes. Regular monitoring of thyroid levels, including crucial thyroid levels and hormone levels through follow-up blood tests, is crucial to ensure the effectiveness of the treatment plan. Your healthcare provider will work closely with you to manage your condition and address any concerns or symptoms that may arise. Maintaining open communication and adhering to the recommended follow-up schedule are key in managing thyroid health effectively. Understanding Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism Treatments When dealing with hypothyroidism, the mainstay of treatment is thyroid hormone replacement therapy (THRT), commonly administered as levothyroxine. This synthetic form of the thyroid hormone T4 helps restore normal hormone levels, alleviating symptoms and preventing complications such as heart disease and weight gain. Patients typically require regular monitoring of TSH and T4 levels to fine-tune their medication dosage. Conversely, hyperthyroidism treatments may involve anti-thyroid medications like methimazole, which help reduce the production of thyroid hormones. In some cases, radioactive iodine treatment or surgical intervention may be necessary to control hormone levels effectively. Both conditions necessitate a personalized approach, taking into account individual health status and symptom severity to guide treatment decisions. Conclusion Thyroid dysfunction, particularly hypothyroidism, can manifest in a myriad of ways and impact numerous organ systems. While diagnostic tests are readily available, their sensitivity and specificity often fall short, leading to missed or incorrect diagnoses. Over-reliance on traditional thyroid tests can overshadow more nuanced indicators like free T4, free T3 levels, and symptoms of hyperthyroidism, which can include tremors and palpitations, as well as symptom improvement with appropriate treatment. For a more comprehensive understanding of thyroid health, it's crucial to look beyond standard measures and consider the full range of symptoms and patient responses to treatment, especially if there is a significant family history of thyroid disease. This holistic approach not only ensures a more accurate diagnosis but also helps guide effective treatment strategies that can significantly improve patients' quality of life. Take Action for Your Health Knowledge is power, especially when it comes to your health. Don't let misunderstood tests or overlooked symptoms stand between you and the right diagnosis. Take control of your thyroid health by getting comprehensive, affordable thyroid tests and panels at DiscountedLabs.com. At Discounted Labs, we provide easy and affordable access to a wide range of tests, ensuring you get a complete picture of your thyroid health. It's time to move beyond the confusion and embrace a path towards better health and wellbeing. Visit DiscountedLabs.com and order your thyroid test today. References https://www.singlecare.com/blog/normal-thyroid-levels/ https://thancguide.org/2024/06/the-journey/how-to-decode-your-thyroid-function-tests-now/ https://www.healthinfo.org.nz/patientinfo/269156.pdf https://www.thyroid.org/thyroid-function-tests/ https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/thyroid-function-tests https://www.verywellhealth.com/interpret-your-thyroid-test-results-3231840 https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-thyroid-blood-tests-low-or-high-tsh-3233198 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279414/  

Table of Contents 1. Biotin Biotin Uses and Supplementation How Biotin Affects Test Results What Are the Lab Tests Which Might Be Affected by Biotin Supplementation? What Supplements Have Biotin? 2. Age 3. Urinary Tract Infection 4. Prostate Procedures 5. Bicycle Riding 6. Obesity or High Body Weight 7. Medications 8. Biological Rhythms 9. Pregnancy 10. Food and Water 11. Caffeine, Alcohol, and Tobacco 12. Exercise Get Your Health Checked Up Today!   According to the World Health Organization, chronic diseases kill millions of people each year. Diabetes alone accounted for nearly 1.6 million deaths in 2015. Deaths caused by neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia doubled since 2000, and this number is expected to grow in the upcoming years. Although these are alarming facts, you might be happy to find out that numerous diseases and injuries, particularly chronic illnesses, can be prevented. To prevent a disease, you first need to be aware of it. To be aware of it, you need to do the right thing and get your health checked periodically. Discovering a predisposition to the disease earlier on gives you a massive advantage. You’ll be able to follow special treatments and minimize its risks or eliminate them. But how to get tested for various diseases which might affect you? Well, one of the simplest and most efficient ways is by using direct-to-consumer labs. These are usually discount labs you can purchase online at affordable prices and have your general health checked in a matter of days. No doctor visit is required so that you can quickly check your blood tests and monitor your health if you are an educated patient. However, you need to keep in mind that there are many factors which can influence the results of your lab tests. In other words, these factors can reduce the accuracy of your results, and that’s why you need to follow up the doctor’s advice before drawing blood for testing. This article is going to offer you a broader understanding when it comes to factors which influence lab tests. Keep reading to learn more about your health and how you can optimize the results of your lab work investigations. 1. Biotin Biotin is also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H. This is a coenzyme the body needs for different metabolic processes. For example, the body needs biotin to optimize the metabolism of fat, carbohydrates, and protein. At the same time, biotin is also needed for the production of certain hormones. You can find biotin in fish, eggs, meat and certain vegetables such as spinach and broccoli. However, you can also take biotin supplements if needed. Adults need about 30 micrograms of biotin per day. Having more biotin in your system is not a problem, but it might affect some lab tests you make. For example, it can interfere with the results in certain blood tests, which might lead to an incorrect diagnosis of various health ailments. Biotin Uses and Supplementation As mentioned earlier, biotin is present in various pills and supplements you can buy online. For example, biotin can be used for treating alopecia, which is a health condition that makes people lose their hair. Doctors prescribe a dose of 5,000 to 10,000 micrograms of biotin per day to treat such health problems. At the same time, biotin can also be prescribed to pregnant women to support the healthy development of the baby. There are studies performed by researchers at various universities which prescribe large biotin doses to treat various problems with the nervous system. For example, multiple sclerosis might be treated with around 300,000 micrograms of biotin per day. Some people also use biotin to treat nail and skin problems since no studies are suggesting that a high amount of biotin can lead to health complications or injuries. How Biotin Affects Test Results Although supplementing with biotin can be beneficial for the body, this substance can greatly interfere with test results. The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) mentioned that biotin could alter blood test results and cause incorrect diagnosis for certain health conditions. It is recommended that you stop biotin supplementation at least 72 hours before offering a blood or saliva sample. What Are the Lab Tests Which Might Be Affected by Biotin Supplementation? There are many blood tests which can be affected by excessive biotin levels in your bloodstream. Some of these tests include vitamin D tests, any tests which measure the thyroid hormones in your body as well as tests which look at the FSH and LH hormones. Troponin is another type of test commonly used to diagnose heart attacks and other problems related to the cardiovascular system. If you’re planning to do such blood tests in the future, make sure you put your biotin supplementation on hold to ensure you get accurate results. What Supplements Have Biotin? On top of getting biotin from your foods, this substance can also be taken from various vitamins or supplements available in drug stores. For example, most multivitamin pills, B-complex vitamins, and coenzyme R have high amounts of biotin in them. Similarly, supplements with vitamin H and prenatal vitamins might also contain biotin. If you’re taking some supplements for hair growth and skin improvement, chances are that you’re also getting some biotin from those. Look on the labels of the supplements you take and look for “biotin,” “vitamin B7”, “vitamin H,” or “coenzyme R” to see if your pills contain biotin. If you have been instructed to stop biotin supplementation a few days before your blood test but forgot to do so, make sure that you inform your doctor about it. Your health practitioner needs to know this is the case your results show inaccurate or confusing results. 2. Age The advancing age of a patient also significantly influences the results of a particular blood test. In most cases, people of an elderly age tend to receive a higher percentage of incorrect/inaccurate results in comparison with younger adults. That’s because certain hormones and substances in the body are interpreted differently by lab tests as their levels increase or decrease with age. To give you an accurate example, a lipid panel of an older adult is much different than the one of a young person. The levels of triglycerides, good cholesterol, and bad cholesterol tend to increase with age up to about 55-60 years in males and around 65 years in females. Some studies show that triglyceride levels continue to increase in senior females. When this happens, doctors don't use reference values based on age anymore because they are inefficient in people of elderly age. Instead, they test the risk of cardiovascular disease and formulate treatment options based on that because this method is much more efficient. At the same time, there are blood tests which measure the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in men. PSA can increase in people of an elderly age as more PSA gets into the bloodstream and interferes with the test results. 3. Urinary Tract Infection Another factor that can influence the results of a PSA test consists of urinary tract infections. Various urinary tract bacteria can drastically alter the test results and lead to inaccurate diagnosis. That’s why it’s a good idea to tell your doctor if you ever had urinary tract infections so he can make a more accurate diagnosis when testing your PSA levels. 4. Prostate Procedures People who have had prostate procedures done are more likely to receive an incorrect diagnosis when doing prostate tests. For example, prostate surgery or biopsy, as well as prostatitis, can cause abnormal levels of PSA in the body. These factors can interfere with test results and cause false diagnosis. The doctor will eventually inform you when it's a good time to have a prostate test after you have had done a prostate surgery or biopsy. 5. Bicycle Riding Some studies have found that riding a bicycle can put a lot of pressure on the prostate, which can increase PSA levels. Therefore, prostate test results can come back with incorrect information, which leads to a false diagnosis. Another thing that can increase PSA levels is ejaculation since it makes more PSA leak into the bloodstream and affects the test results. 6. Obesity or High Body Weight Obesity is another health issue that affects the results of various blood tests. For example, obese men have greater BMI, and they usually have lower PSA concentrations. That's because obese men usually have a larger blood volume where PSA can get diluted. As a result, a prostate test can return false PSA results which affect the diagnosis set by the doctor. Similarly, obesity can also affect the results of rheumatoid arthritis tests. During those tests, various inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are checked to detect the level of inflammation in the body. Some studies show that obese people tend to have higher levels of ESR and CRP in their bodies, and this can interfere with the results, leading to false diagnosis. Buy a CRP Test Here Another blood test that can be affected by body weight is creatinine (used to assess kidney function). This test result may be artificially elevated in people with higher body weight or lean mass.  Cystatin C may be a better indicator of kidney function in those patients. 7. Medications Any medication that you might take before doing a blood test can significantly influence the results. Make sure that you inform your doctor about the pills you take, so he can take that into account when interpreting the results. If it is possible, you can discontinue certain medication (after you have received doctor’s approval) to make sure that your blood tests are more accurate. There are many types of medications which can influence the results of blood tests, including prostate test, inflammation tests, etc. For example, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen can alter the results of a blood test. Other important ones include blood pressure medication, which is known as thiazide diuretics. Some of the most common medication in this category include hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothiazide, and others. These medications tend to lower PSA levels and lead to a false diagnosis in prostate blood tests. 5-alpha reductase inhibitors also affect PSA levels. These inhibitors are represented by dutasteride and finasteride, which also decrease the PSA levels by almost 50 %. Metformin, a popular diabetes drug that is gaining anti-aging interest, can reduce B vitamin blood levels. This fact needs to be considered when testing for B-12 or other vitamins. 8. Biological Rhythms Various hormones and other substances in the body have significantly different levels at certain moments of the day. For example, you have different cortisol or testosterone levels in the morning compared with those in the evening. That’s why it’s important to do certain tests at specific moments of the day to ensure the accuracy of the test. Your doctor will usually inform you about that and tell you when it’s the best time for a blood test. Testosterone blood levels peak early in the morning, usually between 7 am, and 9 am. This time of the day is when a testosterone blood test should be done. Throughout the day, testosterone levels slowly decrease, and by evening, they are about two times lower than in the morning. The same story goes for cortisol levels as well. The levels of cortisol in your body peak early in the morning, and they gradually decline by 50%-100% until the end of the day. The time of the month or year is also very important when doing health checkups. For example, getting more vitamin D into your body relies on how much you are exposed to the sun. You can also get supplements with vitamin D if necessary, but sun exposure is one of the best and most efficient ways to get vitamin D. The levels of this vitamin in your bloodstream need to be interpreted based on the time of the year. For example, it’s normal to have the lowest levels of vitamin D during winter times since that’s when sun exposure is limited. 9. Pregnancy A pregnant woman can also have different test results in comparison with one who isn't pregnant. Pregnancy can change the amount of blood in the body, influence liver hormones, renal function, and other metabolic processes. Changes in hormone levels depend on the pregnancy stage, and they are usually compared against reference values. Physicians can give a pregnant woman more information on how to interpret these results and what they should do about them. 10. Food and Water The foods you eat and beverages you drink can influence the results of blood tests. For example, fasting, restricting calories, or being dehydrated can lead to incorrect test results and false diagnosis. To give you an example, a diet rich in protein can lead to increased uric acid levels, and this will be shown in various blood and urine tests. Similarly, a diet which is low in carbohydrates can increase the levels of ketones (ketogenic diet). If a person is a vegan or vegetarian, the levels of vitamin B12 in his/her bloodstream will be low. Some studies have shown that carbohydrates can temporarily decrease testosterone blood levels, so it is important to measure testosterone before breakfast. Fasting is needed before drawing blood for most blood testing. Patients are usually asked to fast for about 8-12 hours before doing a blood test. Fasting is important when checking lipid levels, blood sugar levels, some hormones, and substances in the body. Not fasting before a CMP test, for example, can lead to an incorrect diagnosis of diabetes type 2 since glucose can be elevated, which is a life-threatening condition if not treated properly. The Lipid Panel test (Triglycerides, LDL and HDL cholesterol) also requires fasting.  Failure to do so may cause the triglycerides value to be higher than normal. For more information about which tests require fasting, read: Fasting Blood Tests - Everything You Need to Know Dehydration also plays a vital role when it comes to blood testing. It can increase blood test values by decreasing the water content of the blood. It can be seen as an imbalance in sodium and potassium levels and lead to false diagnosis. For example, dehydration can affect albumin levels, blood lipids, creatinine (kidney), hematocrit, and some hormones in the body. 11. Caffeine, Alcohol, and Tobacco Drinking a lot of caffeine from coffee or green tea can also affect some blood test results. Although more studies are necessary when it comes to caffeine, there is a chance that this substance can alter blood glucose levels and temporarily increase them. Caffeine usually passes through the body in around 5 hours, so its effects are less significant in comparison with other substances. Caffeine can also affect hydration, a factor mentioned above. Last but not least, caffeine can increase blood pressure in some people. The lab technician may be alarmed about your blood pressure before drawing your blood. Alcohol, on the other hand, has a more significant effect on blood tests, depending on how much is consumed and when. For example, this substance might lower serum glucose levels in people of all ages and increase plasma lactate. These changes can happen, especially if alcohol is consumed 2 or 4 hours before drawing blood for testing. At the same time, chronic alcohol consumption can lead to other problems such as elevated triglyceride levels, elevated creatine kinase levels, elevated liver enzymes, and increased uric acid. As a result, blood tests can be affected, and the doctor could subsequently give a false diagnosis. Frequent alcohol consumption can also lead to mineral and vitamin deficiencies, particularly decreasing the B-complex vitamins. This potential B vitamin deficiency is a concerning problem in chronic alcohol abusers since the vitamins in the B complex are responsible for the proper functioning of the brain and nervous system. Patients are asked to cease alcohol consumption at least 24-48 hours before drawing blood for testing. This period should give the body enough time to process the alcohol consumed and prevent blood test levels from being affected. However, liver enzymes and triglycerides may not return to baseline in that short period. Another substance of concern is tobacco, which can also have a profound influence on blood test results. Those who smoke cigarettes have higher levels of nicotine in their bodies. As you probably know, nicotine is a drug which can increase cortisol levels and elevate concentrations of fatty acids in the blood. It may also increase hematocrit (red blood cell proportion, part of the CBC panel) since the body tries to produce more red blood cells to compensate for the lower oxygen level it is getting due to smoke in your lungs. As a result, blood tests can come up with confusing results. Whether cigarette smoking is acute or chronic, it’s detrimental for one’s health, and it can mess up with lab investigations. Cigarettes also contain thousands of toxins and chemicals which are harmful to the body, including arsenic and cadmium. These can increase the biomarkers of inflammation in the blood and show up in blood tests. 12. Exercise Physical exercise is one of the most important factors that influence blood test results. Whether you do resistance training, HIIT, yoga, or go for a bicycle ride, this activity could influence some of your blood tests. For example, after an intense session of exercise, the levels of creatine kinase (CK) in the body are increased. CK can remain elevated for up to a week, and this will be picked up on blood tests. Different types of exercises can also increase or decrease thyroid hormone blood tests. For example, doing anaerobic exercises can elevate the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the body. At the same time, anaerobic exercises can also decrease FT3 levels. It is estimated that thyroid hormone levels can be altered for several hours or even several days, depending on the individual and his fitness level. Marathoners are also highly exposed to have altered hormonal levels before and after completing a run. For example, the levels of glucose, albumin, protein, and bilirubin were measured in professional marathoners 4 hours after a run. All these hormones were increased. Studies performed on professional football players who train regularly also reveal that frequent exercise can boost immune function. One study looked at the white blood cell count in 31 males who didn’t do any exercise as well as 32 males who were playing football for a year. The white blood cell count was significantly higher in football players, and this leads to the conclusion that regular exercise can improve the immune response of a person. In another study performed on marathoners, it has been discovered that regular jogging for long periods can reduce the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), which is a known marker of inflammation. However, excessive running can increase CRP and other inflammatory markers. When doctors perform an inflammation panel, they test the CRP levels primarily. They want to determine if the inflammation in the body is chronic or acute. Having lower CRP levels as marathoners do helps them avoid chronic inflammatory diseases. On the other hand, some marathoners also had high PSA levels after completing a marathon. PSA stands for prostate-specific antigen, and it’s a marker of prostate disease. 2 out of 21 marathoners had increased PSA levels after running a marathon, which might state a problem with the prostate tissue. However, this can be a false diagnosis since vigorous exercise tends to increase PSA levels in certain people. That’s why doctors recommend performing prostate tests twice if PSA levels are increased as a result of exercise. At the same time, one should wait at least 24 hours after exercise to do a prostate exam to get a more accurate diagnosis. Last but not least, weightlifting has been shown to result in profound increases in liver function tests in healthy men used to moderate physical activity, not including weightlifting. Liver function tests are significantly increased for at least 7 days after weightlifting. It is important to impose relevant restrictions on heavy muscular exercise prior to and during clinical studies.   Get Your Health Checked Up Today! It’s amazing that we live in an era when we can order a blood test online and get the results back in a few days. The whole process is also confidential and super-affordable! You should take advantage of that and order your first blood test today. 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Essential Guide: How to Read Blood Test Results As patient self-education grows with access to information online, more people are taking charge of their health by buying their own blood tests that they can access online without visiting a doctor. Large blood testing networks located all over the United States make it easy for empowered and educated patients to find a lab location near them where they can have their blood drawn or provide a blood sample, urine sample, or saliva sample. Discounted Labs makes it easy for those consumers to buy and learn how to read blood test results, including the results of conventional blood tests, which can provide valuable insights into human health, including the effects of drugs and environmental contaminants, so that they can have more educated discussions with their physicians. After people buy their own blood tests and receive their results, it is sometimes difficult to make sense of what high or low blood test values mean when compared with the “normal” ranges provided by blood testing companies. Searching on the Internet may only give people a limited explanation of the health consequences of these high or low blood test values. We will attempt to include the most common blood tests, their normal ranges, and the meaning of high or low values, including the lower limits, as well as individual tests or collections of related tests called panels, to help people understand and monitor their ongoing health conditions. It is important to note that when interpreting blood test results, your clinician will likely focus on test trends relative to their normal ranges and not just the numerical results themselves. This means that if you have results for a given test from different labs, your clinician will look at how your results compare to the normal ranges for that specific test, rather than just the numerical values listed on your lab report. Additionally, these normal ranges are based on statistical analyses of tests from a large number of patients, providing a more accurate understanding of what is considered a healthy range for each test. Table of Contents Essential Guide: How to Read Blood Test Results How can one interpret the various values presented in blood test results? Consult Your Health Care Provider to Discuss How to Read Blood Test Results 1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) 2. Albumin 3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (adults) 4. Androstenedione (adult) 5. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) 6. Bilirubin, direct 7. Bilirubin, total 8. Calcium 9. Carbon dioxide, C02 total 10. Chloride 11. Cholesterol 12. Creatinine 13. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Sulfate (Adult) 14. Estradiol (Ultra-Sensitive) 15. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 16. Globulin 17. Glucose, fasting 18. Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) 19. Growth Hormone, GH (resting) 20. Hemoglobin A1C 21. High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, HDL 22. Insulin 23. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) 24. Lipoprotein (a) Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol 25. Iron 26. Luteinizing hormone (LH) 27. Magnesium 28. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) 29. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) 28. Phosphorus, inorganic (adult) 29. Potassium 30. Progesterone 31. Prolactin 32. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 33. Protein, total 34. Sodium 35. Somatomedin C (insulin-like growth factor I , IGF-1) 36. Testosterone, total 37. Testosterone, Free 38. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 39. Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) 40. Thyroid Antibodies Sources: How can one interpret the various values presented in blood test results? Interpreting blood test results involves understanding values like cholesterol, blood sugar levels, and white blood cell count. Comparing these to standard ranges helps assess overall health. Consult a healthcare provider for detailed explanations and guidance on how to read blood test results accurately. Consult Your Health Care Provider to Discuss How to Read Blood Test Results Consult your health care provider to get explanations about your blood test results and how he or she uses them to diagnose and treat your condition. The information below is not meant to provide medical advice or guide any treatment decisions, and it is only intended as an educational tool to enable you to have an educated discussion with a health practitioner. In order to accurately interpret your blood test results and determine the cause of fatigue, your healthcare provider will consider numerous factors and disorders, such as anemia, an underactive thyroid, or diabetes, which occurs when there are excessive glucose molecules in the bloodstream, that can contribute to prolonged or chronic fatigue. One important factor that your healthcare provider will look at is the history of glucose levels in your bloodstream, which can be determined through a hemoglobin A1c test. This test measures the percentage of HbA1c present relative to the total amount of hemoglobin, providing a history of glucose levels in the bloodstream over a period of about three months prior to the test. We will review 40 of the most common lab tests that people buy through direct-to-consumer lab testing companies like DiscountedLabs.com. 1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) Your liver produces the enzyme alanine aminotransferase. It's important to test this substance to determine whether your liver is infected or not. This test is sold as part of a Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP test. Normal AST range: 10-55 U/liter for males 10-55 U/liter for females High ALT, SGPT The liver cells might be seriously damaged, to the point of necrosis It might be a sign of extensive trauma to the liver, left heart failure, cirrhosis, or jaundice It might also be a sign of muscular dystrophy, fatty liver, myocardial infarction, and liver tumors As a result of the breakdown of muscle fibers during exercise, ALT can rise in people who perform regular resistance exercises with weights and machines. Low ALT, SGPT Low values of ALT indicate pyridoxal phosphate deficiency, that can result in various health complications, including epilepsy 2. Albumin Albumin is one of the most important proteins in the human body. It helps to carry nutrients to various tissues and it prevents blood vessels from leaking fluids. Normal albumin range 1–4.3 g/dl for men and women When Albumin blood test is high It might signify severe dehydration. It's not possible to increase albumin levels naturally. The only way albumin concentration might get higher is if plasma water decreases significantly When Albumin blood test is low This is a sign of acute or chronic inflammation Albumin levels might drop if the liver has problems synthesizing this protein properly, so it might indicate liver damage The transportation of bile acids and metal ions might be affected if the albumin levels get too low 3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (adults) Alkaline phosphatase is also known as ALP, and it's found in different tissues in the body. This enzyme is mostly present in the bones and liver. It plays a vital role in bone formation and mineralization. Normal Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 45-115 U/liter for males 30-100 U/liter for females When ALP blood test is high It might be a sign of biliary obstruction or liver diseases such as hepatitis or cirrhosis sign of bone disorder or even renal problems In some cases, it might indicate thyroid issues When ALP blood test is low It might signify nutritional deficiencies such as a lack of vitamin D, B12, magnesium or zinc It might be caused by severe anemia 4. Androstenedione (adult) Normal Androstenedione ranges 50-250 ng/dl for men and women This is a precursor to major sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. Testing for this hormone is necessary in conjunction with other hormonal tests to determine the levels of testosterone or estrogen in the body. The gonads and adrenal glands are responsible for producing androstenedione. When Androstenedione blood test is high Elevated levels might indicate a gonadal tumor, especially when the levels exceed 500 ng/dl When Androstenedione blood test is low This might signify a dysfunction of the adrenal glands, such as adrenal insufficiency It might signify ovarian or testicular failure if the levels are too low 5. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) Aspartate aminotransferase is an enzyme found in most tissues in the human body, particularly in the liver and the heart. It has multiple functions in the human body and abnormal levels usually indicate a liver problem. Normal AST or SGOT ranges 10–40 U/liter for men 9–25 U/liter for women When AST or SGOT blood test is high This could be a sign of liver cell necrosis or obstructive jaundice It might also signify hepatitis or a liver problem caused by drugs and medications Since this enzyme is found in the muscles, it might be a sign of skeletal muscle, inflammatory disease or even heart failure Exercise that involves resistance may also raise AST or SGOT. Normally, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase should be low. Problems appear when these levels get very high due to organ failure or inflammation. 6. Bilirubin, direct Bilirubin is a yellow substance involved in the process of cleaning organic waste from the body, such as dead red blood cells, etc. It is excreted in the bile and urine, and it consists of direct and total bilirubin, as well as blood urea nitrogen and waste products. When doing a blood test, your results might indicate the levels of direct and total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, and waste products, as all of these are important to diagnose certain diseases. Normal direct bilirubin range 0-0.4 mg/dl for men and women When bilirubin blood test is high It might signify biliary tree obstruction, cholestasis, and damage to the hepatic cells The patient might have Dubin-Johnson syndrome, which is characterized by an increase of direct bilirubin in the liver The patient may be taking a liver-toxic medication or herb The patient may have hepatitis A, B, or C When bilirubin blood test is low Low levels of direct bilirubin are usually not a cause of concern. Barbiturates or caffeine consumption may temporarily lower these levels. 7. Bilirubin, total This is the total amount of bilirubin enzymes in your body, including direct and indirect ones. Low levels of total bilirubin are not a problem in most cases. You should see a doctor when these levels are elevated, as they can signify different types of damage to your organs. Normal total bilirubin range 0-1.0 mg/dl for men and women When total bilirubin blood test is high It might be a sign of neonatal physiological jaundice Toxins or inflammation may cause the hepatic cells to suffer damage, which would result in high levels. It might be a sign of biliary tree obstruction See item 4 for more 8. Calcium Calcium is one of the most important minerals in the body. It's directly involved in the mineralization and growth of bones and it ensures that teeth remain in good condition. Normal calcium range 5–10.5 mg/dl for men and women When calcium blood test is high This might be a sign of hyperparathyroidism, bone disorders, malignant disease such as metastatic carcinoma of breast and kidney, etc Your blood might contain too much vitamin D, which leads to intoxication Acromegaly or dehydration When calcium blood test is low It might be a sign of hypoparathyroidism or chronic kidney failure It might be due to a magnesium or vitamin D deficiency. The patient might have acute pancreatitis, anemia or problems with the pituitary gland 9. Carbon dioxide, C02 total Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of the food metabolization process. This gas is released into the bloodstream when cells are broken down in simpler substances. The blood full of carbon dioxide returns to the lungs, where it is eliminated through respiration. Normal carbon dioxide CO2 range 24–30 mmol/liter for men and women When carbon dioxide CO2 blood test is high It might be a sign of respiratory acidosis resulted from poor gas exchange in the body Additionally, metabolic acidosis may be the cause, especially if there are numerous episodes of vomiting. When it's too low It might signify tubular acidosis of the kidneys It might be a sign of loss of alkaline fluids through the intestines or compensated respiratory alkalosis 10. Chloride Chloride forms when the element chlorine gains an electron. This is an important electrolyte that helps to maintain cell homeostasis or balance. Normal chloride blood test range 100–108 mmol/liter for men and women When chloride blood test is high High chloride may be caused by metabolic acidosis, especially when it's accompanied by loss of fluids caused by diarrhea Additionally, severe dehydration or a kidney issue like renal tubular acidosis or acute renal failure can be the cause. Hyperparathyroidism can also cause chloride levels to increase When chloride blood test is low Too much vomiting or prolonged diarrhea episodes could be the cause. Gastric issues like gastric suction or gastric secretion can also be the cause of low levels. Excessive sweating or respiratory acidosis can also make the chloride levels drop significantly 11. Cholesterol Cholesterol is one of the most common substances tested by physicians all over the world. This substance lines up the interior of your blood vessels and arteries. It's necessary for making new cells and hormones, but too much of it can be a problem. The liver produces cholesterol, but you can also get it from food. Liver function studies are an important part of a chemistry panel, as they can indicate how well your liver is working and if there are any potential problems with body function. Additionally, within the blood are numerous molecules formed as byproducts of normal biochemical functions that can be measured through a blood test, serving numerous roles in maintaining your overall health. Normal cholesterol ranges The ideal level is less than 200 mg/dl The upper limit is 200–239 mg/dl High is anything above 239 mg/dl When cholesterol blood test is high, It might be a symptom of pancreatic dysfunction, but it can also be due to gout, hypothyroidism, chronic renal failure, or extrahepatic cholestasis. can result from acute intermittent porphyria as well as alcoholism or anorexia nervosa. Might facilitate the development of atherosclerosis, that can lead to various cardiovascular diseases When cholesterol blood test is low This might signify lipoprotein deficiency or the necrosis of liver cells Malnutrition and inadequate nutrient absorption are additional causes of it. It might be associated with mental retardation, rheumatoid arthritis or obstructive lung disease 12. Creatinine The muscles produce creatinine, which is a byproduct of creatine, particularly following a strenuous workout. The kidneys eliminate it from the body through urine. This test is part of the CMP panel. Normal creatinine range 6-1.5 mg/dl for men and women When creatinine blood test is high Too much creatinine in the body might be a sign of renal failure or kidney dysfunction Hyperthyroidism can also be a cause of too much creatinine building up in the body, as well as acromegaly Eating too many meals containing meat can increase the level of creatine in the body Certain supplements, like creatine, can increase creatinine blood levels When creatinine blood test is low This might be a symptom of excessive muscle loss, most likely due to muscular dystrophy. It can also be a sign of liver problems or a lack of protein in your diet 13. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Sulfate (Adult) DHEA sulfate is a steroid produced by the adrenal cortex in both males and females. It influences the activity of sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. Normal DHEA ranges 10-619 µg/dl for men 12–535 µg/dl for premenopausal women 30-260 µg/dl for postmenopausal women When DHEA blood test is high It might cause anxiety and depression in women during menopause When DHEA blood test is low It might be a sign of psoriasis or hyperlipidemia in men and women 14. Estradiol (Ultra-Sensitive) Estradiol is one of the most common female sex hormones. It's responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle in women and plays an important role in the libido of a man as well. It is responsible for maintaining healthy bone density in men and women. This hormone also starts the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as breasts, hip enlargement, etc. More information about: the role of estradiol in men Normal estradiol ranges Less than 50 pg/mL in men (however, men with high testosterone may have higher estradiol since 0.4% of T aromatizes to estradiol.) Less than 59 pg/mL in postmenopausal women 50–145 pg/mL in women during the Menstruating Follicular Phase 112-443 pg/mL during the midcycle peak 50–241 pg/mL during the luteal phase When estradiol blood test is high Gynecomastia might appear in men with too much estradiol and low testosterone. This means the development of breast tissue in males For young girls, it might be a sign of early puberty Different types of tumors in the testicles or ovaries could be the cause. Hyperthyroidism for both men and women High testosterone doses may increase estradiol in men. When estradiol blood test is low It might signify the onset of menopause in women It might signify hypopituitarism or hypogonadism in men Usually associated with the Turner syndrome, which happens when the woman has just one X chromosome instead of two Can be caused by polycystic ovarian syndrome, a condition that might lead to infertility in women The overuse of aromatase inhibitors like anastrozole can result in low estradiol. 15. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) The anterior pituitary gland is responsible for producing FSH. It's responsible for pubertal maturation, and it works together with the luteinizing hormone to ensure the optimal functioning of the reproductive system. Normal FSH ranges 0–12.0 U/liter for men 0–20.0 U/liter for women during the menstruating follicular phase 0–26.0 U/liter for women during the ovulatory phase 0–12.0 U/liter during the luteal phase 0-153.0 U/liter for postmenopausal women When FSH blood test is high In women, FSH might be a sign of menopause or having the polycystic ovarian syndrome It might also signify a chromosomal abnormality such as Klinefelter's syndrome in men or Turner syndrome in women High levels of FSH in men could also be a sign of damaged testicles from alcohol abuse. In children, excessive FSH might be a sign of starting puberty When FSH blood test is low It might be a sign that a tumor or trauma has harmed the pituitary gland and other crucial hormone control centers in the brain. The woman might not produce eggs and the man might not be able to produce sperm The patient lives a very stressful life, as stress can drastically alter FSH levels Men or women on hormone replacement therapy may have low FSH due to the shutdown of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPGA) axis. 16. Globulin Globulins are a category of proteins produced by the human body. The immune system makes some of them, while the liver produces others to combat various bacteria and viruses. Normal globulin range 6–4.1 g/dl for men and women When globulin blood test is high It might be a sign of cirrhosis, chronic liver disease, or hepatitis When globulin blood test is low This might indicate lymphoproliferative disorder or the onset of various autoimmune diseases 17. Glucose, fasting Glucose is basically the amount of sugar you have in your blood. The entire human body uses glucose as a fuel source, but too much of it can be a problem (diabetes). This test is part of the CMP panel. Normal fasting glucose range 70–110 mg/dl for men and women When glucose blood test is high This might be a sign of diabetes, increased insulin resistance, increased epinephrine, pancreatic disorders or endocrine problems Very high values are commonly associated with acute myocardial infarction, kidney disease or chronic liver disease When glucose blood test is low Although uncommon, a tumor that stimulates the pancreas to produce excessive amounts of insulin may be the cause of low glucose levels. It might also be a sign of serious liver disease or renal disorder 18. Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) GGT can be found in many tissues in the body, particularly in the liver. This is an enzyme that helps doctors diagnose liver diseases with better accuracy. Normal GGT ranges 1-94 U/liter for males 1-70 U/liter for females When GGT blood test is high High levels are associated with liver diseases such as alcohol-induced liver disorders, inflammation or even cirrhosis Very high levels of GGT might signify post-hepatic obstruction or obstructive liver disease When GGT blood test is low This can be a sign of hypothyroidism or hepatoma It might also indicate prostate or pancreatic cancer 19. Growth Hormone, GH (resting) The growth hormone stimulates cell production and regeneration in the human body. It is produced in a pulsatile fashion and most of it is secreted during periods of deep sleep. Normal growth hormone range 2–5 ng/mL for men and women When GH blood test is high Too much growth hormone can cause gigantism in children or acromegaly in middle-aged adults. Both these conditions are characterized by excessive growth of the bones in the hands and feet. Growth hormone therapy or a pituitary tumor that produces GH can be the cause of it. When GH blood test is low Growth hormone deficiency might be present at birth and caused by a poorly developed pituitary gland Later on in life, too little growth hormone might signify a tumor or serious disorder with the pituitary that prevents it from secreting growth hormone normally 20. Hemoglobin A1C Hemoglobin A1c is also known as glycated hemoglobin, and it measures your average blood sugar levels from the last 2 to 3 months. Although it's not an efficient indicator of diabetes, hemoglobin a1c can be used to monitor its evolution over time. Normal A1C range A normal A1C level is below 5.7%, a level of 5.7% to 6.4% indicates prediabetes, and a level of 6.5% or more indicates diabetes. Within the 5.7% to 6.4% prediabetes range, the higher your A1C, the greater your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. When A1c blood test is high Increased levels of this substance are associated with hyperglycemia in adults Having low levels of hemoglobin a1c is usually not a cause of concern. This can happen if the patient consumes little to no sugar over an extended period of time or fasts for more than 12 to 24 hours. 21. High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, HDL HDL cholesterol is also known as "good cholesterol". It is usually calculated and interpreted in combination with either total cholesterol values or LDL cholesterol. Studies indicate that for every 5% decrease in HDL, the risk of coronary artery disease increases by 25%. The HDL test is part of the lipid panel. Normal HDL ranges Over 40 mg/dl for men Over 50 mg/dl for women When HDL blood test is high Although too much HDL is a rare occurrence and shouldn't be a problem, it can increase the risk of serious heart disease in people who already had a heart attack When HDL blood test is low Especially if the triglycerides and LDL cholesterol levels are high, low HDL cholesterol can significantly increase the risk of heart disease such as arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, etc. The use of higher-dose testosterone or anabolic steroids can decrease HDL. Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are known to contribute to low HDL. Read about how to increase HDL. 22. Insulin The pancreas produces insulin, which aids in controlling blood sugar levels. This substance acts as a "key" that opens up the cells in your body, allowing them to absorb glucose and use it for energy production. Normal fasting insulin  range 2-20 U/ml for men and women When insulin blood test is high, A pancreatic tumor that increases secretion can be the cause of too much insulin. It might also be a sign of insulin resistance syndromes or endogenous hyperinsulinemia When insulin blood test is low, This can be a sign that diabetes type 1 was treated improperly 23. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) LDH is an enzyme found in all living cells and organisms. It can be used as a marker for tissue breakdown. Normal LDH range 110–210 U/liter in men and women When LDH blood test is high It might be a sign of myocardial or pulmonary infarction as well as cellular injury High LDH levels are also associated with nonviral hepatitis, lymphoma, sickle cell disease or hemolytic anemias Very high levels usually signify a host of conditions, such as megaloblastic anemia, hyperthermia, hypoxia, extreme shock or renal diseases Low levels of LDH are rare and usually not a cause of concern. 24. Lipoprotein (a) Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lipoprotein (a) has been called a powerful predictor of premature atherosclerotic vascular disease. Extra Lp(a) levels are linked to a higher risk of cardiac death in people with acute coronary syndromes and who have restenosis after angioplasty (PTCA) and coronary bypass procedures. This is because they are an independent risk factor for early coronary artery disease. In general, concentrations greater than or equal to 75 nmol/L of Lp(a) in serum are associated with a two- to sixfold increase in risk, depending on the presence of other risk factors. Lp(a) test is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease and cerebral infarction (in white populations) equal to high LDL cholesterol. Serum concentrations are genetically determined. Fifteen percent to 20% of the white population have Lp(a) levels ≥75 nmol/L and are presumed to be at risk. Race-dependent differences in Lp (a) concentrations are known. The significance of high Lp (a) in nonwhite populations must be evaluated with caution. The Lp(a) levels in different ethnic populations can vary widely. Africans, or people of African descent, generally have Lp(a) levels higher than Caucasians and Asians, while Native Americans generally have levels lower than Caucasians. This variability of Lp(a) levels by ethnic population requires careful interpretation of results based on knowledge of the patient and other cardiac risk factors that may be present. Normal Lipoprotein a ranges Risk: nmol/L Optimal | <75 Moderate: 75-125 High: >125 When lipoprotein a is high It might be a sign of premature coronary heart disease as well as hyperlipoproteinemia  It might lead to hypothyroidism, anorexia nervosa, hepatic obstruction or Cushing’s syndrome When lipoprotein a blood test is low Very low levels of LDL cholesterol occur rarely, but they might signify cancer or hemorrhagic stroke. Very high statin doses can also be the cause of it. 25. Iron Iron is an important element in the human body. It helps with the production of red blood cells and prevents the onset of anemia, a condition characterized by permanent fatigue and lack of energy. Iron also helps transport oxygen to the various cells and tissues in the body. Normal iron range 45–180 ug/dL for men and women When iron blood test is high This might indicate conditions such as hemolytic anemias, poisoning with lead, acute leukemia, hepatitis or a deficiency of vitamin B6 Too much iron can also be associated with hemochromatosis and nephritis Taking higher doses of iron supplements can also cause high iron When iron blood test is low This can signify severe anemia, acute or chronic infection in the body, carcinoma or hypothyroidism Low amounts of iron in the blood are also associated with nephrosis, shortness of breath, paleness, and heart palpitations Other causes of low iron are frequent blood donations or internal bleeding. 26. Luteinizing hormone (LH) The luteinizing hormone (LH) plays a vital role in the reproductive organs for both men and women. It affects the menstruation cycle of a woman and for men, the luteinizing hormone binds to the Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone. Normal LH ranges 0-12.0 in men 0–15.0 for the follicular phase of a menstruating female 22–105 for the ovulatory phase 6-19 for the luteal phase 16-64 for postmenopausal women When LH blood test is high In men, too much LH in the bloodstream might be a sign of testicular dysfunction or an LH-producing adenoma. In women, this can indicate ovarian failure or ovarian dysfunction. When LH blood test is low Very low levels of LH might indicate dysfunction of the pituitary gland in both men and women Hormone replacement therapy is another factor that can contribute to low LH in both men and women. 27. Magnesium Magnesium is an important element in the human body. It helps to process glucose in the bloodstream, it supports the immune system, it keeps neurological system function well, it keeps bones strong, and it also ensures a steady heartbeat. Normal magnesium range 4–2.0 meq/liter for men and women When magnesium blood test is high This can be a sign of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus as well as renal insufficiency or dehydration Too much magnesium can also be associated with Addison's disease, hypothyroidism or autoimmune diseases such as lupus When magnesium blood test is low A magnesium deficiency can be characterized by muscle cramps, excessive fatigue, and osteoporosis, among other conditions. Conditions and medications that increase the risk of magnesium deficiency include gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, advanced age, type 2 diabetes, use of loop diuretics (such as Lasix), treatment with certain chemotherapies, and alcohol dependence. 28. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) and MCH Concentration (MCHC): the amount or concentration, respectively, of hemoglobin in an average red blood cell. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is a calculation of the amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin inside your red blood cells (RBCs). A high MCHC indicates an increased level of hemoglobin in your RBCs, which can be further evaluated through a red blood cell count. These results are typically included in a complete blood count panel, which is crucial for monitoring overall health and detecting potential medical conditions. Normal MCH range 27.5 and 33.2 picograms (pg) per cell When MCH blood test is high A high MCH indicates an increased level of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein, in your RBCs. Increases can be associated with anemia. Often, increased MCH occurs in conjunction with a high mean corpuscular volume—or large red blood cells-which suggest macrocytic anemia. High MCH can also be linked to low blood levels of B-12 or folate, indicating a potential health condition. When MCH blood test is low A low MCH indicates that you have a decreased level of oxygen-carrying protein in your red blood cells, also known as anemia. This can result from either lower than normal levels of red blood cells or a decrease in the quantity or quality of hemoglobin, the protein that allows these cells to transport oxygen. Decreases can be associated with certain types of anemia, including chronic fatigue syndrome. Often, decreases occur in conjunction with low mean corpuscular volume—or small RBCs—which suggest microcytic anemia. Hypochromic anemia, resulting from hemoglobin deficiency, can be a possibility as well. Understanding your MCH levels is crucial to interpreting your blood test results and identifying any potential issues with your normal levels of red blood cells. Different ways of studying blood and interpreting results can also affect the reference range, making it important to consult with a healthcare professional for accurate analysis. 29. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) is the average size, or volume, of individual red blood cells. Normal MCV range 80–100 femtoliters When MCV blood test is high A high MCV indicates large, or macrocytic, RBCs. A high MCV is associated with specific varieties of anemia and can indicate a deficiency in vitamin B12 or folic acid. It can also be elevated in patients with sleep apnea. When MCV blood test is low A low MCV indicates small, or microcytic, red blood cells. A low MCV is associated with anemia and can indicate an iron deficiency, chronic illness, hereditary disease, or thalassemia. 28. Phosphorus, inorganic (adult) Phosphorus is the second-most common mineral in the body. It makes up for about 1% of a person's weight and its main role is to help in the formation of bones and teeth. The highest levels of phosphorus in the bloodstream usually occur in the morning and they gradually drop to lower levels in the evening. Normal phosphorus range 6-4.5 mg/dl for men and women When phosphorus blood test is high This can be a sign of intoxication with vitamin D, bone tumors or even leukemia Too much phosphorus might also be a sign that some bones are healing inside the body, as well as hypoparathyroidism or renal failure In some cases, it can be associated with respiratory acidosis or pulmonary embolism When phosphorus blood test is low You might experience severe fatigue, muscle weakness, and lack of energy It might contribute to the development of joint pain or bone disorders 29. Potassium Potassium is one of the most important electrolytes in the body. Electrolytes help to transport electrical impulses to and from organs and tissues. Potassium is not produced in the body, so it must be taken from various foods such as bananas, nuts, beans, whole grains, and lean meats. Normal potassium range 4–4.8 mmol/liter for men and women When potassium blood test is high This is also known as hyperkalemia and it's usually associated with a poor excretion of potassium through the kidneys It can also be a sign of anorexia nervosa, dehydration, tissue damage or hemolysis The most common cause of high potassium is kidney disease. Some blood pressure medications can increase serum potassium Uncontrolled diabetes Injuries that cause severe bleeding Some rare diseases can cause high potassium levels. When potassium blood test is low This might be a sign of an adrenal disorder such as Cushing syndrome Low potassium (hypokalemia) has many causes. The most common cause is excessive potassium loss in urine due to prescription medications that increase urination. Also known as water pills or diuretics, these types of medications are often prescribed for people who have high blood pressure or heart disease. 30. Progesterone Progesterone is produced in the ovary and it plays a vital role in maintaining a pregnancy. It also plays an important role in brain function in men and women and it can be used as a medication to treat different hormonal disorders. It's important to note that the levels of progesterone in a woman's body vary throughout the month, depending on her ovulation phase. The progesterone levels skyrocket if the woman is pregnant. Normal progesterone ranges Less than 1 ng/mL for men More than 1 ng/mL for a female during the follicular phase 3-20 ng/mL during the mid-luteal phase When progesterone blood test is high If the woman is not pregnant, this can be a sign of an ovarian problem, such as an ovarian cyst or ovarian cancer. If the woman is pregnant, high levels are normal Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can also be the cause of high progesterone. When progesterone blood test is low Low progesterone levels in women are usually associated with infertility problems and might lead to poor ovarian function testosterone or the use of anabolic steroids may be the cause of low progesterone levels in men. It can be linked to sleep issues and anxiety. 31. Prolactin The pituitary gland is responsible for producing the hormone prolactin. It influences the lactation process, but it also plays an important role in the functioning of the immune system. In some cases, it can also influence the behavior of the individual. Normal prolactin ranges 0–15 ng/mL for men 0–20 ng/mL for premenopausal women 0–15 ng/mL for postmenopausal women When prolactin blood test is high, In men, too much prolactin might lead to impotence, galactorrhea, low libido, and even infertility. Pituitary adenomas (tumors) can be the cause of it. High prolactin levels can decrease testosterone production and cause erectile dysfunction. It can also cause nipple discharge in some men. Caution: Blocking prolactin may cause heart issues. In women, too much prolactin might interfere with the ovulation process and reduce the secretion of estrogen and progesterone When prolactin blood test is low Although very rare, this might reduce the production of milk in women who just gave birth. It might also be a sign of a poorly functioning pituitary gland Higher doses of cabergoline or other prolactin antagonists can cause low prolactin levels in men. 32. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Both healthy and unhealthy prostate tissue produce the prostate-specific antigen, a type of protein. It acts as a marker for detecting prostate cancer as well as monitoring the recurrence of prostate-related diseases like prostatitis. It is suggested that you follow these recommendations to prepare for a PSA test. Normal PSA range 0-2.0 ng/ml for men under 40 years of age 0-4.0 ng/ml for 40-year-old men or older When PSA blood test is high It might be a sign of prostatitis or benign prostatic hyperplasia, so high PSA may not be prostate cancer. Strong exercise or surgery may also be the cause of a high PSA level. In some cases, high PSA levels are associated with prostate cancer When PSA blood test is low It might indicate prostate tumors, but usually more tests are required to confirm the diagnosis 33. Protein, total Protein is one of the most important nutrients in the human body, as it directly impacts cell regeneration and repair. Different types of proteins can be used as fuel and they help with the development of muscle tissue and new human cells. Normal protein range 0-8.0 g/dl for men and women When protein blood test is high Too much protein in the bloodstream might be associated with anabolic steroid use High serum protein can also be a sign of insulin progesterone, epinephrine or corticosteroids preparations When protein blood test is low This can signify malnutrition, malabsorption syndrome or a chronic liver disease 34. Sodium Sodium is another important electrolyte in the body. It helps to keep the cell fluid balance at normal levels and it performs other important body functions. Normal sodium range 135–145 mmol/liter for men and women When sodium blood test is high This can be a sign of Cushing's syndrome Too much sodium might also be a sign of increased renal sodium retention in hyperaldosteronism When sodium blood test is low Also known as hyponatremia, too little sodium in the blood might signify diuretic abuse, salt-losing nephropathy or excessive sweating Low sodium might also be caused by excessive vomiting or diarrhea 35. Somatomedin C (insulin-like growth factor I , IGF-1) IGF-1 plays a vital role during childhood and it can have anabolic effects in adults. This hormone acts like insulin as it helps control the blood sugar level. It's produced by the liver and it can be influenced by growth hormone. It increases with hunger as Ghrelin is produced by the stomach. Normal IGF-1 ranges 182–780 ng/mL for people between 16 and 24 years 114–492 ng/mL for people between 25 and 39 years 90-360 ng/mL for people between 40 and 54 years 71-290 ng/mL for people older than 54 years When it's too high This might be a sign of acromegaly, especially if the growth hormone levels are also high. A pituitary tumor might be the cause of this. High growth hormone therapy doses may be the cause of high IGF-1. Hypothyroidism, liver disease, or uncontrolled diabetes are possible causes of low IGF-1. It can slow down height in children. 36. Testosterone, total Testosterone is the most important male sex hormone. It starts the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics in pubertal boys and it helps to produce sperm in adult men. It is linked to libido, lean body mass, and motivation in men and women. You can find a cheap testosterone test on discountedlabs.com Normal testosterone ranges (depending on laboratory) 270–1070 ng/dl for men 6-86 ng/dl for women When testosterone blood test is high, This can be a sign of high testosterone doses. High testosterone doses or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women can be the cause of it. When testosterone blood test is low, It can lead to hypogonadism and low sex drive in men It may result from illness, head trauma, the use of opiates or anabolic steroids, exposure to environmental toxins, high prolactin from pituitary adenomas, testicular dysfunction, malnutrition, specific medications, or low LH produced by the pituitary gland. Low testosterone in women can result from a variety of causes, including illness, ovarian or adrenal dysfunction, the use of opiates or anabolic steroids, excessive exercise, and other factors. 37. Testosterone, Free Free or unbound testosterone makes up for about 1% to 2% of the total testosterone people have in their bodies. This type of testosterone is not bound to proteins such as albumin or sex hormone-binding globulin. It is responsible for most of the functions attributed to testosterone (libido, mood, etc.) Normal free testosterone ranges 0–40.0 pg/mL for males between 20 and 40 years 0–35.0 pg/mL for males between 41 and 60 years 0–28.0 pg/mL for males between 61 and 80 years 6–3.1 pg/mL for females between 20 and 40 years 4–2.5 pg/mL for females between 41 and 60 years 2–2.0 pg/mL for females between 61 and 80 years When free testosterone blood test is low, It's usually associated with hypogonadal symptoms in men and women. Low free testosterone is usually caused by low total testosterone or by high sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). When free testosterone blood test is high High free testosterone is usually caused by high total testosterone (high TRT doses), anabolic steroid use, or low SHBG. 38. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) The pituitary gland is responsible for producing TSH. It directly stimulates the thyroid and makes it secrete different types of thyroid hormones that are involved in energy production and other metabolic processes. Normal TSH range 5–5.0 U/ml for men and women (some physicians treat based on a range of 0.5–2.5) When TSH blood test is high High TSH levels can mean your thyroid is not making enough thyroid hormones, a condition called hypothyroidism, especially when it's associated with fatigue, depression, and constipation Iodine supplementation can also result in high TSH. When TSH blood test is low It might be a sign of an overly active thyroid or hyperthyroidism. Muscle weakness, nervousness, and irregular heartbeats can accompany it. Thyroid hormone replacement can result in low TSH. 39. Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) Hormonal production of the thyroid gland is composed of thyroxine or T4 (80%), and triiodothyronine, or T3 (20%). In the circulation, whole T4 originates from thyroid secretion but most of T3 (80%) is produced outside the thyroid from T4 deiodination. Different factors may affect the conversion of T4 to T3, and circulating T3 is a less reliable indicator of thyroid hormone production than T4. In the blood, most of T4 and T3 are bound to binding proteins and only 0.02% of T4 and 0.3% of T3 are free. Because of their higher diagnostic performance, free T4 (FT4) and free T3 (FT3) measurements have superseded total (free + bound) hormone determination. Free T3 measures the free T3 hormone levels. This test can be really useful for finding out what amount of active thyroid hormones are available for the thyroid receptor sites. Free T3 blood test are high in hyperthyroid conditions and low in hypothyroid conditions. May also be high in thyroid toxicosis. The thyroid function panel also measures the levels of these hormones to assess thyroid-related health, including the levels of these hormones. Free T4 is used to measure the amount of free or active T4 in the blood. High with hyperthyroidism, low with hypothyroidism. The drug Heparin can also cause elevated free T4 levels, as can some acute illness. It’s also high in an overdose of thyroid hormone. Normal total T4 range 5–10.9 g/dl for men and women When T4 blood test is high Too much thyroxine is commonly associated with hyperthyroidism When T4 blood test is low This can be a sign of a poorly functioning thyroid gland or hypothyroidism 40. Thyroid Antibodies When these antibodies are present, it means that your immune system is attacking your own tissue. When your body produces thyroid autoantibodies, it could create a hypo- or hyper-thyroid state. They may also be elevated if there is thyroid cancer. Some antibodies can attach to TSH receptors, but they don’t cause a response in the thyroid. These people will complain of low thyroid symptoms, but the TSH might not change at all. In other cases, the antibodies bind to receptor sites and cause the thyroid to be overactive. Here you will see high T4, low TSH and high antibodies. There are 3 autoantibodies that are tested. The first 2 are the most common: Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (TPO Ab): This antibody is the one that is usually high in autoimmune thyroid conditions like Hashimoto’s. It is also known as microsomal antibody. Thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb): These aren’t seen as often as TPO Ab. They are usually ordered when thyroid lab results seem strange because these antibodies can interfere with thyroid hormone production. TgAb is also used to monitor progress after surgery for removing the thyroid in thyroid cancer. You can buy thyroid tests on discountedlabs.com Sources: Troponin Test Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) Lab Tests Thyroid Tests Journal Article on HIV-Associated Cancers and Related Diseases Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test Perspectives on Diagnostic Strategies for Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Research Article on Severe Diarrhea and Malnutrition How to Read Your Laboratory Report Fatigue - Merck Manuals Professional Edition Complete Blood Count (CBC) Diagnosing Anemia    

Testosterone Replacement Monitoring Targets and Their Management (Consult Your Physician Before Any Treatment Initiation, Cessation or Changes). These are not absolute values and should be taken into context with symptoms. We will discuss various blood test targets for those undergoing testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). It covers key health indicators such as total and free testosterone levels, hematocrit, PSA, estradiol, blood pressure, kidney and liver function, thyroid levels, iron and ferritin levels, and cholesterol. Each parameter includes a target range and suggestions for management if the results are outside the normal range. This comprehensive approach ensures that individuals on TRT can monitor their health effectively and make informed decisions with their healthcare provider.     Total Testosterone Test above 500 ng/dL If low or hypogonadal symptoms are not improved, increase the testosterone dosage. High T levels (over 1500 ng/dL) with high hematocrit, low HDL, and/or side effects may require dosage reduction.  Free Testosterone ≥ 2 % of total T If low, test for sex hormone-binding globulin. Higher TRT dose may increase free T by decreasing SHBG. Low SHBG may be present in diabetes. Hematocrit ≤ 53 % If high, donate blood or ask your doctor for therapeutic phlebotomy order. If low, investigate anemia or stop donating blood more than every 3 months. How to Lower High Hematocrit PSA ≤ 4 ng/mL If high, talk to your doctor about potential prostatic infection or a referral to a urologist. TRT is contraindicated if PSA is 4 ng/mL or greater. Estradiol (UltraSensitive Test) = 20- ? pg/mL Most men on TRT do not need to use an aromatase inhibitor (AI). Some physicians prescribe low dose AI for what they consider high estradiol. If low, higher testosterone dose and/or cessation of AI may be required. The lab range was derived from men with heart disease and low testosterone, so there is still debate on what the range should be for men on TRT since  0.3 to 0.4 % of testosterone aromatizes to estradiol, so men with high T due to TRT will have higher estradiol.  No upper range value has been determined for men on TRT. Studies have shown that for gynecomastia to occur, high estradiol in the presence of low T and high IGF-1 may be required. Read Estradiol In Men – Why Is It Important For Optimal Health And Fitness Performance and The Top 18 Things You Did not Know About Estradiol in Men Blood pressure ≤ 135/85 mmHg If high, weight loss, exercise, T dose reduction, and/or blood pressure medications may be needed. If too low, blood pressure medication dose needs to be reduced, electrolytes checked or hypoglycemia excluded. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) (kidney function) ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 If low, good hydration, use of blood pressure medications, and/or stopping offending oral supplements may improve eGFR. Exercise, high protein intake, creatine supplements, and higher muscle mass can also increase creatinine and decrease eGFR. If under 60, explore getting a Cystatin C test. Liver enzymes ≤ 1.2 x top value of reference range If high, stopping oral supplements can help. AST and ALT can increase with exercise but this is not clinically relevant. If high AST and ALT, test GGT and bilirubin to ensure no liver toxicity is present. TSH ≤ 2.5 U/mL If high, test for other thyroid tests included in a thyroid panel like free T3, free T4, and antibodies to detect hypothyroidism. Why Only Using TSH to Diagnose Hypothyroidism is Wrong Free T3 ≥ 3.7 pg/mL If low, hypothyroidism may be present. See comment on TSH. If high (>5 pg/mL), explore hyperthyroidism. Ferritin 55-270 ng/mL & Iron 55-160 micrograms/dL If low, reduce the frequency of blood donations or phlebotomies and supplement with iron until it is back to normal. If high, donate blood or get therapeutic phlebotomy. HDL ≥ 40 mg/dL The most difficult parameter to manage. Higher TRT doses decrease HDL. Niacin may help increase HDL but may cause flushing. Prolactin ( ≤ 30 nd/dL) Test if Total Testosterone is below 150 ng/dL before TRT to detect potential pituitary adenoma or other issues. High levels (> 30 ng/dL) may cause sexual dysfunction and galactorrhea in men (milk production)     Here are panels that include these tests: Discounted Labs Panels   Buy a testosterone test on DiscountedLabs.com

Table of Contents A Brief Introduction to Chloride What Are the Functions of Chloride? Foods Rich in Chloride Drugs That Might Increase Chloride Ways To Reduce Chloride in the Blood Health Problems Caused by Too Much Chloride Chloride and the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel Substances Tested by The CMP Blood Test Take the Chloride Test Today!   Chloride is one of the most important electrolytes in the human body. It pairs up with other electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and calcium, and they ensure that your body's pH balance remains stable. This means that your blood doesn't become too acidic or alkaline, as these states could damage organs and tissues. Unfortunately, having too much chloride in the body can also happen to individuals of all ages. This can lead to many health problems, and a reliable way to detect if you have too much chloride is by doing a blood test. Please keep reading to learn more about this substance and its role in the body. A Brief Introduction to Chloride As mentioned earlier, chloride is one of the main electrolytes in the body, and it's present in many foods, including common table salt. The average chloride levels in the body should be between 98 and 107 mEq/L of blood. Having too little chloride in the body is rare, but many people experience hyperchloremia, having high levels of chloride in the bloodstream. The symptoms of having too much chloride are apparent, and if you have some of them, you should act immediately. For example, fatigue and not being in the mood for anything are common symptoms of hyperchloremia. Similarly, you might experience dehydration, loss of muscle coordination, and confusion if you have too much chloride in the body. What Are the Functions of Chloride? Chloride is responsible for multiple essential functions in the human body. For example, it helps transmit nerve signals between the body and brain. This allows you to coordinate your muscles properly and perform various daily tasks. Similarly, chloride also ensures that your heart muscles are contracting correctly when pumping out blood throughout the body. Chloride is also responsible for maintaining healthy blood pressure. Another essential function of chloride consists of the metabolism of substances and nutrients. For example, chloride helps to push nutrients inside your body's cells so that you have energy throughout the day. Chloride also plays a crucial role in digestion as it helps the body release hydrochloric acid, which breaks down the foods you eat. Lastly, chloride is paramount for the proper oxygenation of the body. It helps with the exchange of gasses inside your lungs so that your body receives enough oxygenated blood to function normally. As you can see, chloride is a vital substance, and that's why your priority should be to have normal levels of it in your bloodstream. Foods Rich in Chloride As mentioned earlier, chloride can be found in table salt, and ingesting too much salt is one of the leading causes of hyperchloremia in adults. Other foods also contain chloride, but they are not as addictive as table salt. For example, olives, lettuce, and tomatoes contain high amounts of chloride, and if your levels of this mineral are low, you should eat more of these foods to reestablish electrolyte balance. Similarly, rye is another type of food that contains a lot of chloride and celery. If you have been diagnosed with high chloride, it's recommended that you reduce the intake of these foods to protect your health. Drugs That Might Increase Chloride Certain drugs or medications that you take might increase chloride levels, and it's essential to know this before you do the test. For example, estrogen is the primary female sex hormone, and it can significantly increase chloride levels, so tell your doctor if you take this hormone before testing. Similarly, cortisone which is used to treat pain and inflammation, can also increase chloride levels in people of all ages. NSAIDs such as ibuprofen or Advil might also raise chloride levels in your bloodstream. Although you might not need to stop taking some of these drugs before doing a chloride test, it's essential to communicate with your doctor and tell them any medications you might take. This will help produce a better diagnosis when it comes to your real chloride levels. Ways To Reduce Chloride in the Blood You might be happy to find out that there are many ways you can naturally reduce blood chloride levels. First of all, start by drinking more water. A common symptom of having too much chlorine in your system is dehydration, so if you drink more water, you will maintain a healthy electrolyte balance. Also, by drinking more water, you give your kidneys a chance to flush out more chloride naturally. Another great way to reduce chloride levels is by eating less table salt. Many people get into the habit of adding more salt to any food or meal they eat. This might improve the taste a little bit, but you will also get high amounts of salt in your bloodstream, increasing chloride levels. Most foods and ingredients already have a lot of salt added to them by manufacturers, so try to kick the habit of adding more salt to each dish. At the same time, having too little chloride in the body can cause problems. This usually happens to individuals who drink too much caffeine or alcohol. These two substances tend to increase urination, and your body flushes out many electrolytes, including chloride. At the same time, nicotine can also increase chloride excretion, and your levels might drop to unhealthy levels. Lastly, uncontrolled diabetes might also cause an imbalance in your electrolyte level. This happens because your body gets confused about processing glucose and pushing it inside cells for energy. If you regularly have high blood sugar levels, consider taking medications to control your diabetes. This should be done under the supervision of your primary healthcare provider. Health Problems Caused by Too Much Chloride Hyperchloremia can cause a lot of problems in the body, and that's why you should test for this substance regularly. First of all, having too much chloride in your system might be caused by kidneys that don't function properly. If you're diagnosed with renal disease and don't try to reduce chloride levels, these organs will only worsen over time. The complications can lead to complete kidney failure, which can be a life-threatening disease. Secondly, too much chloride in the bloodstream can also lead to heart and muscle problems. Remember that this electrolyte is responsible for proper signal transmission between your brain and body. Suppose you routinely have too much chloride in the bloodstream. In that case, this will only lead to impaired muscle growth, poor muscle coordination, and cardiovascular complications as your heart muscle doesn't contract properly. Chloride and the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel You might be happy to find out that the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel is a complex test that checks multiple electrolytes, minerals, and substances in your body at the same time. This test is inexpensive, and it uses a single blood sample to measure your chloride, calcium, sodium, potassium levels, and other substances related to your kidney and liver. You can order this test online and receive a form to print when you visit a nearby clinic to draw blood. The blood sample is analyzed using state-of-the-art medical equipment that's safe and accurate. You will get the results back in a few days by mail, and you can compare the numbers against reference values. If you have too much chloride in your bloodstream or other electrolytes are unbalanced, you can talk to your doctor to see what treatment options are available for you. Substances Tested by The CMP Blood Test In addition to the main electrolytes found in the body, the CMP also checks the health of your vital organs, such as the kidney and liver. For example, this complete panel measures the levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total protein, and other substances your kidneys produce. These vital organs need to eliminate excess creatinine and other substances regularly, so if your levels are high, you might deal with kidney disease. Having elevated levels of these substances might mean that your kidneys are not working properly. Similarly, the CMP blood test also checks various substances and hormones related to your liver, such as transaminase, bilirubin, and others. Having abnormal levels of these substances might signify a liver problem, and you need to know about it. The good news is that this panel looks at your electrolytes, kidney, and liver in one test. You will save money and time as you don't have to order these tests individually. Take the Chloride Test Today! Whether you go for the individual high chloride test or the CMP blood test, you are doing the right thing. These tests provide an accurate snapshot of your mineral and electrolyte levels and based on the results you get, you can take adequate actions to protect and improve your health. Get the CMP panel from Discountedlabs.com today and learn more about your pH balance.   ======================== References: Chloride: foods, functions, how much do you need & more What Is a Chloride Test? Hyperchloremia (High Chloride Levels)

What are liver enzymes, and what is their role in the body? Liver enzymes are proteins that help facilitate chemical reactions in the liver. They play a crucial role in breaking down substances, such as drugs and toxins, and converting them into forms that can be eliminated from the body. Monitoring liver enzyme levels can help identify liver damage or disease. The liver is the most important organ of detoxification in the human body, and it's vital for our health and our survival. Even if three-quarters of it gets destroyed, it can regenerate itself into a whole new functioning organ. Unfortunately, in today's environment, there's so much pollution that our livers are being challenged like never before, but there are also other factors, such as the overconsumption of processed foods, alcohol, and pharmaceutical drugs. Functions of the Liver Your liver acts as a filter for your blood, and your entire blood supply will pass through your liver to be cleaned several times a day. Now, if something happens where your liver's detoxification capacities become impaired, then this is when the toxins in your blood begin to build up and disease can set in. But filtering your blood isn't the only function that your liver performs. It also plays a crucial role in producing proteins, storing energy, and breaking down food, including waste products, making it essential to regularly monitor its health through liver function tests, also known as a liver panel, using a blood sample. These liver tests can help identify any potential issues and allow for early intervention to optimize the health of your liver. It's also responsible for storing glycogen that you can use for energy later on. It produces bile, which helps break down dietary fats. It manufactures certain vitamins and minerals. It also helps to break down the protein, carbs, and fats that you eat. Your liver also manufactures and excretes certain hormones, which helps to maintain stable blood sugar levels. One of the important functions of the liver is to protect the body from harmful substances and toxins. However, when the liver is overloaded with toxins, it can lead to liver inflammation and damage. Fatty liver disease, a condition that manifests as an abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver cells, is one of the most typical causes of liver inflammation. This can lead to cirrhosis of the liver, a chronic condition that can develop over several years and often has no noticeable symptoms. While cirrhosis of the liver was once mostly seen in alcoholics, it is now becoming more common in the general population due to factors such as obesity and autoimmune disorders. Understanding your liver function test results is crucial to monitoring the health of your liver and identifying any potential issues. Your provider can explain what your results mean and compare them to the normal range for each substance measured. Causes of High Liver Enzymes (AST and ALT) and Toxicity Some of the common causes are exposure to toxic chemicals, the abuse of pharmaceutical drugs, obesity, and diabetes. Other common causes of a dysfunctional liver are viral infections and hepatitis B and C. These two conditions, combined, affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The good news about hepatitis B is that only around five to ten percent of the cases ever become chronic. Ninety percent of people infected with hepatitis B will eventually develop antibodies that make them immune to any future infections. Hepatitis C, on the other hand, has a less optimistic outcome for infected individuals. The large majority of cases of hepatitis C will eventually progress to either cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer. Tattoos, sexual contact, and sharing needles with someone who has infected blood are just a few examples of the ways that the Hepatitis C virus can spread via blood. Those are the two main causes when it comes to a dysfunctional liver in our modern society. Fortunately, there is an effective treatment for hepatitis B (however, many people do not find out they have Hep B until later in the disease). Hepatitis C can now be cured with an effective treatment that lasts only a few weeks. But it is important to find out if you have either by getting tested. Another factor usually not considered to explain mildly elevated liver enzymes is resistance exercise. Resistance exercise can increase liver enzymes. Some physicians do not know this and get concerned when they see elevated ALT and AST levels in healthy men without liver disease, excessive alcohol use, or medication-related liver effects. Muscular exercise can cause highly pathological liver function tests in healthy men Find out your life's health: BUY A CMP PANEL BUY A GGT TEST BUY A HEPATIC FUNCTION PANEL   Symptoms of Liver Toxicity But, as I mentioned earlier, there aren't always conspicuous symptoms to let you know that your liver is impaired or breaking down. This is why it's important to get periodic blood work done through your family physician. However, occasionally, your body will exhibit certain signs and symptoms when your liver begins to break down or becomes impaired. Some of those signs and symptoms include gallstones and gallbladder disease, abdominal bloating with nausea, unstable blood sugar issues, poor mental focus, food intolerances, chemical sensitivities, chronic fatigue, body odor, and bad breath, dark circles under your eyes, and yellowing of the whites of your eyes, as well as a loss of appetite and low levels of albumin and globulin. These symptoms may also indicate a blockage in the bile duct, which can lead to liver damage and toxicity. A bilirubin test, which measures levels of bilirubin in the blood, and an LDH test, which measures levels of lactate dehydrogenase, are important diagnostic tools for liver health. Red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body, are broken down in the liver and can contribute to elevated bilirubin and LDH levels if the liver is not functioning properly. Now keep in mind that these symptoms can also indicate other conditions. This is why it's important if you're exhibiting these signs and symptoms to go to your family physician and get the appropriate testing done, including a CMP test that, among other tests, includes an ALP test to check for levels of alkaline phosphatase and a total protein test to measure levels of protein in your blood. The ideal situation is obviously to avoid letting your liver's health deteriorate to the point where your body begins to display those signs and symptoms, which can result from liver damage and other liver diseases. In order to prevent this, you have to take two measures. You have to reduce your exposure to environmental toxins, take in nutrients that support the health of your liver, especially if you have a history of heavy alcohol use or alcohol use disorder, and monitor for potential side effects of medications that can affect your liver. A note from the Cleveland Clinic: If your blood test shows high levels of liver enzymes, including ALP and total protein, talk with your provider about potential causes and ways to optimize the health of your liver. What is Cirrhosis, and What Causes it? Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease that occurs when healthy liver cells are replaced with scar tissue, leading to impaired liver function. There are several causes of cirrhosis, including long-term alcohol abuse, hepatitis B and C infections, fatty liver disease, and autoimmune diseases. Over time, the damage to the liver becomes irreversible and can lead to complications such as jaundice, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Treatment for cirrhosis focuses on managing symptoms and preventing further liver damage through lifestyle changes such as abstaining from alcohol and maintaining a healthy diet. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. How to Protect Your Liver One of the best ways to reduce chemical contaminants in your immediate environment is to look at any products that you use in your home, such as personal care products or household cleaning products. Most commercial products contain chemical contaminants that can gain entry into your body, through your skin or your lungs, and these chemicals can overburden your liver, leading to high liver enzymes, specifically alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, and inflammation in the bloodstream. It is important to take steps to protect your liver from these chemical reactions by using natural and non-toxic products. So, check with your natural health food store, and often they have alternatives that have fewer chemicals or more natural ingredients. Another source of chemical contaminants in your immediate environment can be the foods that you eat, like fruits and vegetables with a high pesticide load or animal products that contain antibiotics or hormones. If your budget allows for it, try to purchase more of your fruits and vegetables in organic form, so there's less of a pesticide load. Also, when it comes to animal products like meat or fish, try to choose animals that were either pasture-raised or wild-caught. This will again reduce the amount of exposure to things like antibiotics or hormones. When it comes to supporting and strengthening the health of your liver, there are three great supplements: Milk Thistle, Dandelion Root, and NAC, or N-Acetyl Cysteine. Milk thistle has been used in traditional medicine for hundreds of years, and extensive studies are proving its efficacy for healing and strengthening the liver. It acts as an antioxidant to help protect the liver from free radical damage. It can block the uptake of various toxins into the liver. It also enhances the detoxification enzymes required for the liver to do its job, and it can even help regenerate damaged liver cells. The recommended dose is 300 milligrams per day, taken for seven days in a row each month as a liver maintenance protocol. Dandelion Root is a bitter herb that's been used in traditional medicine for hundreds of years to treat a so-called sluggish liver. It's been shown to help cleanse the liver of pharmaceutical drugs, and it also helps to stimulate the flow of bile from the gallbladder. The recommended dose is two to three grams per day, taken for a one- to two-week period each month. N-Acetyl Cysteine, or NAC, is an amino acid that is used in emergency medical situations in hospitals when patients present with liver toxicity due to overdosing on Tylenol or poisonous mushrooms. It's capable of protecting the liver by increasing intracellular levels of glutathione, which is the most powerful antioxidant in the human body. But it can also neutralize toxic heavy metals such as mercury, which tend to have an affinity for organs such as the liver and kidney and can cause significant damage. The recommended dose for N-Acetyl Cysteine is 600 milligrams, taken one to two times every day. Conclusion Maintaining optimal liver health is crucial in today's world due to various factors like pollution, processed foods, alcohol, pharmaceuticals, and lifestyle diseases. Understanding the liver's critical functions, such as blood filtration, energy storage, bile production, and toxin breakdown, highlights the importance of regular monitoring. Elevated liver enzymes like AST and ALT can indicate liver stress or damage caused by conditions like hepatitis, obesity, diabetes, or intense physical exercise. Early detection through regular testing is essential. At DiscountedLabs.com, we offer affordable blood tests like the CMP Panel, GGT Test, and Hepatic Function Panel to conveniently monitor your liver's health without visiting a doctor.

Except for estradiol, no hormone is more misunderstood than dihydrotestosterone, or DHT. Many men fear DHT, going out of their way to use a DHT blocker for their medical condition. However, DHT is a critical hormone, one that men need for sexual and prostate health, cognitive function, skeletal strength, and many other reasons. Like everything in life, there are downsides to DHT, but the upside of healthy DHT levels far outweighs the challenges it can present. It is crucial to choose a DHT blocker that has support from scientific research in order to ensure both safety and efficacy when considering its use for hair thickness and general health care. In the intricate world of hormones and their impact on men's health, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) often emerges as a topic of considerable debate and intrigue. This potent androgen, frequently overshadowed by its more famous counterpart testosterone, plays a pivotal role in numerous physiological processes yet is often misunderstood or feared due to its association with certain medical conditions. Our journey in this article is to demystify DHT, unraveling its complexities to reveal not just the concerns it raises but, more importantly, the indispensable benefits it offers for male health. From sexual wellness to cognitive abilities and skeletal integrity, DHT's influence is far-reaching, making it essential to understand and appreciate its role in the broader context of hormonal balance and overall health. DHT – FRIEND OR ENEMY? Except for estradiol, no hormone is more misunderstood than dihydrotestosterone, or DHT. Many men fear DHT, going out of their way to lower it and frustrate its biological activity. However, DHT is a critical hormone, one that men need for sexual and prostate growth, cognitive function, skeletal strength, and many other reasons, such as hormonal health conditions. Like everything in life, DHT has downsides, but the upside of healthy DHT levels far outweighs the challenges it can present. DHT, the main hormone involved in male-pattern hair loss, can attach to receptors in your scalp and damage your hair follicles, leading to a receding hairline, hair thinning, and even severe hair loss. DHT – Where it Comes From The principal hormone produced in men is, of course, testosterone. When testosterone is produced by the testicles (or injected or absorbed by a man on testosterone replacement), an enzyme, 5-alpha reductase(5-AR), sets to work, converting a portion of that testosterone to DHT, which is the conversion of testosterone into the androgen hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This conversion prevents some testosterone from reaching the androgen receptors in the brain, genitals, skin, and other tissues. Initially, that may sound like the body is deprived of a needed hormone, testosterone. However, for the most part, this conversion is actually in a man’s best interest. Though estimates vary, DHT binds much more efficiently to androgen receptors; DHT is 300 to 500 percent more efficient at reaching and binding to the receptors and is far more potent than testosterone. If tissues were deprived of DHT, 5-AR hadn’t done its job; there would be dramatic physiological changes. While it is true that testosterone remains the primary, active androgen in muscle and muscle development, DHT is still critical for testosterone's full performance-enhancing effects. Specifically, the impact of DHT on the central nervous system increases neurological efficiency and strength. The production of body hair DHT comes from testosterone, with the help of the enzyme 5-alpha reductase (5-AR). The production of DHT is a natural process that occurs when testosterone is converted into the androgen hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT) with the help of the enzyme 5-alpha reductase (5-AR). DHT – Positive Effects  To understand DHT’s androgenic properties, consider the following. Male Development – Physical and sexual development in the human male is DHT-dependent. DHT is responsible for the growth and development of the penis, the prostate, and the testicles. It not only helps with sex differentiation during fetal development but also supports the changes that occur during puberty and adulthood. Libido – DHT supports a healthy sex drive. Men with optimal levels of the hormone report a far stronger drive than men with lower levels. Prostate Health – Men with balanced levels of DHT may have fewer prostate health issues. Cognitive Function – One study indicated that administering DHT to men between 34 and 70 resulted in memory improvements. The androgenic properties of the hormone encouraged the retrieval of stored memories and the archiving of new ones. Low/lower levels of DHT were linked to a decline in cognitive function in elderly men. Blood Sugar Management – Higher levels of DHT help to reduce the risk of diabetes by controlling sugar levels and preventing hyperglycemia. DHT can improve insulin sensitivity, support efforts to lose weight, and may provide adjunctive support in treating diabetes.  Cardiovascular Health – Men with coronary artery disease may benefit from higher levels of DHT since lower hormone levels have been shown to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. It may be a simple association – higher levels of DHT might lower the mortality associated with heart disease. Stroke Risk – Researchers followed a group of men for six years and learned that higher levels of DHT and testosterone seemed to lower the risk of stroke.  Depression – In one study, men who used finasteride, a drug that blocks 5-AR and, thus, generates lower levels of DHT, had higher rates of depression than a control group. DHT may well be necessary to support mental and emotional health. Anti-Aging – Higher levels of DHT, testosterone, and estradiol seem to slow the decline associated with aging. Lower levels of all three hormones brought about cellular changes seen in the elderly. Higher levels were associated with “younger” cellular function. Bone and Skeletal Health – Along with estradiol, appropriate levels of DHT support and maintain bone density in men. DHT – The Downside The DHT story is firm but not universally positive. The drawbacks of DHT must be considered. Baldness – Hair loss is probably the number one DHT—harmful in the minds of most men who are involved in testosterone therapy. Studies have shown that higher levels of DHT are linked to increased male-pattern baldness. In women, elevated levels of DHT can lead to male-like hair growth patterns. Cancer – DHT is critical for the normal development of the prostate, but high hormone levels have been associated with prostate cancer risk. However, studies on DHT and prostate cancer are contradictory. Acne – Inflammatory acne flares have been linked to DHT.  DHT – The Bottom Line: A Friend or Foe? For men, DHT is a friend and an important one. However, like virtually every hormone in the body, the key to health is balance. If DHT levels drop too far, men open themselves to low libido.  DHT is not likely to be tested in most men undergoing testosterone replacement therapy. Some clinicians fail to recognize the importance of DHT for men’s health and libido, so they fail to monitor it. It’s entirely possible, even likely, that some men are not obtaining the maximum benefits of testosterone replacement because (unbeknownst to them) their DHT levels are not optimal.  DiscountedLabs.com offers a highly affordable DHT test to help you determine if your body is producing sufficient DHT. The DHT test is quick, easy to administer, and reliable.   How to Increase DHT There are natural ways to boost DHT levels if one is not on a testosterone replacement protocol. Here are a few things that can be done. Exercise more, particularly resistance training and high-intensity training. Increase your intake of caffeine, creatine, or green tea supplements. Boost the amount of zinc in your diet via the food you eat or a supplement. Take a DHEA supplement if your DHEA blood level is low. Get a DHEA blood test Lose weight. Optimize your testosterone blood level, which is low. Last but not least, use a scrotal testosterone cream. Applying compounded (alcohol-free) testosterone cream to the testicular skin has increased DHT considerably. Using a DHT Blocker to Lower DHT It should be clear that most men have no reason to suppress their DHT levels. However, Propecia is regularly prescribed as a DHT blocker for men anxious about losing their hair, specifically to address male pattern baldness (a.k.a. androgenic alopecia). As was noted, Propecia will stop or suppress the 5-AR activity that produces DHT, thereby reducing DHT production. By blocking or slowing the work of 5-AR, one of the possible adverse side effects that DHT can have, male pattern baldness, may be prevented or arrested. Unfortunately, there is scientific evidence that some men who take this medication may risk lowering their libido and mood. In many cases, using DHT blockers like finasteride can help you to slow down or stop androgenic hair loss and even stimulate growth, allowing people to slow down or prevent hair loss and maintain a full head of thicker, healthier hair well into their 40s, 50s, and 60s. Topical finasteride is not FDA-approved yet but has shown promise in clinical studies. It can be sold by compounding pharmacies with a prescription. For reasons still not clearly understood, this medication can produce a syndrome in some men very similar to those symptoms associated with hypogonadism. Loss of libido, weak erections, malaise, and fatigue plague many men even after they have stopped using the drug. While it’s true that no one wants to lose their hair, no man wants to wind up with what has come to be known as post-finasteride syndrome. With proper attention, DHT can be a friend and ally in the search for optimal health. Don’t fear it; accept it and have it work to your advantage. Conclusion Navigating the intricate landscape of DHT and its role in men's health requires a nuanced understanding that balances the pros and cons. While concerns like male pattern baldness and potential links to certain health issues cannot be overlooked, the substantial benefits of DHT in areas like sexual health, cognitive function, and metabolic regulation highlight its critical role. The key lies in achieving hormonal equilibrium and ensuring that DHT levels are maintained within an optimal range. For those considering testosterone replacement therapy or DHT blockers, it's crucial to make informed decisions based on a comprehensive understanding of DHT's impact and the latest scientific research. At DiscountedLabs.com, we offer affordable and reliable DHT testing, empowering you to make the best choices for your health and wellbeing. Remember, DHT is not just a hormone to be managed but a vital component of a balanced and healthy male physiology.   Buy Your DHT TEST on DiscountedLabs.com  

Although testosterone frequently overshadows estradiol, a hormone more commonly associated with women, estradiol plays a significant role in men's health. Derived from testosterone through a process known as aromatization, estradiol contributes to various physiological aspects in men. Although it's crucial for maintaining bone density, its role in sexual health, body composition, and other health parameters is subject to ongoing discourse. Here, we delve into the dynamics of estradiol in men, its implications, and the importance of accurate measurement. Understanding Estradiol in Men The hormone estradiol, although present in smaller quantities in men compared to women, is produced through the aromatization of testosterone in liver, fat, and other cells. This conversion is nature’s design, hinting at a purpose behind it. Besides promoting bone health, estradiol’s influence on men's libido, body composition, and other factors is a hot topic among researchers. Excessive levels of estradiol, especially alongside low testosterone levels, could lead to conditions like gynecomastia (enlarged breasts in men). Hormonal Balance: The HPT Axis The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular (HPT) axis is a hormonal cascade that adjusts testosterone production based on the levels of testosterone and estradiol in the body. When either hormone level goes up too high, the HPT axis responds by decreasing the production of testosterone to keep hormone levels in balance. Aromatase Inhibitors: Boon or Bane? Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) stop the production of estradiol and are often given to people who are getting testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) to help them look younger and stay healthy. While higher estradiol levels could potentially cause gynecomastia and water retention, there's speculation, albeit without scientific backing, linking high estradiol levels to erectile dysfunction. The use of AIs is thought to mitigate these issues by lowering estradiol levels. However, the exact threshold of estradiol levels in men, beyond which it could be detrimental, remains undefined. Unveiling the Optimal Range Recent studies have started to shed light on estradiol's optimal range. For instance, levels below 20 pg/ml have been associated with increased bone loss, higher fat mass, and diminished sexual function in men. It is very important to get a correct reading of estradiol, and it is better to use a sensitive estradiol test (LC/MS assay) instead of the more common ECLIA-based test to avoid getting wrongly high estradiol readings from things like CRP (C-reactive protein). Estradiol’s Diverse Effects: A Closer Look 1. Bone Density: A study showed that estradiol levels below 11 pg/ml were linked to increased bone loss in men, emphasizing estradiol's role in bone health (Source). 2. Libido and Erectile Function: One groundbreaking study revealed that lower estradiol levels were correlated with increased body fat and a decrease in sexual desire and erectile function (Source). 3. Mortality Rate: A study highlighted that men with estradiol levels either below 21.80 pg/ml or above 30.11 pg/ml had a higher mortality rate, indicating a potential sweet spot for estradiol levels (Source). 4. Testosterone Therapy: In men undergoing TRT, elevated estradiol levels were associated with heightened libido, suggesting a nuanced interplay between testosterone and estradiol (Source). Conclusion The journey to demystify estradiol's role in men is ongoing. While its importance in bone health is well acknowledged, the hormone's broader impact on male physiology is gradually being unraveled. Accurate estradiol measurement and a deeper understanding of its optimal range could pave the way for enhanced men's health management, particularly for those undergoing testosterone replacement therapy.     Here is a more detailed discussion on estradiol in men: Click here   How to Get a sensitive estradiol test  

Table of Contents Lab Test Ranges and Complications Of High Or Low Blood Levels – A to C 1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) 2. Albumin 3. Alkaline phosphatase (adults) 4. Androstenedione (adult) 5. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) 6. Bilirubin, direct 7. Bilirubin, total 8. Calcium 9. Carbon dioxide, total 10. Chloride 11. Cholesterol 12. Creatinine Lab Test Ranges and Complications Of High Or Low Blood Levels – A to C   It's important to test different substances and hormones in the human body to discover their exact levels. For example, most people do glucose or calcium tests. The results usually get back to you in a few business days and you can ask your doctor to interpret these results. However, why shouldn't you be educated when it comes to the lab ranges of hormones in your bloodstream? In other words, what complications might arise if you have too little testosterone? What should you expect if you have too much bilirubin in your blood? The following content is part of a series of articles that explain the complications of having abnormal lab ranges for popular substances and hormones. The substances in this article include alanine aminotransferase, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, androstenedione, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin direct, bilirubin total, calcium, carbon dioxide, chloride, cholesterol, and creatinine. Keep reading to become more educated about your health and understand your body better! 1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) The normal values are: 10-55 U/liter for males 10-55 U/liter for females Alanine aminotransferase is an enzyme made by your liver. It's important to test this substance to determine whether your liver is infected or not. When it's too high The liver cells might be seriously damaged, to the point of necrosis It might be a sign of extensive trauma to the liver, left heart failure, cirrhosis or jaundice Might also be a sign of muscular dystrophy, fatty liver, myocardial infarction, and liver tumors When it's too low Low values of ALT indicate pyridoxal phosphate deficiency that can result in various health complications including epilepsy 2. Albumin Normal values 1-4.3 g/dl for men and women Albumin is one of the most important proteins in the human body. It helps to carry nutrients to various tissues and it prevents blood vessels from leaking fluids. When it's too high It might signify severe dehydration. It's not possible to increase albumin levels naturally. The only way albumin concentration might get higher is if plasma water decreases significantly When it's too low This is a sign of acute or chronic inflammation Albumin levels might drop if the liver has problems synthesizing this protein properly, so it might indicate liver damage The transportation of bile acids and metal ions might be affected if the albumin levels get too low 3. Alkaline phosphatase (adults) Normal values 45-115 U/liter for males 30-100 U/liter for females Alkaline phosphatase is also known as ALP and it's found in different tissues in the body. This enzyme is mostly present in the bones and liver. It plays a vital role in bone formation and mineralization. When it's too high It might be a sign of biliary obstruction or liver diseases such as hepatitis or cirrhosis Sign of bone disorder or even renal problems In some cases, it might indicate thyroid issues When it's too low It might signify nutritional deficiencies such as a lack of vitamin B12, magnesium or zinc Might be caused by severe anemia 4. Androstenedione (adult) Normal values 50-250 ng/dl for men and women This is a precursor of major sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. Testing for this hormone is necessary in conjunction with other hormonal tests to determine the levels of testosterone or estrogen in the body. Androstenedione is produced by the gonads and adrenal glands. When it's too high Elevated levels might indicate a gonadal tumor, especially when the levels exceed 500 ng/dl When it's too low This might signify a dysfunction of the adrenal glands such as adrenal insufficiency It might signify ovarian or testicular failure if the levels are too low 5. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) Normal levels 10-40 U/liter for men 9-25 U/liter for women Aspartate aminotransferase is an enzyme found in most tissues in the human body, particularly in the liver and the heart. It has multiple functions in the human body and abnormal levels usually indicate a liver problem. When it's too high This could be a sign of liver cell necrosis or obstructive jaundice It might also signify hepatitis or a liver problem caused by drugs and medications Since this enzyme is found in the muscles, it might be a sign of skeletal muscle, inflammatory disease or even heart failure Normally, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase should be low. Problems appear when these levels get very high due to organ failure or inflammation. 6. Bilirubin, direct Normal values 0-0.4 mg/dl for men and women Bilirubin is a yellow substance involved in the process of cleaning organic waste from the body such as dead red blood cells, etc. It is excreted in the bile and urine and it consists of direct and total bilirubin. When doing a blood test, your results might indicate the levels of direct and total bilirubin as both of these are important to diagnose certain diseases. When it's too high It might signify a biliary tree obstruction, cholestasis, and damage to the hepatic cells The patient might have the Dubin-Johnson syndrome which is characterized by an increase of direct bilirubin in the liver When it's too low Low levels of direct bilirubin are usually not a cause of concern. These levels might be temporarily lowered by caffeine consumption or barbiturates 7. Bilirubin, total Normal values 0-1.0 mg/dl for men and women This is the total amount of bilirubin enzymes in your body, including direct and indirect ones. Low levels of total bilirubin are not a problem in most cases. You should see a doctor when these levels are elevated as they can signify different types of damages to your organs. When its too high It might be a sign of neonatal physiological jaundice High levels might be caused by damage to the hepatic cells caused by toxins or inflammation It might be a sign of biliary tree obstruction 8. Calcium Normal values 5-10.5 mg/dl for men and women Calcium is one of the most important minerals in the body. It's directly involved in the mineralization and growth of bones and it ensures that teeth remain in good condition. When it's too high This might be a sign of hyperparathyroidism, bone disorders, malignant disease such as metastatic carcinoma of breast and kidney, etc Your blood might contain too much vitamin D which leads to intoxication Acromegaly or dehydration When it's too low It might be a sign of hypoparathyroidism or chronic kidney failure Might be caused by a deficiency of vitamin D or magnesium The patient might have acute pancreatitis, anemia or problems with the pituitary gland 9. Carbon dioxide, total Normal values 24-30 mmol/liter for men and women Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of the food metabolization process. This gas is released into the bloodstream when cells are broken down in simpler substances. The blood full of carbon dioxide returns to the lungs where this gas is eliminated through respiration. When it's too high It might be a sign of respiratory acidosis resulted from a poor gas exchange in the body Can also be caused by metabolic acidosis, especially if it's accompanied by multiple episodes of vomiting When it's too low It might signify tubular acidosis of the kidneys Might be a sign of loss of alkaline fluids through the intestines or compensated respiratory alkalosis 10. Chloride Normal values 100-108 mmol/liter for men and women Chloride forms when the element chlorine gains an electron. This is an important electrolyte that helps to maintain cell homeostasis or balance. When it's too high It might be caused by metabolic acidosis, especially when it's accompanied by loss of fluids caused by diarrhea It can also be caused by severe dehydration or a problem with the kidneys such as renal tubular acidosis or acute renal failure Hyperparathyroidism can also cause chloride levels to increase When it's too low It might be caused by too much vomiting or prolonged episodes of diarrhea Low levels can also be caused by gastric problems such as gastric suction or gastric secretion Excessive sweating or respiratory acidosis can also make the chloride levels drop significantly 11. Cholesterol Normal values for men and women The ideal level is less than 200 mg/dl The upper limit is 200-239 mg/dl High is anything above 239 mg/dl Cholesterol is one of the most popular substances tested by patients all over the world. This substance lines up the interior of your blood vessels and arteries. It's necessary for making new cells, but too much of it can be a problem. Cholesterol is made by the liver, but it can also be taken from foods. When it's too high It might be a sign of prostate or pancreas dysfunction, but it can also be caused by gout, hypothyroidism, chronic renal failure or extrahepatic cholestasis Can be caused by alcoholism or anorexia nervosa as well as acute intermittent porphyria Might facilitate the development of atherosclerosis that can lead to various cardiovascular diseases When it's too low This might signify lipoprotein deficiency or the necrosis of liver cells Can also be caused by malabsorption of nutrients as well as malnutrition It might be associated with mental retardation, rheumatoid arthritis or obstructive lung disease 12. Creatinine Normal levels 6-1.5 mg/dl for men and women Creatinine is a byproduct of creatine and it's produced by the muscles, especially after a strenuous workout. It's eliminated from the body by kidneys through urine. When it's too high Too much creatinine in the body might be a sign of renal failure or kidney dysfunction Hyperthyroidism can also be a cause of too much creatinine building up in the body as well as acromegaly Eating too many meals containing meat can increase the level of creatine and creatinine in the body When it's too low This might be a sign of excessive muscle loss, probably caused by muscular dystrophy It can also be a sign of liver problems or a lack of protein in your diet