Prostate Tests

Understanding High PSA Levels: A Prostate Health Guide PSA is also known as the prostate-specific antigen. This is a protein that your prostate gland naturally produces. In healthy individuals, PSA levels are small all the time, and this type of protein circulates freely through the bloodstream. However, doctors and researchers have discovered that PSA can get really high sometimes. This is usually because the patient has a significant prostate infection or prostate cancer. Developing prostate cancer is something that scares most people, but luckily, high PSA levels don't necessarily mean that you have cancer. Dive into this article and learn why sometimes your PSA levels are high, yet this is not a diagnosis for cancer. Table of Contents Understanding High PSA Levels: A Prostate Health Guide What Are Normal PSA Levels? Your Age Might Naturally Increase PSA Levels Prostatitis Can Also Cause High PSA Levels Having a Recent Medical Procedure Might Raise PSA Levels Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Could Also Cause High PSA Levels If You Exercise Often, Your PSA Levels Might Increase. Having a urinary tract infection could cause high PSA levels Why Should You Order a PSA Test? Free PSA vs. Regular PSA Test Order Your PSA Test From DiscountedLabs Today! What Are Normal PSA Levels? PSA can fluctuate in the bloodstream depending on various factors. However, individuals who don't have prostate cancer have PSA levels under 4 ng/mL. Most often, healthy men have PSA levels revolving around 1-2 ng/mL. At the same time, scientists have discovered that PSA levels above 4 ng/ml usually translate into prostate cancer. Some cancer patients have PSA levels above 6 or even 7 ng/ml, and they usually receive some sort of treatment to bring these levels down. Your Age Might Naturally Increase PSA Levels Now that you know what the normal levels of PSA are, it's time to see how age affects it. Men who are 50 years of age or older begin to see a significant spike in their PSA levels. This happens because the prostate tissue naturally produces more PSA. Men in their 70s usually have higher PSA levels than normal. However, this doesn't automatically mean that they have cancer. In many cases, screening seniors for PSA levels might result in false positives. Other types of tests are necessary, besides a PSA test, to determine if a patient has cancer or not. Therefore, if you or your dad have high PSA levels, you shouldn't be scared because this doesn't usually translate into prostate cancer. Prostatitis Can Also Cause High PSA Levels Prostatitis is nothing but an inflammation of the prostate tissue. It can happen to men of all ages, and it comes with various symptoms. For example, patients who have prostatitis experience mild fever, difficulty urinating, or painful ejaculations. Feeling pressure in the rectum area is another sign of prostatitis. Some men may experience something known as chronic nonbacterial prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome. These individuals with CNP or CPPS might experience symptoms similar to prostatitis. For example, they might complain of mild lower back pain, painful ejaculation, and discomfort in the pelvic area. In some cases, prostatitis can be asymptomatic as well. For many patients, prostatitis can be a chronic problem, but this is not a confirmed diagnosis for prostate cancer. Having a Recent Medical Procedure Might Raise PSA Levels Different types of medical procedures done on the prostate tissue or urinary tract might make the prostate produce more PSA. For example, if you've had a recent prostate exam, your PSA levels are probably higher than normal. At the same time, having a urinary catheter inserted in the urethra can cause mild irritation and make the prostate tissue release more PSA. As a rule of thumb, patients should wait a few weeks after having a procedure before they take a PSA test. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Could Also Cause High PSA Levels Benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH, is another reason why your PSA levels are high, but you don't have prostate cancer. This type of condition is frequently encountered among older men. It is an enlargement of the prostate tissue, and it's usually accompanied by symptoms similar to prostatitis. At the same time, BPH can have similar symptoms as those experienced by those with prostate cancer. This includes painful urination and problems with ejaculation. If You Exercise Often, Your PSA Levels Might Increase. Different types of vigorous exercises, such as running or high-intensity interval training, can increase your PSA levels and potentially contribute to prostate problems. They will eventually remain elevated for a few days. That's why you need to stop exercising for at least two days before going for an early-detection PSA test. Bicycle riding is especially linked to potentially increased PSA levels. Factors that might affect PSA levels include certain medicines, such as 5-alpha reductase inhibitors like finasteride (Proscar or Propecia) or dutasteride (Avodart), which can lower PSA levels. According to the National Cancer Institute, a PSA test can find high levels of PSA that may mean a person has prostate cancer. An elevated PSA level can also be caused by other problems with the prostate, like an enlarged or inflamed prostate. Therefore, determining what a high PSA score means can be complicated. To decide whether to have a PSA test, discuss the issue with your doctor, considering your risk factors and weighing your personal preferences. A higher level of PSA means a higher risk of prostate cancer. A high PSA level can be the first sign of prostate cancer and can also indicate less serious conditions, such as an enlarged prostate. Keep up with your regular appointments and tests so your care team can keep tabs on your health. If you’re experiencing prostate symptoms, such as an enlarged prostate, dull pain in the lower pelvic area, frequent urination, and pain or difficulty while urinating, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and diagnosis. If your PSA level is high, a prostate biopsy is the only way to find out if the cause is cancer. And prostate biopsies have possible harm. Having a urinary tract infection could cause high PSA levels Urinary tract infections might also increase your PSA levels. These are common among men, and they can cause irritation to the prostate tissue. As a result, the prostate will produce more PSA and give a false positive for prostate cancer to a PSA test. The level of the urinary tract infection can also affect how much PSA the prostate produces. For example, those who experience painful urination, blood in the urine, and other serious symptoms usually have their PSA levels increase. Why Should You Order a PSA Test? It's important to understand that you can have various symptoms, such as painful urination, pelvic pain, abdominal discomfort, and back pain, without having prostate cancer. One or more of the previously mentioned conditions frequently cause these symptoms. However, those who do indeed have prostate cancer and are unaware of it experience these symptoms. That's why it's important to do a PSA test as soon as you start to experience one or more of the symptoms presented in this article. If your PSA levels are slightly higher, your doctor might take you through other types of tests to determine if you really have prostate cancer or not. Most patients don't, so don't get scared right away. If your PSA levels are very high and other tests indicate that your prostate might be cancerous, it's best to discover it as soon as possible, right? Your doctor might recommend various treatment methods to help you keep your PSA levels under control. In any case, it's very important to do a PSA test, especially if you're older and experience recurring pelvic pain or discomfort while urinating. Free PSA vs. Regular PSA Test When PSA levels are elevated, free PSA can be used as a marker to help determine if prostate cancer is a possibility. Free PSA is the amount of PSA in the blood that is not bound to other proteins. A low percentage of free PSA may indicate a higher likelihood of aggressive prostate cancer. An enlarged prostate, BPH, and certain medications can also cause high PSA levels. To confirm a diagnosis, additional tests may be needed beyond just a PSA test. Essential Tips for PSA Test Preparation Proper preparation before your PSA test is essential to ensuring accurate results. While the test itself is straightforward, there are certain steps you can take to help maximize the accuracy of your test results. Before your PSA test, it's important to inform your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking, as some medications can affect PSA levels. Your healthcare provider may advise you to temporarily stop taking certain medications before the test. Additionally, it's recommended to avoid sexual activity, ejaculation, and vigorous exercise for at least 24 hours before your PSA test, as these activities can temporarily increase PSA levels. Fasting is not typically required before a PSA test. Steps to Take Before Your Test Before your PSA test, there are several steps you can take to ensure accurate results: Inform your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking, as some medications can affect PSA levels. Avoid sexual activity, ejaculation, and vigorous exercise for at least 24 hours before your test, as these activities can temporarily increase PSA levels. It is not typically necessary to fast before a PSA test, but it's always a good idea to follow any specific instructions provided by your healthcare provider. Be prepared to provide a blood sample during your appointment. The blood sample will be used to measure the level of PSA in your blood. What to Avoid Prior to Your Test To ensure accurate results from your PSA test, it's important to avoid certain factors that can affect PSA levels: Avoid ejaculation and sexual activity for at least 24 hours before your test, as these activities can temporarily increase PSA levels. Refrain from vigorous exercise or activities that put pressure on the prostate gland, such as bicycle riding, as this can also affect PSA levels. Inform your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking, as some medications can affect PSA levels. Your healthcare provider may advise you to temporarily stop taking certain medications before the test. It's important to note that certain factors, such as an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia), can also cause elevated PSA levels. Your healthcare provider will take into consideration your individual risk factors and medical history when interpreting your PSA test results. Order Your PSA Test From DiscountedLabs Today! You might be happy to find out that prostate cancer screening, including the PSA screening test and urine test, for different types of prostate cancer diagnosis is much more affordable these days. Order your blood test for PSA screening from DiscountedLabs and get your test results back in just a few business days. You don't even need your doctor's approval; you just order the PSA test, offer a blood sample to a nearby clinic, and receive your test results back by email. Ideally, a small PSA test is used for men who have at least 10 years of life expectancy or are being evaluated for a metastatic prostate cancer diagnosis. In general, we recommend prostate cancer screening for men ages 55 to 69, unless a male has a higher risk of prostate cancer diagnosis (a family history, being of African American descent), in which case we screen at age 50. This aligns with guidelines from the U. The next step after a positive PSA level or rectal exam indicating possible prostate cancer is a biopsy. This is a test where the doctor takes a small amount of tissue from your prostate and sends it to a lab for testing. It’s the only way to be sure you have cancer. It has never been easier to check the health of your prostate, so order your PSA test today.  

The Importance of PSA Testing The Prostate-specific antigen or PSA test is a blood test that can be used as a measurement of prostate health. According to a March 2009 European study published in the New England Journal of Medicine (1), the PSA test is not only a valid screening test for prostate cancer but could also significantly reduces mortality from this disease in middle-aged men. Table of Contents The Importance of PSA Testing What is a PSA Test? Elevated Prostate Specific Antigen The Significance of Free PSA What if the Test Shows an Elevated PSA level? Getting Tested The PSA Controversy What is a PSA Test? The PSA test was initially approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986 to track the progression of prostate cancer in individuals who have been previously diagnosed with the disease. In 1994, the use of the PSA test together with a digital rectal exam (DRE) was approved by the FDA to test asymptomatic men for prostate cancer. Men who experience prostate symptoms will usually undergo a PSA test (with a DRE) to help a urologist determine what’s causing the problem. Elevated Prostate Specific Antigen Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein secreted by healthy, as well as cancerous cells in the prostate gland. A PSA test is commonly used to measure the level of this protein in someone’s blood. This test is conducted by taking a blood sample and sending it to a laboratory for analysis. PSA test results are typically recorded as nanograms of PSA per milliliter (ng/mL) of blood. In men with prostate cancer, the blood level of PSA is frequently elevated. Although research does indicate that having an elevated PSA level does not always mean that a man has prostate cancer (2). PSA levels may also become elevated because of benign enlargement of the prostate gland as well as prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate) due to infection. It’s crucial to emphasize that a PSA test is not a specific prostate cancer test, but it’s a critical first step in checking for the possible presence of prostate cancer. There are other factors that could cause your PSA levels to increase (3): Advancing age; PSA levels tend to rise with age. Inflammation of the prostate gland, from either infection or some other undetermined cause. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); also called an enlarged prostate. A larger prostate has more cells secreting PSA, increasing the odds for an elevated PSA level. Prostate cells could be inflamed by a Urinary tract infection, causing PSA levels to go up. Ejaculation can cause a mild elevation in the PSA score, but levels return to normal after only a few days. The recommendation is that men abstain from sex for at least 48 hours before PSA testing Anything that might cause trauma to the prostate like; bike riding, catheter insertion into the bladder, prostate biopsy, or cystoscopy can temporarily increase PSA levels. Conversely, some medicines (Proscar, Avodart, Propecia) (4) could lower your PSA. If you’re taking any of these medications, you should advise your doctor. A PSA level of less than 4.0 ng/mL is considered to be normal, but changes of more than 2.0 ng/mL over a year may indicate that prostate cancer is present (5). The Significance of Free PSA PSA circulates through the body in two ways; bound to other proteins or by itself. Unbound PSA is called free PSA. A free-PSA test will measure the percentage of unbound PSA while a PSA test is used to measure the total of free and bound PSA in the blood (6). The free PSA is a defective variant of normal PSA that can no longer bind to other proteins and so circulates in the blood in the free form. Although the reason why is poorly understood - patients with cancer may have lower free PSA levels than those with a benign prostate condition (6). What if the Test Shows an Elevated PSA level? If someone who isn’t experiencing the symptoms of prostate cancer decides to take a PSA test and discovers that he has an elevated PSA level the urologist could advise him to take another PSA test to confirm the original result. When results show that the PSA level is still elevated, the doctor could then recommend that he continue to be tested and digitally examined at regular intervals to detect changes (if any) over time (6). When the PSA level continues to rise or if a lump is detected during a digital examination, additional tests could be prescribed to discover possible causes (7). These tests can include: Urine test to check for a urinary tract infection Transrectal ultrasound X-rays Cystoscopy If the doctor suspects prostate cancer is present, then a prostate biopsy may be recommended. This procedure is used to collect multiple samples of prostate tissue by inserting hollow needles into the prostate gland and then withdrawing them. Frequently, the needles will be inserted through the wall of the rectum in a procedure called a transrectal biopsy. A pathologist then studies the collected prostate tissue with a microscope. An ultrasound may also be used to view the prostate during the biopsy, although ultrasound alone can’t be used to make a prostate cancer diagnosis. Getting Tested The accepted recommendation is that once a man reaches 40 years of age, he should begin having his prostate checked to establish a baseline for future monitoring. With a baseline set, the doctor can act quickly if PSA level changes indicate a potential problem (8). Unfortunately, many men underestimate the importance of setting a PSA baseline from a younger age. Establishing your baseline PSA level means that if there is even a small change in PSA levels - your doctor can quickly begin the necessary procedures to find out what may be causing the change and commence proper treatment if it’s indicated, possibly saving your life (9). The PSA Controversy The PSA test is not a cancer test. The test is only used to determine the level of PSA in a man’s blood. A high PSA score may indicate the presence of prostate cancer – but there are many factors that can cause PSA levels to be elevated, from infection to resent ejaculation. Another problem is that the PSA test also cannot distinguish between elevated PSA as a result of a benign cancer that will pose no threat in the course of a normal lifetime, or from the presence of an aggressive tumor that poses a much more immediate threat (10). Regardless, current research still indicates that PSA is a valid and proven marker that can be used together with other variables for determining the chance that an aggressive prostate cancer is present (10). References 1) SchröderFH,Hugosson J,Roobol MJ, et al.Screening and prostate cancer mortality in a randomized European study, N Engl J Med, 2009, vol. 360 13(pg. 1320-1328). 2) O'Shaughnessy M, Konety B, Warlick C. Prostate cancer screening: issues and controversies. Minnesota Medicine, August 2010. 3) Mayo Clinic Staff. PSA Test. (N.D.). https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/psa-test/details/risks/cmc-20200313 4) Pannek J, Marks LS, Pearson JD, Rittenhouse HG, Chan DW, Shery ED, Gormley GJ, Subong EN, Kelley CA, Stoner E, Partin AW. Influence of finasteride on free and total serum prostate specific antigen levels in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. The Journal of Urology. 1998. 5) Carter, H. Ballentine et al. “Detection of Life-Threatening Prostate Cancer With Prostate-Specific Antigen Velocity During a Window of Curability.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 98.21 (2006): 1521–1527. PMC. Web. 24 Nov. 2017. 6) Mione R1, Barioli P, Barichello M, Zattoni F, Prayer-Galetti T, Plebani M, Aimo G, Terrone C, Manferrari F, Madeddu G, Caberlotto L, Fandella A, Pianon C, Vianello L, Gion M. Prostate cancer probability after total PSA and percent free PSA determination. Int J Biol Markers. 1998 Apr-Jun;13(2):77-86. 7) Wilt, Timothy J et al. “Prostate Cancer: Epidemiology and Screening.” Reviews in Urology 5.Suppl 6 (2003): S3–S9. Print. 8) Larsen, Signe Benzon et al. “Baseline PSA Measurements and Subsequent Prostate Cancer Risk in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Cohort.” European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 49.14 (2013): 3041–3048. PMC. Web. 24 Nov. 2017. 9) Weight, Christopher J. et al. “Men (Aged 40–49 Years) With a Single Baseline Prostate-Specific Antigen Below 1.0 ng/mL Have a Very Low Long-Term Risk of Prostate Cancer: Results From a Prospectively Screened Population Cohort.” Urology 82.6 (2013): 1211–1217. PMC. Web. 24 Nov. 2017. 10) H Ballentine Carter. Differentiation of lethal and non lethal prostate cancer: PSA and PSA isoforms and kinetics. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2012 May; 14(3): 355–360.  

Essential Tips for PSA Test Preparation Key Highlights A PSA test is a blood test that measures level of PSA in blood, which can screen for prostate cancer. Early detection of prostate cancer is important for successful treatment and a PSA test can help identify potential risks. Before your PSA test, it's important to take certain steps to ensure accurate results, such as avoiding sexual activity and certain medications. The PSA testing process involves a healthcare provider taking a blood sample, which is then sent to a lab for analysis. Interpreting your PSA test results is crucial, and a high PSA level may warrant further testing or treatment. It's important to manage anxiety around PSA testing and to communicate openly with your healthcare provider. Introduction Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers that affects men. It is estimated that over 248,500 new cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 2022 alone. The good news is that when prostate cancer is detected early, the chances of successful treatment and survival are significantly higher. This is where the PSA test comes in. The PSA test, or prostate-specific antigen test, is a simple blood test that measures the level of PSA in your blood. The prostate gland produces the protein PSA, and high levels of PSA can be a sign of prostate cancer. However, it's important to note that a high PSA level does not necessarily mean you have prostate cancer. Other factors, such as an enlarged prostate or certain medications, can also cause an increase in PSA levels. Understanding the PSA test and how to prepare for it is crucial for ensuring accurate results and making informed decisions about your health. In this blog, we will discuss the importance of the PSA test, how to prepare for it, the testing process, interpreting your results, managing anxiety, and frequently asked questions about the test. By the end of this blog, you will have a better understanding of how to prepare for your PSA test and what to expect throughout the process. Understanding the PSA Test The PSA test is a key tool in the early detection of prostate cancer. The prostate gland produces a protein known as PSA, or prostate-specific antigen. During a PSA test, a small sample of your blood is taken and analyzed to measure the level of PSA present. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide and the most common cancer among men in the United States. The PSA test is used as a screening tool to detect early signs of prostate cancer. It is important to note that a high PSA level does not definitively indicate the presence of cancer, but it can be a sign that further testing is needed. Regular PSA testing can help identify potential risks and allow for early intervention and treatment, if necessary. What is a PSA Test? A PSA test is a blood test that measures the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in your blood. The prostate gland, which is in men just below the bladder, produces the protein known as PSA. The prostate gland produces PSA as part of its normal functioning. During a PSA test, a healthcare provider will collect a small sample of your blood, usually from a vein in your arm. The blood sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. The PSA level in your blood can help identify potential issues with the prostate gland, such as prostate cancer or an enlarged prostate. It's important to note that a high PSA level does not automatically mean you have prostate cancer. Other factors, such as an infection or an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia), can also cause elevated PSA levels. Further testing, such as a prostate biopsy or MRI, may be necessary to determine the cause of the elevated PSA level and to make an accurate diagnosis. Importance of Early Detection of Prostate Cancer Early detection of prostate cancer is crucial for successful treatment and improved outcomes. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men in the United States. However, when detected in its early stages, prostate cancer has a high survival rate. Regular screening, including the PSA test, can help identify prostate cancer at an early stage before symptoms develop. Early detection allows for timely intervention and treatment, which can significantly improve the chances of successful outcomes. It can also help prevent the spread of cancer to other parts of the body. While the PSA test is an important tool for early detection, it is not without limitations. It can produce false-positive results, leading to unnecessary anxiety and further testing. It can also miss some cases of prostate cancer, resulting in false-negative results. Therefore, it's important to discuss the benefits and limitations of PSA testing with your healthcare provider and make an informed decision about screening based on your individual risk factors. PSA Test Preparation Proper preparation before your PSA test is essential to ensuring accurate results. While the test itself is straightforward, there are certain steps you can take to help maximize the accuracy of your test results. Before your PSA test, it's important to inform your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking, as some medications can affect PSA levels. Your healthcare provider may advise you to temporarily stop taking certain medications before the test. Additionally, it's recommended to avoid sexual activity, ejaculation, and vigorous exercise for at least 24 hours before your PSA test, as these activities can temporarily increase PSA levels. Fasting is not typically required before a PSA test. Steps to Take Before Your Test Before your PSA test, there are several steps you can take to ensure accurate results: Inform your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking, as some medications can affect PSA levels. Avoid sexual activity, ejaculation, and vigorous exercise for at least 24 hours before your test, as these activities can temporarily increase PSA levels. It is not typically necessary to fast before a PSA test, but it's always a good idea to follow any specific instructions provided by your healthcare provider. Be prepared to provide a blood sample during your appointment. The blood sample will be used to measure the level of PSA in your blood. What to Avoid Prior to Your Test To ensure accurate results from your PSA test, it's important to avoid certain factors that can affect PSA levels: Avoid ejaculation and sexual activity for at least 24 hours before your test, as these activities can temporarily increase PSA levels. Refrain from vigorous exercise or activities that put pressure on the prostate gland, such as bicycle riding, as this can also affect PSA levels. Inform your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking, as some medications can affect PSA levels. Your healthcare provider may advise you to temporarily stop taking certain medications before the test. It's important to note that certain factors, such as an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia), can also cause elevated PSA levels. Your healthcare provider will take into consideration your individual risk factors and medical history when interpreting your PSA test results. The PSA Testing Process The PSA testing process involves taking a blood sample to measure the level of PSA in your blood. Here's an overview of the steps involved: Blood sample collection: A healthcare provider will collect a small sample of your blood, usually from a vein in your arm. The blood sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. Laboratory analysis: The blood sample is analyzed in the laboratory to measure the level of PSA present. The results of the analysis will be reported as a PSA level in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). The entire PSA testing process typically takes a few business days. Once the results are available, your healthcare provider will discuss them with you and determine any necessary follow-up steps based on the results. On the Day of Your Test On the day of your PSA test, you will visit your healthcare provider's office or a laboratory for a blood test. Here's what you can expect: Blood sample collection: A healthcare provider or phlebotomist will collect a small sample of your blood, usually from a vein in your arm. They will clean the area with an antiseptic and insert a needle to draw the blood. You may feel a slight prick or sting during the process. Test tube collection: The blood sample will be collected in a test tube or vial. The healthcare provider will label the sample with your information and send it to a laboratory for analysis. The blood test itself takes only a few minutes, and the process is generally well-tolerated. After the blood sample is collected, you can resume your normal activities. The results of the PSA test will be available in a few business days, and your healthcare provider will discuss the results with you during a follow-up appointment. How the Test is Conducted The PSA test is conducted by taking a blood sample to measure the level of PSA in your blood. Here's a step-by-step guide to how the test is conducted: Blood sample collection: A healthcare professional will clean the area and insert a needle into a vein, usually in your arm, to collect the blood sample. You may feel a slight prick or sting during the process. Test tube collection: The blood sample is collected in a test tube or vial. The healthcare professional will carefully label the sample with your information to ensure accurate identification. Laboratory analysis: The blood sample is sent to a laboratory, where it is analyzed to measure the level of PSA present. The results will be reported as a PSA level in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). The entire process typically takes only a few minutes, and you can resume your normal activities afterward. The results of the PSA test will be available in a few business days, and your healthcare provider will discuss them with you during a follow-up appointment. Interpreting Your Results Interpreting your PSA test results is crucial for understanding your prostate health. The PSA level reported in your test results can provide valuable information. Here's what you need to know: PSA level: The PSA level is reported in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). A higher PSA level may indicate a higher risk of prostate cancer, but it does not confirm the presence of cancer. Test results: Your healthcare provider will interpret your PSA test results in the context of your individual risk factors, medical history, and symptoms, if any. Further testing: Depending on your PSA level and other factors, your healthcare provider may recommend further testing, such as a prostate biopsy, to determine the cause of the elevated PSA level and make an accurate diagnosis. What Does Your PSA Level Mean? The PSA level reported in your test results can provide insights into your prostate health. Here's what different PSA levels may mean: Normal PSA level: A PSA level below 4 ng/mL is generally considered normal. However, it's important to note that prostate cancer can still be present even if the PSA level is within the normal range. Elevated PSA level: A PSA level above 4 ng/mL may indicate an increased risk of prostate cancer. However, other factors, such as an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia) or prostate inflammation (prostatitis), can also cause an elevated PSA level. PSA velocity: The rate at which your PSA level changes over time, known as PSA velocity, can also provide valuable information. A rapid increase in PSA level may indicate a higher risk of prostate cancer. It's important to discuss your PSA test results with your healthcare provider, who will consider your individual risk factors and medical history when interpreting your results and determining any necessary follow-up steps. Next Steps After Your PSA Test If your PSA test results indicate a high PSA level or other concerning factors, your healthcare provider may recommend further testing or treatment. Here are some possible next steps: Prostate biopsy: If your PSA level is high, your healthcare provider may recommend a prostate biopsy to determine if prostate cancer is present. A prostate biopsy involves collecting small tissue samples from the prostate gland for analysis. Treatment options: If prostate cancer is diagnosed, your healthcare provider will discuss treatment options with you. Treatment can vary depending on the stage and aggressiveness of the cancer but may include surgery, radiation therapy, or other targeted therapies. It's important to remember that an elevated PSA level does not always indicate prostate cancer, and further testing is needed to make an accurate diagnosis. Your healthcare provider will guide you through the next steps based on your individual circumstances. Managing Anxiety Around PSA Testing Undergoing a PSA test can be an anxiety-inducing experience for many individuals. It's normal to feel anxious about the possibility of receiving abnormal results. However, managing anxiety is crucial for maintaining overall well-being. Here are some strategies to help manage anxiety around PSA testing: Educate yourself: Seek reliable health information about the PSA test and prostate health to understand the process and potential outcomes better. Communicate with your healthcare provider: Discuss any concerns or anxieties you may have with your healthcare provider. They can provide reassurance and address any questions or uncertainties. Engage in stress-reducing activities: Practice stress reduction techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, exercise, or engaging in hobbies and activities you enjoy. Remember that anxiety is a normal response, but it's important not to let it overwhelm you. Stay proactive in managing your mental well-being throughout the PSA testing process. Understanding the Limitations of the PSA Test While the PSA test is a valuable tool for prostate cancer screening, it does have some limitations. It's important to be aware of these limitations to have a realistic understanding of the test's reliability. Here are some limitations of the PSA test: False positive results: The PSA test can sometimes indicate elevated PSA levels even when prostate cancer is not present. This can lead to unnecessary worry and further testing. False negative results: On the other hand, the PSA test can also miss some cases of prostate cancer, resulting in false-negative results. This can provide a false sense of security when cancer is actually present. Other factors: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (an enlarged prostate) and prostate inflammation are two other causes of elevated PSA levels in addition to prostate cancer. These conditions can lead to false-positive results. It's important to discuss the limitations of the PSA test with your healthcare provider and consider additional factors, such as your medical history and risk factors, when interpreting test results and making treatment decisions. Communicating With Your Healthcare Provider Open and honest communication with your healthcare provider is crucial throughout the PSA testing process. Here are some tips for effective communication: Ask questions: Don't hesitate to ask your healthcare provider any questions or express any concerns you may have about the PSA test, the results, or potential treatment options. Your healthcare provider is there to support you and provide you with the information you need. Share your medical history: Be sure to provide your healthcare provider with a complete medical history, including any previous prostate conditions, family history of prostate cancer, or other relevant information. Discuss your preferences: Talk to your healthcare provider about your preferences regarding screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Share your thoughts on the benefits and potential risks of making informed decisions together. Remember that effective communication is a partnership between you and your healthcare provider. By working together, you can ensure the best possible care and outcomes for your prostate health. Conclusion Regular PSA tests are vital for the early detection of prostate cancer. Understanding the process and preparing appropriately can alleviate anxiety around the test. Fasting may not be necessary, but avoiding strenuous exercise before the test is advisable. Communicating openly with your healthcare provider about your results and concerns is crucial for proper management. Stay informed about the limitations of the PSA test and follow up as recommended. Prioritize your health by scheduling regular PSA tests and maintaining a proactive approach to your well-being. Frequently Asked Questions Is Fasting Required as Part of PSA Test Preparation? No, fasting is not typically required before a PSA test. However, it's always a good idea to follow any specific instructions provided by your healthcare provider. Be sure to inform your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking, as some medications can affect PSA levels. Can Physical Activity Affect My PSA Levels? Yes, physical activity can temporarily increase PSA levels. It's recommended to avoid vigorous exercise or activities that put pressure on the prostate gland for at least 24 hours before your PSA test to ensure accurate results. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your healthcare provider. What is the Best Time of Day for a PSA Test? The best time of day for a PSA test may vary depending on the healthcare provider's schedule and the laboratory's operating hours. It's best to consult with your healthcare provider to schedule the test at a time that is convenient for both of you. How Often Should I Get a PSA Test? The frequency of PSA testing depends on various factors, including your age, family history, and overall health. The American Cancer Society recommends discussing the benefits and risks of PSA screening with your healthcare provider to determine an appropriate screening schedule based on your individual risk factors. Can I Resume Normal Activities After a PSA Test? Yes, you can generally resume your normal activities immediately after a PSA test. However, some individuals may experience slight pain or bruising at the site where the blood sample was taken. If you have any concerns, consult with your healthcare provider. How Can I Find PSA Testing Near Me? If you are looking to get PSA testing near you, there are several options available. You can start by visiting DiscountedLabs.com and ordering your own PSA test without a doctor visit, or by contacting your primary care physician or urologist to inquire about PSA testing services. Many healthcare facilities, such as clinics, hospitals, and diagnostic centers, also offer PSA testing.

The prostate gland plays a pivotal role in men’s health, and its well-being is often a topic of great concern, especially when it comes to prostate cancer, a leading cause of death among men in the United States. This article delves into the intricacies of prostate health, detection methods for prostate cancer, and the debated connection between testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prevalence and Detection As men age, the occurrence of small, hidden prostatic lesions increases, which could potentially turn cancerous over time. The prevalence of these lesions is around 30% in American men aged over 45, and this figure soars to over 80% for those above 80 years of age. The transformation of these lesions into cancerous cells is often linked to genetic factors and lifestyle conditions, including diet. To detect prostate cancer, healthcare providers employ a variety of methods: Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) assays Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) Transrectal Ultrasound It's advisable for men, especially those above 40 or with a family history of prostate cancer, to undergo a DRE before commencing testosterone replacement therapy and every six months thereafter. While DRE may be uncomfortable, it's a small price to pay for ensuring good health. Any abnormal rectal exam findings, a PSA increase of more than 2 ng/mL, or a PSA level over 4 ng/mL usually necessitate further evaluation by a urologist, often involving an ultrasound and prostate biopsies. However, the PSA and DRE methods lack sensitivity and specificity. In some instances, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a non-cancerous inflammation, may falsely elevate PSA levels, while 25% of prostate cancer patients show normal PSA levels. As it turns out, needle biopsies can find hidden prostatic lesions in men whose PSA levels and ultrasound results are normal. Testosterone Replacement Therapy and Prostate Cancer: Unveiling the Connection The role of Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) in PSA elevation or prostate cancer development has been a topic of considerable debate. Prostate cancer is initially androgen-dependent; thus, TRT is discouraged for men diagnosed with prostate cancer. However, a comprehensive analysis encompassing data from 18 studies revealed no significant link between blood levels of androgens and an increased risk for prostate cancer (Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2008). Intriguingly, some emerging data suggest that high doses of testosterone may be beneficial in treating certain types of prostate cancer. A different study that looked at 149,354 men who were diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1991 and 2007 found that those who were treated with TRT did not have higher rates of death or use of Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT). The study, published in the Journal of Sexual Medicine (2014), concluded that TRT, post-prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment, doesn't exacerbate mortality rates or the necessity for ADT, even with prolonged TRT duration. Conclusion The dialogue surrounding prostate cancer, its detection, and the implicated role of TRT is complex. While the journey towards unambiguous understanding continues, regular screenings and open discussions with healthcare providers remain crucial for maintaining prostate health and making informed treatment decisions.   Reference: Kaplan, A. L., Lenis, A. T., Shah, A., Rajfer, J., & Hu, J. C. (2014). Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Men with Prostate Cancer: A Time-Varying Analysis. Journal of Sexual Medicine. For more insights on this topic, refer to: Does Testosterone Cause Prostate Cancer? Can Men Treated for Prostate Cancer Use TRT?

  We are going to review a few simple steps you can take to maintain the health of your prostate gland. So, if you're like most men, you have a general idea of where your prostate is located, but you may be a little unfamiliar with what its function is. So, the prostate gland's primary function is to aid male fertility by secreting liquid ejaculate rich in fructose that nourishes and protects sperm. As men age, the prostate gland can become problematic because it can start to grow. And the urethra, which runs down from the bladder through the prostate gland and out the penis for urination, can become restricted from this prostate growth. And, of course, prostate growth can make it difficult to urinate. This enlargement of the prostate gland is called benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH for short. It can affect around 25% of men by the age of 40. Unfortunately, this number increases exponentially as men age, and by the time they reach 70 years old, around 80% of men are affected by BPH. Table of Contents What is BPH and What Causes it? How Can BPH Be Treated? Side Effects of BPH Drugs How to Prevent BPH Are There Any Supplements Taken for BPH? What Prostate Exams Do Doctors Perform for BPH? Prior to a PSA Test: Don’t Do These Activities Don’t forget to tell your doctor if you are going to get a PSA test: What is BPH and What Causes it? BPH isn't a life-threatening condition, but it can be pretty aggravating living with the symptoms daily. And in some cases, it can be so debilitating that it requires a trip to the emergency room for surgery. The two leading causes of BPH are hormonal imbalances and inflammation in the body. So, when it comes to hormones, the main culprit is the antigenic hormone dihydrotestosterone or DHT for short. Now, this is a derivative of testosterone that is made via the 5-alpha reductase enzyme. So as men age, the levels of this enzyme increase, which increasingly converts your testosterone into the more potent dihydrotestosterone. A little DHT is important for men's health, especially when it comes to sexual function, but too much can cause growth of the prostate gland and male pattern baldness. Inflammation is another cause of BPH. And for most men, this is caused by a processed diet and a diet rich in omega six vegetable oils. Some omega-six fatty acids are essential for our health, but when levels rise too high in the body, it can drive inflammation.   How Can BPH Be Treated?  In rare cases, inflammation of the prostate gland, which is called prostatitis, is caused by a bacterial infection. So, of course, this needs to be tested and treated by your doctor with antibiotics. Now, conventional treatment of BPH is typically a prescription of a class of drugs called 5-alpha reductase inhibitors. As the name suggests, these drugs prevent the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone by suppressing the 5-alpha reductase enzyme. Now, these drugs are quite effective in reducing growth of the prostate gland, and studies have shown that they reduce the prostate gland by up to 25%.   Side Effects of BPH Drugs Unfortunately, there is a downside to taking these drugs. Some  patients suffer serious sexual side effects. These side effects include loss of sex drive, erectile dysfunction, inability to ejaculate, and penile and testis tissue shrinkage. So many of these side effects can be reversed when stopping the medication, but there are rare cases of men who stop the medication and still experience these sexual side effects for years after the fact. So, you have to consider seriously before going on these drugs by talking to your physician and your pharmacist. Now, if you'd like to avoid the potential side effects of these drugs, there are some more natural treatments that you can try first.   How to Prevent BPH A recent study found that men classified as clinically obese men were three and a half times more likely to develop BPH than men of average weight. This study suggests a direct correlation between body fat percentage and developing prostate problems later on in life. So, one of the simplest things you can do to try and prevent BPH and maintain the health of your prostate gland is to lose body fat. And you can do this by hiring a personal trainer or a nutritionist to work on your exercise and nutrition to lose body fat and build lean muscle.   Are There Any Supplements Taken for BPH? In terms of taking supplements to support your prostate health, the two that some experts recommend saw palmetto and zinc. These both have proven efficacy in research studies and clinical observations when it comes to maintaining the health of the prostate gland in aging men. So saw palmetto is derived from a wild plant rich in fatty acid and phytosterols that are healthy for the prostate gland. And in fact, saw palmetto has been the most widely used natural treatment for BPH in North America since the 1800s. Saw Palmetto works comparably to the 5-alpha reductase inhibitors in terms of partially blocking the 5-alpha reductase enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone. However, it's not as powerful as the drugs, so there's less potential for side effects. One study found that participants had a 50% reduction in BPH symptoms after eight weeks on high dose saw palmetto supplementation. The standard amount is 320 milligrams of saw palmetto per day until your symptoms subside. Zinc is an essential trace mineral that is important for male health, especially regarding fertility and immune function. A recent study on zinc and prostate health shows that 140 of 200 men gain complete relief of their BPH symptoms after 16 weeks on high-dose zinc supplementation. So, the standard dose of zinc supplementation to treat BPH is 80 milligrams per day until your symptoms subside, and then reduce it down to 40 milligrams per day as a maintenance dose. A word of caution with high-dose zinc supplementation, anything over 100 milligrams per day can suppress your immune system. And there is some evidence that zinc can contribute to prostate cancer. So, make sure to only stick to the 80 milligrams per day until your symptoms go away and then reduce it down to the 40 milligrams. Also, high-dose zinc supplementation can drive down copper stores in the body, and copper is essential for health because it aids red blood cell production and also immune function. So, take two to three milligrams of copper along with your high-dose zinc to balance them out.   What Prostate Exams Do Doctors Perform for BPH? Your doctor may determine that a digital rectal exam (DRE) is useful in evaluating your prostate health. The prostate is just in front of the rectum. For this test, your doctor will gently insert a lubricated, gloved finger into your rectum to examine the prostate for irregularities in size, shape, and texture. He or she will also order a PSA test. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) is produced exclusively by cells of the prostate gland. Used in conjunction with the digital rectal examination, PSA is a useful screening test for benign prostate enlargement, prostatitis and prostate cancer development. There are some things a man should not do before having a PSA test. This list of “don’ts” will help ensure your test results are as accurate as possible.   Prior to a PSA Test: Don’t Do These Activities Participate in vigorous exercise and activities that stimulate or “jostle” the prostate, such as bike riding, motorcycling, and riding a horse, ATV, or tractor, or getting a prostatic massage for 48 hours before your test. Participate in sexual activity that involves ejaculation for 48 hours before your test. Ejaculation within this time frame may affect PSA results, especially in younger men. Schedule your PSA test to be done for at least six weeks after undergoing any of the following procedures: prostate biopsy, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for BPH, urethral catheter, cystoscopy, or any other procedure that involves the prostate. If you are in doubt about the possible impact of any procedure on your PSA test, talk to your doctor. Schedule a PSA test if you have a urinary tract infection. A bacterial infection in the urinary tract can cause PSA levels to rise temporarily. If you are not sure if you have a urinary tract infection, have a urine test before your PSA test to make sure. If you do have a urinary tract infection, you should wait at least six weeks after you have completed your antibiotic treatment before you have your PSA test. Schedule a digital rectal examination (DRE) before your PSA test. Although a DRE should not have an impact on PSA levels, having the PSA test first is a precaution. Don’t forget to tell your doctor if you are going to get a PSA test: If you undergoing chemotherapy, as these drugs can cause an elevated PSA level If you are taking any medications, especially statins, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or medications that control urinary problems such as dustasteride or finasteride. All of these substances have the potential to affect PSA levels. If you have undergone urinary tract or prostate surgery recently, or if you have suffered a pelvic injury or sports injury. If you have prostatitis or BPH. Why Your High PSA Test May Not Be Prostate Cancer   Get a PSA Test from Discounted Labs at a lab near you with no doctor visit required.

Table of Contents What is a PSA Test? Elevated Prostate Specific Antigen The Significance of Free PSA What if the Test Shows an Elevated PSA level? Getting Tested The PSA Controversy The Prostate-specific antigen or PSA test is a blood test that can be used as a measurement of prostate health.  According to a March 2009 European study published in the New England Journal of Medicine (1), the PSA test is not only a valid screening test for prostate cancer but could also significantly reduces mortality from this disease in middle-aged men.    What is a PSA Test? The PSA test was initially approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986 to track the progression of prostate cancer in individuals who have been previously diagnosed with the disease. In 1994, the use of the PSA test, together with a digital rectal exam (DRE) was approved by the FDA to test asymptomatic men for prostate cancer. Men who experience prostate symptoms will usually undergo a PSA test (with a DRE) to help a urologist determine what’s causing the problem.   Elevated Prostate Specific Antigen Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein secreted by healthy, as well as cancerous cells in the prostate gland. A PSA test is commonly used to measure the level of this protein in someone’s blood. This test is conducted by taking a blood sample and sending it to a laboratory for analysis. PSA test results are typically recorded as nanograms of PSA per milliliter (ng/mL) of blood. In men with prostate cancer, the blood level of PSA is frequently elevated. Although research does indicate that having an elevated PSA level does not always mean that a man has prostate cancer (2). PSA levels may also become elevated because of benign enlargement of the prostate gland as well as prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate) due to infection. It’s crucial to emphasize that a PSA test is not a specific prostate cancer test, but it’s a critical first step in checking for the possible presence of prostate cancer. There are other factors that could cause your PSA levels to increase (3):   Advancing age; PSA levels tend to rise with age. Inflammation of the prostate gland, from either infection or some other undetermined cause. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); also called an enlarged prostate.  A larger prostate has more cells secreting PSA, increasing the odds for an elevated PSA level. Prostate cells could be inflamed by a urinary tract infection, causing PSA levels to go up. Ejaculation can cause a mild elevation in the PSA score, but levels return to normal after only a few days. The recommendation is that men abstain from sex for at least 48 hours before PSA testing Anything that might cause trauma to the prostate like; bike riding, catheter insertion into the bladder, prostate biopsy, or cystoscopy can temporarily increase PSA levels.   GET A PSA TEST HERE   Conversely, some medicines (Proscar, Avodart, Propecia) (4) could lower your PSA.  If you’re taking any of these medications, you should advise your doctor.  A PSA level of less than 4.0 ng/mL is considered to be normal, but changes of more than 2.0 ng/mL over a year may indicate that prostate cancer is present (5).   The Significance of Free PSA PSA circulates through the body in two ways; bound to other proteins or by itself. Unbound PSA is called free PSA. A free-PSA test will measure the percentage of unbound PSA while a PSA test is used to measure the total of free and bound PSA in the blood (6). The free PSA is a defective variant of normal PSA that can no longer bind to other proteins and so circulates in the blood in the free form. Although the reason why is poorly understood - patients with cancer may have lower free PSA levels than those with a benign prostate condition (6).   GET A FREE PSA/TOTAL PSA RATIO TEST   What if the Test Shows an Elevated PSA level? If someone who isn’t experiencing the symptoms of prostate cancer decides to take a PSA test and discovers that he has an elevated PSA level the urologist could advise him to take another PSA test to confirm the original result. When results show that the PSA level is still elevated, the doctor could then recommend that he continue to be tested and digitally examined at regular intervals to detect changes (if any) over time (6). When the PSA level continues to rise or if a lump is detected during a digital examination, additional tests could be prescribed to discover possible causes (7). These tests can include:   Urine test to check for a urinary tract infection Transrectal ultrasound X-rays  Cystoscopy   If the doctor suspects prostate cancer is present, then a prostate biopsy may be recommended. This procedure is used to collect multiple samples of prostate tissue by inserting hollow needles into the prostate gland and then withdrawing them. Frequently, the needles will be inserted through the wall of the rectum in a procedure called a transrectal biopsy. A pathologist then studies the collected prostate tissue with a microscope. An ultrasound may also be used to view the prostate during the biopsy, although ultrasound alone can’t be used to make a prostate cancer diagnosis.   Getting Tested The accepted recommendation is that once a man reaches 40 years of age, he should begin having his prostate checked to establish a baseline for future monitoring. With a baseline set, the doctor can act quickly if PSA level changes indicate a potential problem (8). Unfortunately, many men underestimate the importance of setting a PSA baseline from a younger age. Establishing your baseline PSA level means that if there is even a small change in PSA levels - your doctor can quickly begin the necessary procedures to find out what may be causing the change and commence proper treatment if it’s indicated, possibly saving your life (9).   The PSA Controversy The PSA test is not a cancer test. The test is only used to determine the level of PSA in a man’s blood. A high PSA score may indicate the presence of prostate cancer – but there are many factors that can cause PSA levels to be elevated, from infection to resent ejaculation. Another problem is that the PSA test also cannot distinguish between elevated PSA as a result of benign cancer that will pose no threat in the course of a normal lifetime or from the presence of an aggressive tumor that poses a much more immediate threat (10). Regardless, current research still indicates that PSA is a valid and proven marker that can be used together with other variables for determining the chance that aggressive prostate cancer is present (10).   References   1) SchröderFH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, et al. Screening and prostate cancer mortality in a randomized European study, N Engl J Med, 2009, vol. 360 13(pg. 1320-1328).   2) O'Shaughnessy M, Konety B, Warlick C. Prostate cancer screening: issues and controversies.MinnesotaMedicine, August 2010.   3) Mayo Clinic Staff. PSA Test. (N.D.). https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/psa-test/details/risks/cmc-20200313   4) Pannek J, Marks LS, Pearson JD, Rittenhouse HG, Chan DW, Shery ED, Gormley GJ, Subong EN, Kelley CA, Stoner E, Partin AW. Influence of finasteride on free and total serum prostate-specific antigen levels in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. The Journal of Urology. 1998.   5) Carter, H. Ballentine et al. “Detection of Life-Threatening Prostate Cancer with Prostate-Specific Antigen Velocity During a Window of Curability.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 98.21 (2006): 1521–1527. PMC. Web. 24 Nov. 2017.   6) Mione R1, Barioli P, Barichello M, Zattoni F, Prayer-Galetti T, Plebani M, Aimo G, Terrone C, Manferrari F, Madeddu G, Caberlotto L, Fandella A, Pianon C, Vianello L, Gion M. Prostate cancer probability after total PSA and percent free PSA determination. Int J Biol Markers. 1998 Apr-Jun;13(2):77-86.   7) Wilt, Timothy J et al. “Prostate Cancer: Epidemiology and Screening.” Reviews in Urology 5. Suppl 6 (2003): S3–S9. Print.   8) Larsen, Signe Benzon et al. “Baseline PSA Measurements and Subsequent Prostate Cancer Risk in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Cohort.” European journal of cancer (Oxford, England: 1990) 49.14 (2013): 3041–3048. PMC. Web. 24 Nov. 2017.   9) Weight, Christopher J. et al. “Men (Aged 40–49 Years) With a Single Baseline Prostate-Specific Antigen Below 1.0 ng/mL Have a Very Low Long-Term Risk of Prostate Cancer: Results from a Prospectively Screened Population Cohort.” Urology 82.6 (2013): 1211–1217. PMC. Web. 24 Nov. 2017.   10) H Ballentine Carter. Differentiation of lethal and nonlethal prostate cancer: PSA and PSA isoforms and kinetics. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2012 May; 14(3): 355–360.