Testosterone in Women

Testosterone Injection: Subcutaneous vs. Intramuscular—Where to Inject Regardless of which TRT product you’ve been prescribed, a common question is where to inject testosterone. For decades, most men have used IM testosterone injections, primarily into the glutes, quads, or deltoids, using a 1 to 1.5-inch syringe. During the past five years, many men have also begun injecting testosterone subcutaneously (SubQ), a shallow injection into the fat layer on the abdominal or other areas—just under the skin but before reaching muscle. Many TRT patients find SubQ injections less bothersome than IM injections, as they require a smaller needle in both length and gauge. SubQ injections are also associated with less irritation for some men with IM injections. While some men may find IM injections to leave a minor soreness at the injected site, SubQ injections cause no noticeable pain or irritation. Understanding Testosterone Replacement Therapy Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) is a medical treatment designed to help individuals with low testosterone levels, also known as hypogonadism. TRT aims to restore normal testosterone levels, alleviating symptoms such as low libido, fatigue, and decreased muscle mass. This form of hormone therapy can significantly improve the quality of life for those experiencing sexual dysfunction and other related issues. TRT can be administered through various methods, including intramuscular injections, subcutaneous injections, and topical gels. In this article, we will focus on testosterone injections, specifically intramuscular and subcutaneous injections, to provide a comprehensive understanding of these methods. Testosterone Injection Methods: Effects on Total Testosterone, Estradiol (E2), and PSA Testosterone Cypionate and Testosterone Enanthate are the two most commonly used forms of testosterone in men to treat hypogonadism (low testosterone). Both forms carry the same testosterone hormone; the ester is the only difference, which alters the hormone’s time release so that testosterone blood levels can remain up for a few days. These two testosterone compounds are identical in a testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) setting. Both forms are commonly used in hormone replacement therapy to treat hypogonadism in men. Where and How to Inject Testosterone? Regardless of which TRT product you’ve been prescribed, a common question is where to inject testosterone. For decades, most men have injected their testosterone intramuscularly (IM), primarily into the glutes, quads, or deltoids, using a 1- to 1.5-inch syringe. During the past five years, many men have also begun injecting testosterone subcutaneously (SubQ), a shallow injection into the fat layer on the abdominal or other areas—just under the skin but before reaching muscle. Many TRT patients find SubQ injections less bothersome than IM injections, as they require a smaller needle in both length and gauge. SubQ injections are also associated with less irritation for some men with IM injections. While some men may find IM injections to leave a minor soreness at the injected site, SubQ injections cause no noticeable pain or irritation. Many patients find it beneficial to inject weekly to maintain stable testosterone levels. Administering Testosterone Injections Safely Administering testosterone injections safely requires proper technique and precautions to ensure effectiveness and minimize risks. Before injecting, ensure the injection site is clean and free of any debris. Use a sterile needle and syringe, and follow the recommended dosage and injection frequency as prescribed by your healthcare provider. For intramuscular injections, use a longer needle (1 to 1.5 inches) and insert it at a 90-degree angle into the muscle, typically in the glutes, quads, or deltoids. For subcutaneous injections, use a shorter needle (0.5 to 1 inch) and insert it at a 45-degree angle into the fatty tissue, commonly in the abdominal area. Always dispose of used needles and syringes properly to prevent injury and contamination. By following these steps, you can administer testosterone injections safely and effectively. Choosing the Right Injection Site Choosing the right injection site is crucial for safe and effective testosterone injections. For intramuscular injections, common sites include the buttocks, thigh, and upper arm. These areas have larger muscle masses, which are ideal for proper absorption of the hormone. For subcutaneous injections, common sites include the abdomen, thigh, and buttock. When selecting an injection site, consider the following factors: Fat layer: Subcutaneous injections require a sufficient fat layer to ensure proper absorption. Muscle mass: Intramuscular injections require a larger muscle mass to ensure proper absorption. Nerve proximity: Avoid injecting near nerves to minimize the risk of nerve damage. Scarring: Rotate injection sites to minimize scarring and promote even absorption. By carefully choosing the injection site and rotating locations, you can enhance the effectiveness of your testosterone injections and reduce potential complications. What is the Best Way to Inject Testosterone? While subcutaneous testosterone injections are by far the most uncomplicated and most comfortable, the more critical question for any TRT patient is how effective this method is and how it affects the potential adverse side effects of TRT. Weekly injections are often recommended to maintain stable hormone levels and reduce side effects. A recent study from the Department of Urology at the University of California (UC) has provided us with such answers. The UC study attempted to answer four questions as they relate to IM vs. SubQ testosterone injections: Comparisons in: Total Testosterone Hematocrit (HCT) Estradiol (E2) Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Two hundred thirty-two men took part in the UC study. Baseline levels were recorded for all men in the four measurement areas and then again at 6-12 weeks post-treatment. The results showed that men who underwent SubQ injections of testosterone resulted in a 14% greater increase in total testosterone levels than the testosterone level of IM patients. SubQ patients also had 41% lower hematocrit post-therapy than IM patients and 26.5% lower E2 levels. For both groups of men, there were no elevated levels of PSA. Additional Studies Comparing IM versus SubQ TRT While the UC study provides valuable data on four specific lab test values of concern and is one of the most recent studies on the topic of subcutaneous versus intramuscular testosterone injections, it is not the only information we have available. An additional Journal of Clinical Endocrinology study found that normal serum testosterone levels were maintained through SubQ injections. Most patients preferred the injection method due to less injection site pain. Similar results were found in a study headed by Dr. Al-Futais in a Canadian study that ran for one year in 2002. Similar results for subcutaneous testosterone injections have also been found in female-to-male (FTM) transgender people-based testosterone studies. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism reported that FTM patients administering SubQ testosterone were found to easily reach stable and normal testosterone levels along with suitable E2 levels. The study concluded that SubQ testosterone injections are both safe and effective. These findings are particularly relevant for those undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy, as they highlight the effectiveness and patient preference for SubQ injections. Although far less in-depth than we previously mentioned, a final study of note was published in the Journal of the Endocrine Society. Similar results to the reviews mentioned above were found, along with no significant changes between IM and SubQ patients relating to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Interestingly, unlike the UC study, this study also measured no notable difference in E2 levels between the two categories. However, it must be noted that this particular study only included a single injection of testosterone undecanoate at 1000 mg. How to Inject Testosterone Using Subcutaneous Injections? If subcutaneous testosterone injections are right for you, you will merely need a small insulin syringe to administer the hormone. A 0.5-inch-long, 25-27 gauge needle in a 1 ml syringe will typically suffice. They also do not require aspiration, commonly used in old IM injection techniques. Unlike IM testosterone injections, SubQ injections do not require aspiration and use a smaller needle. Regardless, the aforementioned insulin needles and syringes are your best choice for comfort and ease of use. Due to the small needle size, you may find it slightly more difficult to draw the testosterone into the insulin syringe. But most men on TRT use 50-100 mg twice per week, which amounts to 0.25 to 0.5 ml of a 200 mg/ml testosterone cypionate or enanthate formulation commonly used in the United States. Those small volumes load up in just 1-2 minutes. Many TRT clinics prescribe protocols to patients to inject their testosterone subcutaneously once or twice weekly. This protocol effectively maintains stable testosterone levels with small, more frequent doses than the old dose of 200 mg once every two weeks. Two injections that split the weekly dose twice per week will suffice for most patients, such as a Monday and Thursday protocol. Is There Any Difference Between Testosterone Cypionate and Testosterone Enanthate? As mentioned early on, testosterone cypionate and testosterone enanthate are the two most commonly prescribed and lowest-cost testosterone esters worldwide. All four studies cited in our discussion were performed using Testosterone Enanthate, excluding the one using Undecanoate. However, using Testosterone Cypionate would have yielded similar, if not identical, results. Both versions of the testosterone hormone are just that, testosterone. Molecularly, there is no difference. It is merely the ester attached, and the carrier oil it may be mixed in is the only difference. Further, as the enanthate and cypionate esters have very similar time-release structures, total serum levels should be relatively the same with either compound, even if injected subcutaneously. Conclusion In conclusion, testosterone replacement therapy is a medical treatment designed to help individuals with low testosterone levels. Administering testosterone injections safely requires proper technique and precautions. Choosing the right injection site is crucial for safe and effective testosterone injections. By understanding the differences between intramuscular and subcutaneous injections, individuals can make informed decisions about their treatment options. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting testosterone replacement therapy to ensure the best approach for your specific needs. References How to Inject Testosterone Intramuscularly, Shallow IM, or Subcutaneously? Comparison of Outcomes for Hypogonadal Men Treated with Intramuscular Testosterone Cypionate versus Subcutaneous Testosterone Enanthate SIU Academy. Choi E. 10/10/20; 309864; BSP-06.01 Subcutaneous Injection of Testosterone Is an Effective and Preferred Alternative to Intramuscular Injection: Demonstration in Female-to-Male Transgender Patients  The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 102, Issue 7, 1 July 2017, Pages 2349–2355 Pharmacokinetics and Acceptability of Subcutaneous Injection of Testosterone Undecanoate J Endocr Soc. 2019 Aug 1; 3(8): 1531–1540.

As women age, their health needs change. Regular blood tests after 40 can help detect issues early, manage risks, and improve overall well-being. Here’s a quick summary of the 10 essential blood tests every woman over 40 should consider: Complete Blood Count (CBC): Checks for anemia, infections, and blood disorders. Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP): Monitors kidney function, blood sugar, and electrolyte balance. Cholesterol Test (Lipid Panel): Tracks heart health by measuring LDL, HDL, and triglycerides. Thyroid Function Test: Identifies thyroid issues that affect metabolism and energy. Blood Sugar Test: Screens for diabetes or prediabetes. Vitamin D Test: Ensures healthy bones and immune function. Hormone Level Test: Tracks changes during perimenopause and menopause. Inflammation Test (CRP, ESR): Detects risks for heart disease or autoimmune conditions. Iron Storage Test (Ferritin): Checks for iron deficiency or overload. Vitamin B12 Test: Monitors nerve health and energy levels. Why These Tests Matter: Heart Health: High cholesterol or inflammation increases cardiovascular risks. Diabetes Prevention: Elevated blood sugar often shows no symptoms early on. Bone Strength: Vitamin D and hormone levels directly impact bone density. Early Detection: Thyroid and iron imbalances can lead to fatigue, weight changes, or more serious issues. Quick Overview Table: Test What It Checks Why It’s Important CBC Blood cell counts Detects anemia, infections, disorders BMP Kidney function, glucose Monitors metabolism, fluid balance Lipid Panel Cholesterol levels Reduces heart disease risks Thyroid Test TSH, T3, T4 Identifies thyroid dysfunction Blood Sugar Glucose levels Screens for diabetes Vitamin D 25-hydroxyvitamin D Supports bone and immune health Hormone Test FSH, estrogen Tracks menopause-related changes Inflammation Markers CRP, ESR Reveals heart or autoimmune risks Iron Storage Ferritin levels Prevents deficiency or overload Vitamin B12 B12 levels Maintains nerve and cognitive health Pro Tip: Schedule these tests during your annual check-up or as recommended by your doctor. Early detection leads to better outcomes and peace of mind. How to interpret your bloodwork in perimenopause and menopause 1. Complete Blood Count (CBC) A CBC test gives a quick overview of your health by analyzing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. For women over 40, it can help identify early signs of issues like anemia or infections. Here’s what a healthy CBC might look like: Blood Component Normal Range (Female) Red Blood Cells 4.2 - 5.4 million/mcL White Blood Cells 4,500 - 10,000/mcL Hemoglobin 12.1 - 15.1 g/dL Platelets 150,000 - 450,000/mcL Why is this test important for women over 40? It can uncover: Anemia: As menopause approaches, iron deficiency becomes more common. Hemoglobin levels below 12.1 g/dL could indicate anemia, which often causes fatigue or weakness [3]. Infections: High white blood cell counts (over 10,000/mcL) might mean your body is fighting an infection. This is especially useful as immune function can weaken with age [4]. Blood Disorders: Irregular platelet counts may suggest clotting problems or other blood-related issues [3]. "A CBC can help diagnose a broad range of conditions, from anemia and infection to cancer." [5] Your doctor might suggest more frequent CBC tests if you’re dealing with unexplained fatigue, taking medications that affect blood counts, managing chronic illnesses like kidney disease, or undergoing treatments that impact blood cell production [6]. No special preparation is needed for this test, and it’s a simple way to gain valuable insights into your health. Ask your doctor if it’s time to include a CBC in your routine check-ups. 2. Basic Metabolic Panel The Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) is a key blood test for women over 40, checking eight important substances that help assess fluid balance, metabolism, and kidney function. Here’s what the BMP measures: Component Normal Range What It Shows Glucose 74–99 mg/dL Blood sugar levels Calcium 8.5–10.2 mg/dL Bone health and nerve function Sodium 136–144 mmol/L Fluid balance Potassium 3.7–5.1 mmol/L Heart rhythm and muscle function CO2 22–30 mmol/L Breathing efficiency Chloride 98–107 mmol/L Acid-base balance BUN 7–21 mg/dL Kidney function Creatinine 0.58–0.96 mg/dL Kidney filtration This test can help spot early signs of health concerns. For example, glucose levels can indicate a risk of diabetes, while BUN and creatinine levels provide a snapshot of kidney health. Sodium, potassium, and chloride levels reveal potential electrolyte imbalances. How to prepare for the test: Fast for 8 hours beforehand but stay hydrated with water. Let your doctor know about any medications or supplements you’re taking. Try to schedule the test in the morning for the most reliable results. Keep in mind, about 1 in 20 healthy individuals might have results slightly outside the normal range [7]. Services like Discounted Labs let you order a BMP test online and visit one of over 2,200 lab locations across the U.S. Results are typically ready within 2–7 business days. If your results are abnormal, it might not always indicate a serious issue. Temporary changes, medications, or even diet can affect outcomes. Always review your results with a healthcare provider to understand what they mean for you. 3. Cholesterol Test A cholesterol test, often called a lipid panel, becomes increasingly important for women over 40, particularly as menopause approaches. This test measures key lipids in your blood that impact heart health. Here’s a breakdown of what the test measures and the ideal levels: Component Target Level What It Indicates Total Cholesterol Below 200 mg/dL Overall heart health LDL (Bad) Below 100 mg/dL Risk of plaque buildup in arteries HDL (Good) 60+ mg/dL Protective levels for heart health Triglycerides Below 150 mg/dL Fat levels in the blood After menopause, lower estrogen levels can alter cholesterol metabolism, significantly increasing cardiovascular risk. According to the American Heart Association's 2023 report, 36% of women have higher-than-recommended total cholesterol, often accompanied by rising LDL, lower HDL, and higher triglycerides [8][9]. Regular cholesterol testing is key to managing these risks. How Often Should You Get Tested? Ages 40–54: Every 4–6 years (if results are normal) Ages 55–65: Every 1–2 years Over 65: Annually More frequent testing: If you have additional risk factors for heart disease Preparing for the Test To ensure accurate results, fast for 12 hours before the test - water is allowed. Continue taking prescribed medications unless your doctor advises otherwise. The American Heart Association emphasizes: "High cholesterol has no signs or symptoms, so the only way to know if you have it is to get your cholesterol checked by a doctor on a regular basis, especially after you go through menopause." [9] Tips for Managing Cholesterol Naturally Add soluble fiber: Foods like legumes and whole grains can help. Incorporate omega-3s: Salmon, walnuts, and similar foods are great choices. Exercise regularly: Aim for 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity weekly. Strength train: Include strength exercises twice a week. Limit saturated fats: Cut back on red meat and full-fat dairy products. Taking these steps can help keep your cholesterol levels in check and support overall heart health. 4. Thyroid Function Test A thyroid function test is especially important for women over 40, as thyroid issues tend to become more common with age. This blood test evaluates how effectively your thyroid gland manages metabolism and energy levels. Here’s a breakdown of the main hormones included in a thyroid panel: Hormone Normal Range What It Indicates TSH 0.5–5.0 mIU/L General thyroid health Free T4 Varies by lab Available thyroid hormone Free T3 Varies by lab Active thyroid hormone TSH is often the first hormone to show changes, even before other thyroid hormones become abnormal [11]. High TSH levels usually point to an underactive thyroid, while low levels suggest an overactive thyroid. Why It Matters Thyroid disorders are more common in women and often go undiagnosed: Around 25 million Americans have hypothyroidism, and nearly half are unaware of it [12]. Women are 5–10 times more likely than men to experience thyroid issues [12]. Roughly 5% of U.S. adults live with hypothyroidism [13]. Common Thyroid Patterns Test results can reveal specific thyroid conditions: Test Pattern Possible Condition High TSH + Low Hormones Primary hypothyroidism Low TSH + High Hormones Primary hyperthyroidism Low TSH + Normal Hormones Early hyperthyroidism How to Prepare Avoid taking biotin supplements for at least three days before your test, and let your doctor know about any medications you’re using [11]. "Changes in TSH can serve as an 'early warning system' - often occurring before the actual level of thyroid hormones in the body becomes too high or too low."– UCLA Health [11] Signs You Might Need Testing You may want to consider testing if you experience: Unexplained weight changes Persistent fatigue Sensitivity to temperature Irregular menstrual cycles Mood swings Sleep issues The Cleveland Clinic highlights the importance of these tests: "Thyroid tests tell your healthcare provider how well your thyroid gland works."– Cleveland Clinic [10] Since thyroid function directly impacts metabolism and heart rate, regular testing can help catch potential issues early. 5. Blood Sugar Test Monitoring blood sugar levels is crucial for women over 40, as the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes increases with age. Regular testing can identify potential problems before symptoms arise. Understanding Blood Sugar Levels A blood sugar test checks the amount of glucose in your blood. The results fall into specific ranges that help identify your health status: Test Type Normal Range Prediabetes Diabetes Fasting Blood Glucose 70-99 mg/dL 100-125 mg/dL ≥126 mg/dL Random Blood Glucose ≤125 mg/dL N/A ≥200 mg/dL These numbers provide a snapshot of your metabolic health and can guide you in deciding if further steps are necessary. When Should You Get Tested? The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) highlights the importance of early detection: "That's why people with any risk factors are urged to ask their doctor if they should be screened. Being screened means getting tested when you don't have any symptoms." [14] Screening is recommended starting at age 35 and should be repeated every three years. However, you may need more frequent testing if you have: A family history of diabetes High blood pressure A history of gestational diabetes Polycystic ovary syndrome Excess weight A sedentary lifestyle Types of Blood Sugar Tests Your doctor might suggest one or more of these tests: Fasting Blood Sugar: Requires fasting for at least 8 hours. Random Blood Sugar: Can be taken at any time of the day. A1C Test: Provides an average blood sugar level over the past 2–3 months. These tests offer a comprehensive view of your blood sugar levels and help identify any need for further evaluation. Warning Signs to Watch For MedlinePlus points out: "High blood sugar and high cholesterol levels also may not have any symptoms in the early stages. A simple blood test can check for these conditions." [2] Managing Your Risk If your results show prediabetes (fasting glucose between 100-125 mg/dL), there are steps you can take to lower your risk of developing type 2 diabetes: Stay physically active Follow a balanced diet Maintain a healthy weight Monitor your blood sugar regularly Work closely with your healthcare provider Routine blood sugar testing is a powerful tool for understanding your metabolic health and taking control of your well-being. Order Affordable Lab Tests Online Take control of your health with Discounted Labs. Access FDA-approved blood and hormone tests without a doctor's visit or insurance. Choose from over 2,200 lab locations nationwide and get confidential results fast. Order Discounted Lab Tests 6. Vitamin D Level Once you hit 40, keeping tabs on your vitamin D level becomes important for maintaining strong bones, a healthy immune system, and overall health. A simple blood test can measure your 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, giving a clear picture of where you stand. Vitamin D Ranges Medical organizations have different recommendations for what your vitamin D levels should be: Organization Recommended Level Classification Institute of Medicine ≥20 ng/mL Adequate for bone health Endocrine Society 30–60 ng/mL Optimal range Risk Factors for Low Vitamin D "For perimenopausal women or other groups of people with higher fracture risk, certainly a level of 20 or above is ideal." [15] Certain factors can increase your chances of having low vitamin D. These include limited exposure to sunlight, having darker skin (which needs more sun to produce vitamin D), obesity, and not eating enough foods rich in vitamin D. Knowing these risks can help you address potential deficiencies early. Next Steps for Low Levels If your test shows low vitamin D levels, your doctor might suggest ways to improve them. According to Dr. Donald Hensrud, taking 1,000–2,000 IU of vitamin D daily is often enough to bring levels up to a healthy range [17]. Natural Ways to Boost Vitamin D Studies suggest that for white individuals living in the UK, about nine minutes of midday sun exposure on the arms and legs can provide enough vitamin D [16]. Here are some simple ways to increase your levels: Diet: Add foods like fatty fish, egg yolks, fortified milk, and liver to your meals. Sunlight: Safely expose your arms, legs, or back to sunlight for short periods. Supplements: Talk to your doctor about taking vitamin D₃ supplements if needed. Warning Signs of Deficiency Low vitamin D levels can cause symptoms like bone and muscle pain, fatigue, and even depression. Regular testing can help you catch and address deficiencies before they lead to more serious problems. 7. Hormone Level Test For women over 40, especially during perimenopause and menopause, testing hormone levels can provide crucial health insights. One of the main hormones checked is Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), which plays a key role in understanding ovarian function. Knowing your hormone levels can help you make informed decisions about your health. Understanding FSH Levels FSH levels naturally change throughout different life stages. Here's a quick breakdown: Life Stage Normal FSH Range Pre-puberty 0–4.0 IU/L During puberty 0.3–10.0 IU/L Menstruating years 4.7–21.5 IU/L Post-menopause 25.8–134.8 IU/L These benchmarks provide a useful reference for assessing hormone levels at various points in life. When to Get Tested Timely hormone testing can help detect and manage health changes early. Dr. Shamita Misra, a Family Medicine Doctor at MU Health Care, notes: "Between ages 40 to 45, we can assume your symptoms signify perimenopause and that your estrogen is low, as long as other causes have been excluded. In most cases, we can manage symptoms without further hormone testing. Before age 40, there's more need for estrogen testing. Your ovaries could be going through a change early or losing their function, and estrogen testing can guide our treatment." [20] Testing Guidelines For accurate results, FSH testing should be done on day 2 or 3 of your menstrual cycle [18]. An FSH level above 30 IU/L often signals perimenopause, while levels in postmenopausal women usually range between 70–90 IU/L [19]. Symptoms That May Indicate Testing Is Needed If you're experiencing any of the following, it may be time to consider hormone testing: Irregular menstrual cycles Hot flashes or night sweats Unexplained weight changes Mood swings Decreased libido Persistent fatigue Testing Process Hormone tests are accessible at more than 2,200 lab locations across the U.S. Results are typically available within 2–7 business days. While you can order these tests without visiting a doctor, it's a good idea to review the results with your healthcare provider for personalized advice. Clinical Insights A regular menstrual cycle often reflects balanced hormone levels. By monitoring these levels, you can track changes over time and take action if needed. Regular testing ensures you stay on top of potential shifts in your health. 8. Inflammation Test Inflammation tests are an important tool for monitoring health, especially for women over 40. These tests help identify markers linked to heart disease and autoimmune conditions, offering insights into potential health risks. Key Markers Measured Inflammation tests focus on three main markers: Marker What It Measures Risk Levels C-reactive protein (CRP) Acute inflammation Below 1 mg/dL: Low risk     1-3 mg/dL: Moderate risk     Above 3 mg/dL: High risk Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Long-term inflammation Varies by age and condition Plasma viscosity (PV) Blood thickness Increases with inflammation These markers provide a clearer picture of how inflammation impacts heart health. Cardiovascular Connection Dr. Paul M. Ridker, director of the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention at Brigham and Women's Hospital, explains: "We can't treat what we don't measure, and we hope these findings move the field closer to identifying even earlier ways to detect and prevent heart disease." [21] Research shows that elevated CRP levels can increase heart disease risk by 70% [21]. When to Get Tested Your doctor may suggest inflammation testing if you experience: Unexplained joint pain or swelling Persistent fatigue Frequent fever Unexpected weight changes A family history of autoimmune disorders Managing Inflammation Naturally Dr. Robert H. Shmerling from Harvard Health Publishing emphasizes: "A better approach is to adopt healthy habits and get routine medical care that can identify and treat the conditions that contribute to harmful inflammation." [22] Simple lifestyle changes can help reduce inflammation: Follow a Mediterranean diet Exercise for at least 150 minutes each week Maintain a healthy weight Get 7–9 hours of sleep daily Include omega-3-rich foods like salmon Practice stress management techniques like meditation or yoga Medical Implications Dr. Ahmed A.K. Hasan from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute highlights: "In recent years, we've learned more about how increased levels of inflammation can interact with lipids to compound cardiovascular disease risks. This helps explain why lower levels are often better." [21] Testing for inflammation plays an important role in identifying risks and guiding both treatment options and lifestyle changes, especially when cardiovascular health is a concern. 9. Iron Storage Test Iron storage testing becomes especially important for women over 40, particularly during and after menopause. This test measures ferritin levels, which show how much iron your body has stored for future use. How Iron Levels Change After 40 Menopause can cause a noticeable shift in iron levels. Research highlights that serum ferritin levels often increase two- to threefold after menopause[23]. Before menopause, menstruation helps regulate iron by depleting it each month. Once menstruation stops, iron starts to build up in the body. Typical Iron Levels by Age Age Group (Women) Normal Ferritin Range 18–39 years 10–120 ng/mL 40+ years 12–263 ng/mL Post-menopausal Up to 3× pre-menopausal levels Why This Matters for Your Health "Serum ferritin is the most sensitive test for iron deficiency as ferritin represents the 'stores' or reserve supply of iron in the body."[24] Iron imbalances can have serious effects. Iron deficiency affects 20% of nonpregnant women in developed countries and over 40% in developing regions[23]. On the other hand, iron overload affects more than 1 million Americans[25], potentially leading to organ damage. Signs You Should Get Tested Talk to your doctor about testing if you notice symptoms like unexplained fatigue, dizziness, weakness, joint pain, changes in skin color, or abdominal discomfort. How to Manage Iron Levels For Low Iron: Eat more iron-rich foods (like spinach and red meat) paired with vitamin C to improve absorption. Consider iron supplements, but only under medical guidance. Address underlying issues, such as heavy menstrual bleeding[26]. For High Iron: Cut back on iron-rich foods. Avoid pairing meals with vitamin C, which can increase iron absorption. If recommended by your doctor, therapeutic phlebotomy (removing blood) may help[26]. Long-term Health Monitoring By age 60, post-menopausal women typically store around 12 mg of iron per kilogram of body weight, compared to just 4.8 mg/kg at age 45[23]. This rise in iron levels can affect your risk of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative conditions[23]. Regular testing can help you stay ahead of potential complications caused by either too little or too much iron. Next, we’ll look at why testing for B12 is essential for maintaining overall health. 10. B12 Blood Test Testing for vitamin B12 is particularly important for women over 40, as deficiencies become more common with age. Studies reveal that 4% of individuals aged 40–59 are deficient in B12. This figure increases to 5% for those aged 65–74 and jumps to 10% for individuals over 75 [27][28]. Understanding B12 Levels Here’s a quick guide to interpreting B12 levels: B12 Level Range What It Means Next Steps Below 160 pg/mL Deficient Consult your doctor immediately 160–407 pg/mL Insufficient Further testing advised 407–950 pg/mL Normal Routine monitoring Above 950 pg/mL High Discuss with your healthcare provider Symptoms to Look Out For B12 deficiency often develops without obvious signs at first. However, symptoms can include: Physical issues like severe fatigue, unexplained weakness, and pale or yellowish skin Neurological symptoms such as numbness, tingling in extremities, or balance problems Cognitive challenges, including memory loss, confusion, or trouble focusing [27] "Vitamin B12 is a nutrient that plays a vital role in some of the body's most important functions. These include the development and performance of the central nervous system, the formation of healthy red blood cells and the synthesis of DNA." Ask the Doctors [30] Potential Long-term Effects If left untreated, a B12 deficiency can lead to nerve damage, reduced physical ability, and complications with conditions like Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, heart disease, and autoimmune disorders [29][31]. When to Get Tested Routine B12 testing is recommended for women over 40, especially if you have risk factors or notice symptoms. If your results fall under 407 pg/mL, your doctor may order additional tests, such as a methylmalonic acid test, to confirm the deficiency [32]. Staying proactive helps ensure better long-term health. Keeping Your B12 Levels in Check Women over 40 should aim for 2.4 micrograms of vitamin B12 daily [31]. To maintain healthy levels: Diet: Add B12-rich foods like meat, fish, eggs, or fortified cereals to your meals. Supplements: Consider taking B12 supplements, especially as your absorption may decrease with age. Monitoring: Regular blood tests can help track and manage your levels effectively. It’s estimated that up to 60% of people have insufficient B12 levels (below 407 pg/mL) [33]. Early detection and treatment are key, as severe deficiencies can cause permanent nerve damage [28]. Conclusion Blood testing plays a crucial role in women’s health after 40. Heart disease, for example, is responsible for about 22% of deaths in women - more than all cancers combined [35]. This highlights the importance of a personalized approach to testing based on individual risk factors. Creating Your Testing Schedule The types and frequency of blood tests depend on several factors: Risk Factor Testing Consideration Recommended Frequency Family History Extra screenings for hereditary risks Based on specific risk level Existing Health Issues Focused monitoring of relevant markers As required by condition Age-Related Changes Hormone and bone density evaluations Annually Lifestyle Factors Metabolic and nutritional assessments Every 6–12 months Dr. Mia Finkelston explains: "As you get older, there is an increased incidence in many diseases, including heart disease, cancer, and arthritis. Starting to see your doctor a little more regularly can help prevent, predict, and treat diseases before they become significant problems" [35]. Taking Action Having a clear testing schedule helps you act quickly on your health results. For example, it’s estimated that 13% of women aged 35–65 live with undiagnosed hypothyroidism [35]. Understanding your results is key to addressing issues early. Dr. Anna Cabeca adds: "Equally important, it gives my patients peace of mind knowing they can reduce their risk for specific health issues like diabetes or cancer when we use these tests" [34]. Essential Screening Timeline Medical guidelines suggest the following screenings: Annual physical exam [35] Cholesterol screening starting at age 45 (or earlier if risk factors exist) [2] Diabetes screening beginning at age 35, repeated every 3 years if overweight [2] Bone density test starting at age 65 [1] These blood tests work together to provide a clear picture of your health, enabling early detection when treatment is most effective. Regular monitoring and consultations with your doctor are key to staying healthy as you age. For added convenience, consider using FDA-approved testing through local labs. Many facilities now offer online ordering and quick results, making it easier than ever to keep track of your health.

Testosterone is typically thought of as a hormone for men. Still, it is also essential for women as it influences sexual functioning, mood, the development of lean muscle mass, and even memory and cognition. Women who are in their 40s have about half the level of testosterone that was present in their 20s. We see a significant decline in testosterone levels over time. Women with low or suboptimal testosterone levels can experience many symptoms, including sexual dysfunction and a decrease in sexual drive or desire, known as low sex drive (hypogonadism). They can also notice that they have increased fatigue. They're tired. Also, it's more challenging to develop lean muscle mass. It can have a significant impact even on mood, an overall sense of well-being, motivation, a feeling of confidence, and assertiveness. Also, it can affect memory and cognitive function. A low libido: As testosterone helps fuel a healthy sex drive, a decline in sexual interest or inability to achieve orgasm may be a symptom of lower testosterone levels in both sexes. A study published in the journal of the American Medical Association showed that approximately 43% of postmenopausal women suffer from some form of sexual dysfunction. Surprisingly, we don't hear a lot about this condition in women. We certainly don't hear about options for treatment, including testosterone. This condition can often go undiagnosed and undertreated. NO FDA-APPROVED TREATMENTS FOR LOW TESTOSTERONE ON WOMEN Currently, there is no FDA-approved testosterone replacement therapy for women, even though providers have been prescribing it in an off-label manner, which is when a medication is prescribed for something other than its official FDA-approved indication. Providers have been doing this for over 50 years now. Testosterone can be replaced in various forms. It can be given in a shallow-dose injection once a week. It can also be given sublingually in a troche form, which dissolves in the mouth. Also, it can be administered through a minor surgical procedure. It's known as subcutaneous pellet insertion. And then it can also be given in topical form as a cream or a gel. The most common form of replacement we see is topical gel or cream, which can be supplied by compounding pharmacies. The benefit of doing it this way is that the provider can adjust the dose based on the individual patient's needs and response to therapy. It's more than just one standard dose, and it better work for you, or there's no other option.  Testosterone creams can be customized for the needs of the individual patient. When you replace any hormone in this manner at low daily doses, it is very similar to the way the body naturally produces hormones. After starting testosterone replacement therapy, women typically notice a significant improvement in all symptoms, including increased sexual functioning, desire, and drive. They can also see an increase in energy levels and an increased ability to develop lean muscle mass. Additionally, they can notice a significant improvement in mood, motivation, overall sense of well-being, and confidence. In addition, they may see improved memory and cognitive functioning. Another critical point is that when testosterone is given to a woman, a portion of it will convert to estrogen. The postmenopausal woman with low estrogen levels can see improvement in those symptoms typically associated with low estrogens, such as hot flashes, night sweats, moodiness, irritability, and vaginal dryness. So, women may experience improvements in the classic symptoms of low testosterone and the typical menopausal symptoms associated with low estrogen. Several studies support the use of hormone replacement therapy, specifically testosterone replacement therapy, in women. A Cochrane review of the literature found that over 35 trials have been performed, which included over 4500 women. They found a significant improvement in sexual functioning in women on hormone replacement therapy. Also, a more recent study published in 2014 showed that women on a transdermal or topical form of hormone replacement therapy had an improvement in memory and cognitive functioning. Several studies support the use of this vital hormone in women. POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE IN WOMEN In terms of safety, there are potential side effects with the use of any medication. In testosterone therapy, if doses are too high, women can notice adverse effects, such as acne and an increase in hair growth, known as hirsutism. Also, with extremely high doses, they may see a deepened voice or enlargement of the labia or clitoris. That would typically be something that's dose-dependent. If a physician was a little bit aggressive with their starting dose, they might notice some side effects of testosterone treatment, such as disturbed breathing while sleeping, breast swelling or tenderness, swelling in the ankles, or too much testosterone. Doctors also watch out for high red blood cell counts, which could increase the risk of clotting. By decreasing and backing off on the dosage, those symptoms will resolve. One important fact to mention for premenopausal women who are still menstruating is that providers need to discuss the use of birth control with them because testosterone is considered category X, meaning it will cause fetal harm if a woman becomes pregnant while she's on testosterone replacement. That's just a discussion that the patient needs to have with their provider, “What is your reliable form of birth control?" before prescribing it to them. Testosterone replacement therapy is very safe for premenopausal women on birth control and postmenopausal women. It has a low risk of side effects when used at appropriate doses, and many studies support its use in this population. SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION AND LOW TESTOSTERONE IN WOMEN We are all aware that if we watch TV for more than an hour each day, we will constantly see advertisements for medications to treat erectile dysfunction in men. But we hardly hear anything about sexual dysfunction in women. There are many reasons why women’s sexual desire and other hormone-related quality-of-life issues are so misunderstood, underdiagnosed, and undertreated. Sexual dysfunction in pre and post-menopausal women has been a very controversial topic that has been poorly researched, even though a February 1999 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, titled “Sexual Dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and Predictors,” found that approximately 43% of postmenopausal women suffer from some form of female sexual dysfunction. It wasn’t until June 2011 that an FDA advisory committee to the division of Reproductive and Urologic Drug Products stated that HSDD (Hypoactive Sexual Desire Syndrome) is a significant medical condition for women. This may open the door for companies to apply for new drug applications for that indication. It is important to note that unlike erectile dysfunction drugs approved for men, like Viagra, which increase blood flow to the genitals as long as a man is aroused, testosterone therapy is systemic and needs to be applied over weeks to have a noticeable effect on sex drive in men and women. Some companies have tried to enter the female sexual dysfunction market in the past. In December 2004, the United States FDA rejected Procter & Gamble's fast-track request for Intrinsa (a testosterone patch for women) for HSDD, citing concerns about potential off-label use of the product. In Canada, post-menopausal women have been able to obtain government-approved testosterone treatment since 2002. In 2007, Intrinsa was granted a license from the European Medicines Agency in July and was available on Britain's National Health Service. According to P&G's survey on female health, 30 million women in the U.S. are naturally menopausal, 3 million are distressed by their lack of sexual desire, and 20% of 25 million surgically menopausal women are distressed. Other companies that attempted to get their drugs approved for this indication (Boehringer Ingelheim and Warner Chilcott) have pulled the plug on their competing HSDD treatments for menopausal and pre-menopausal women. BioSante Pharmaceuticals also got their testosterone gel for women, LibiGel, rejected by the FDA. HORMONE THERAPY IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN Menopause can cause symptoms such as hot flashes that might result from the changing hormone levels during the menopause transition. After a woman's last menstrual period, when her ovaries make much less estrogen and progesterone, some symptoms of menopause might disappear, but others may continue. To help relieve these symptoms, some women use hormones. This is called hormone therapy (HT), which includes estrogen alone or in combination with progesterone. HT is available orally or in gel formulations made by specialized compounding pharmacies. Estrogen is a hormone used to relieve the symptoms of menopause. A woman who had her uterus removed could use only estrogen (E). But a woman with a uterus must add progesterone, or progestin (synthetic progesterone), and estrogen (E+P). This combination lowers the chance of an unwanted thickening of the uterus lining and reduces the risk of cancer of the uterus, an uncommon but possible result of using estrogen alone. CONTROVERSIES IN HORMONE TREATMENTS FOR WOMEN But the use of hormone therapy in women has been subject to much controversy in the recent past. The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) was a landmark clinical trial that looked at the effects of combination hormone therapy (estrogen + progestin) in 16,608 postmenopausal women with an intact uterus. The women were aged 50 to 79 (average age of 63) when they joined the study. This study did not include the use of testosterone. In this study, 8,506 participants were randomly assigned to receive a combination of estrogen (0.625 milligrams of conjugated equine estrogens per day) plus progestin (2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate), and 8,102 women were given a placebo.  The study was stopped in 2002 after an average of 5.6 years of treatment due to increased breast cancer in women on hormone therapy. Compared to women on placebo, women on combination hormone therapy were also at increased risk of stroke, dangerous blood clots, and heart disease. In contrast, their risk of colorectal cancer and hip fractures was lower. It is important to note that these hormones were provided orally, and some clinicians claim that transdermal (on the skin) application of estrogen alone or in combination with testosterone would show a different and more favorable side effect profile. The halting of the WHI study raised concerns about the safety of all hormone therapy in women (oral or transdermal), even if no androgens were included in this study and only oral delivery forms were used. Many physicians stopped prescribing hormone therapy (HT) even for women who had dramatic improvements in their quality of life while using it. Experts today don't recommend hormone therapy unless a woman suffers painful menopause symptoms. New information about the use of androgens (testosterone and DHEA) alone or with HT suggests that these hormones may help women who do not have enough androgens and have problems with their sexual health. Androgens are also precursors of all estrogens (estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3)) in women's bodies. The primary and most well-known androgen is testosterone (which aromatizes into estradiol); other less essential androgens are dihydrotestosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione. The ovaries and adrenals directly secrete androgens in women. Presently, there is no agreement about whether androgen deficiency is a clinical problem in aging women and if the addition of androgens to HT can improve the cardiovascular risks seen in the WHI study. Causes of androgen insufficiency in women can have ovarian, adrenal, hypothalamic-pituitary, drug-related, and unknown origins. Symptoms of adrenal insufficiency and androgen insufficiency in women may include a diminished sense of well-being, low mood, fatigue, and hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) with decreased libido or reduced sexual receptivity and pleasure that causes a great deal of personal distress. Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is another possible cause of androgen insufficiency in women. POI occurs when the ovaries stop functioning normally before 40 years of age. Although menopause is the most common cause of ovarian failure, other factors, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, can also contribute to POI. Therefore, it is important to consider premature ovarian insufficiency as a potential cause of androgen insufficiency in women. There is increasing evidence to suggest that many postmenopausal women experience symptoms alleviated by androgen therapy and that such symptoms may be caused by androgen deficiency. Affected women complain of fatigue, low libido, and diminished well-being, which are symptoms easily and frequently attributed to psychosocial and environmental factors. The question of whether adding testosterone therapy to conventional postmenopausal HT is effective or safe is unresolved. Therefore, a Cochrane review was performed to determine the efficacy and safety of testosterone therapy for postmenopausal women using HT. Thirty-five trials with a total of 4768 participants were included in the review. The median study duration was six months (range: 1.5 to 24 months). Most of the trials were of adequate quality regarding randomization. The pooled estimate suggested that adding testosterone to HT regimens improved sexual function scores and the number of satisfying sexual episodes for postmenopausal women. Some of the few adverse effects were decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and increased hair growth and acne incidence. The discontinuation rate was not significantly higher with the addition of testosterone therapy. OTHER USES FOR TESTOSTERONE IN WOMEN Emerging and controversial potential indications for androgen therapy in women have been or are being evaluated. Women with early ovarian failure, premenopausal androgen deficiency symptoms, postmenopausal and glucocorticosteroid-related bone loss, HIV-related wasting, and the premenstrual syndrome can all use this medicine. Whether or not any of these indications will lead to approved products in the future is unknown. HOW TO MEASURE LOW TESTOSTERONE IN WOMEN The term hypogonadism is used as a diagnostic term for testosterone deficiency, also known as testosterone insufficiency, in men. Besides HSDD as one of the potential symptoms, there is no agreement on what to call androgen deficiency in women. Clinical guidelines published in 2002 called the Princeton Consensus Statement used the term "female androgen insufficiency" as defined as a pattern of clinical symptoms in the presence of decreased bioavailable testosterone and normal estrogen status. The panel warned that currently available testosterone assays were found to lack sensitivity and reliability at the lower testosterone blood level ranges in women. The need for an equilibrium dialysis measure was strongly emphasized as the most adequate method to test women’s testosterone blood levels. BUY THE MOST AFFORDABLE AND ACCURATE TESTOSTERONE TEST FOR WOMEN Women in the United States can buy a testosterone test for women online without needing a doctor's prescription by using DiscountedLabs.com. They can also obtain a complete blood test panel to measure other hormones like estrogen, DHEA, progesterone, and testosterone. HOW TO TREAT LOW TESTOSTERONE IN FEMALES Circulating testosterone in women declines during the late reproductive years, such that otherwise healthy women in their 40s have approximately half the testosterone level as women in their 20s. The levels remain stable across the menopausal transition and then either remain stable or continue to decline with diminishing adrenal androgen production with increasing age. In the decade preceding menopause, the mid-cycle surge of free testosterone is lost. Despite this, research showing the benefits of androgen replacement has been limited to postmenopausal years. This means that testosterone levels in women change throughout the month based on one's menstrual cycle. However, the mid-cycle surge of free testosterone is lost in the decade preceding menopause. Some small studies have been done in premenopausal women, however. One evaluated the efficacy of transdermal testosterone therapy on mood, well-being, and sexual function in premenopausal women with low libido in eugonadal (normal testosterone blood levels). Testosterone therapy improved the well-being, mood, and sexual function of these women. Since many women experience diminished sexual interest and welfare during their late reproductive years, further research is warranted to evaluate the benefits and safety of the longer-term intervention. Potential dose-dependent side effects may be unwanted hair growth, masculinization, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) lowering. TESTOSTERONE REPLACEMENT AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISKS IN WOMEN A direct association between testosterone and heart disease has never been established, but doctors have suspected a link exists for many years. The reasoning goes like this: men have much more testosterone than women and develop heart disease about ten years before their female counterparts. On top of standard medical therapy, women with systolic heart failure who took low-dose testosterone for six months showed significant gains in exercise and ventilatory capacity and large-muscle strength, along with heightened insulin sensitivity, in a small placebo-controlled trial . Despite the entrenched belief that higher blood levels of testosterone increase the risk of CVD in women, data from recent observational studies mostly show an inverse relationship between testosterone and CVD risk. A pilot study (JCEM 86 (1): 158) suggested favorable effects of transdermal testosterone treatment of women with established congestive cardiac failure, which merits further evaluation. Some early research shows that giving postmenopausal women testosterone therapy through injections improves both flow-mediated and GTN-mediated vasodilation in the brachial artery. The mechanisms underlying these potentially beneficial cardiovascular effects require further investigation. TESTOSTERONE REPLACEMENT AND CANCER IN WOMEN The relationship between endogenous testosterone production and breast cancer risk remains contentious, with recent studies indicating either no relationship or a possible increase in risk when estrone and estradiol are not considered. No randomized controlled trial of testosterone therapy has been sufficiently large or of sufficient duration to establish whether such treatment may influence breast cancer occurrence. There does not appear to be an association between testosterone and endometrial cancer or other malignancies in the review of published studies. There is no convincing evidence that standard estrogen-based hormone therapy for ovarian failure increases the risk of breast cancer. However, some studies have previously shown that ovarian androgens protect mammary epithelial cells from excessive estrogenic stimulation. Therefore, a study hypothesized that adding testosterone to usual hormone therapy might protect women from breast cancer. This retrospective observational study followed 508 postmenopausal women receiving testosterone and standard hormone therapy in South Australia. Breast cancer status was ascertained by mammography at the initiation of testosterone treatment and biannually after that. The average age at the start of follow-up was 56.4 years, and the mean duration of follow-up was 5.8 years. Breast cancer incidence in this group was compared with that of untreated women and women using usual hormone therapy reported in the medical literature and to age-specific local population rates. There were seven cases of invasive breast cancer in this population of testosterone users, for an incidence of 238 per 100,000 woman-years. The rate for estrogen/progestin and testosterone users was 293 per 100,000 woman-years—substantially less than women receiving estrogen/progestin in the Women's Health Initiative study (380 per 100,000 woman-years) or the Million Women Study (521 per 100,000 woman-years). The breast cancer rate in testosterone users in this study was closest to that reported for users who never used hormone therapy in the latter study (283 per 100,000 woman-years), and their age-standardized rate was the same as for the general population in South Australia. Based on these findings, adding testosterone to traditional hormone therapy for postmenopausal women may not raise the risk of breast cancer and may even lower it, bringing the rates back to what they are in the general population that is not on hormone therapy. But more studies are needed. LATEST DATA ON TESTOSTERONE AND WOMEN: A recent study review by Dr. Rakibul Islam and his team was published in The Lancet in July 2019 and retrieved 46 reports of 36 randomized controlled trials comprising 8480 female participants. Their meta-analysis showed that testosterone significantly improved sexual function compared to a placebo or a comparator (e.g., estrogen with or without progesterone). It improved sexual desire, pleasure, arousal, responsiveness, and self-image, and it decreased sexual concerns and distress in postmenopausal women. A significant rise in the amount of LDL-cholesterol and reductions in total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides were seen with testosterone administered orally but not when administered non-orally (e.g., by transdermal patch or cream). An overall increase in weight was recorded with testosterone treatment. No effects of testosterone were reported for body composition, musculoskeletal variables, or cognitive measures, although the number of women who contributed data for these outcomes was small. Testosterone was associated with a significantly greater likelihood of reporting acne and hair growth, but no serious adverse events were recorded. TESTOSTERONE USE IN WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES As previously mentioned, there is no FDA-approved testosterone product for women. Some doctors prescribe drugs for female patients by having them use low doses of products like Androgen, Testim, Axiron, Testopel, and Fortesta that are meant for male hypogonadism without following the product's label. Other doctors prescribe creams with low testosterone levels through compounding pharmacies. However, it is important to note that women and people with AFIB require significantly less testosterone, necessitating a much lower dose of medication compared to men. CONCLUSION In conclusion, low testosterone in women is a condition that is often overlooked and underdiagnosed. However, it can have significant impacts on a woman's quality of life, including decreased sex drive, fatigue, and mood changes. Fortunately, there are several treatment options available, including hormone replacement therapy, lifestyle changes, and medication. It is important for women to speak with their healthcare provider and get properly diagnosed and treated for low testosterone if necessary. By doing so, they can improve their overall health and well-being.   References: Effects of testosterone therapy for women: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.Syst Rev. 2019; 8: 19   Efficacy and safety of transdermal testosterone in postmenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2017; 107: 475-482

How can I find a clinic or lab near me to get my testosterone levels checked? Finding a clinic or lab near you to get your testosterone levels checked can be done by searching online directories like Yelp, Google Maps, or specific medical testing center websites like DiscountedLabs.com . You can also consult your primary care physician for recommendations on where to get this test done conveniently. You can buy a testosterone test without a doctor visit and insurance cheaply on Discounted Labs. We currently serve the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa (Des Moines), Kansas, Kentucky (Louisville & Lexington), Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana (Great Falls), Nebraska (Omaha & Lincoln), Nevada, North Carolina, New Mexico, Ohio (Cleveland & Akron), Oklahoma (OKC), Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah (Salt Lake City), Virginia, and Washington. Sign up for our newsletter. You will know when we start expanding to other states. We cannot serve NY, NJ, RI, and AZ. Click on this map and enter your zip code to locate a lab nearby. NOTE: If you don't see any locations, please clear your browser cache and try again. CLICK HERE TO BUY A TESTOSTERONE TEST NEAR YOU.   Understanding Testosterone Testing Testosterone is a vital hormone for men, playing an essential part in sex-related maturation and features. The testicles are primarily responsible for producing it, with small amounts coming from the adrenal glands as well. Testosterone levels naturally decline as you age, beginning around age 40. Decreased testosterone levels can cause various medical issues, such as erectile dysfunction, fatigue, low libido, reduced muscle mass and bone density loss. A testosterone test, also known as a male hypogonadism test, measures the amount of testosterone present in your blood sample to diagnose conditions related to low T levels. It’s important to understand what a testosterone test is and why it’s necessary so you know when you need one and how to interpret the results accurately. Knowing when it’s time for a test can help prevent serious health problems down the line due to undiagnosed or untreated conditions associated with abnormal hormone levels. If you have symptoms like fatigue, depression, or decreased sex drive that may be related to low T levels, then it may be time for a testosterone test. Other medical conditions, such as PCOS or hypogonadism, might necessitate consistent tracking of hormone levels through testing - especially if they are being managed with drugs that could have further implications later. Age-related recommendations vary but generally speaking, men over 50 should consider getting tested more regularly than younger individuals since their hormones tend to fluctuate more quickly at this stage in life due to natural aging processes taking place within their bodies Accuracy of results can be affected by various factors, such as sample collection timing (e.g., morning versus evening samples) and fasting state (pre- or post-meals). To ensure reliable outcomes, it is important to take these into consideration when undergoing a testosterone test. Being knowledgeable about the diverse assessments for testosterone assessment is key to preserving one's wellbeing, so it is essential to be aware of the assorted tests that are obtainable. With that in mind, let us explore why regular testosterone testing is important for maintaining optimal hormone levels. Why Testosterone Testing is Important Testing for testosterone is a critical element in managing and sustaining healthy hormone levels among males. Low testosterone, or “low T”, can lead to a variety of health issues that can affect quality of life. Regular testing helps identify any hormonal imbalances early on so they can be addressed promptly. Understanding the significance of keeping hormone levels in a healthy state is essential. Testosterone is an essential hormone for male physical characteristics, energy levels, moods and fertility; its absence can cause severe medical issues. It also influences energy levels and moods, as well as sperm production and fertility. Unchecked low testosterone levels can lead to a range of medical issues, such as ED, PCOS, weariness, despondency, uneasiness, diminished libido and barrenness. By monitoring testosterone levels, medical professionals can gain insight into the patient's overall health and identify potential causes of symptoms such as ED or PCOS, while also tracking treatment progress if therapy is being used. Tracking changes in hormones over time allows them to identify potential causes for symptoms such as ED or PCOS and monitor treatment progress if therapy is being used to address a related condition. Furthermore, regular testing ensures that the body has adequate levels of testosterone necessary for normal metabolic and reproductive functions. Regular testing for testosterone is essential to maintaining good health, as it can help detect and prevent potential problems associated with low T. Therefore, understanding when to get tested for testosterone levels is an important part of keeping your hormones balanced. When to Get Tested for Testosterone Testosterone testing is important for men to understand and stay on top of. It's especially essential to get tested if you have symptoms like reduced libido or energy, or a medical condition that may influence your hormones. Knowing when it's best to get tested for testosterone levels, especially after making lifestyle changes, can help you maintain healthy hormone levels and prevent any health risks associated with low T or determine if testosterone therapy may be necessary. Signs of a need for testosterone assessment may include impotence, tiredness, gloominess, reduced muscle mass/power, raised body fat levels, decreased bone density and hair loss - all of which should not be disregarded. If these symptoms are present, including changes in sexual function, lower sex drive, physical changes, and emotional changes, it is advisable to seek medical advice and have a blood test done to check for symptoms of low testosterone or high testosterone. Certain medical conditions, such as PCOS, adrenal gland disorders and type 2 diabetes, can lead to abnormal testosterone levels in men which may require regular monitoring. Your physician will advise you when the most suitable time to be examined is, depending on your particular requirements; therefore, make sure to adhere carefully to their counsel. Age-related recommendations also play an important role in deciding when to get tested for testosterone levels since natural production decreases with age, starting around 30 years old but at different rates depending on the person’s lifestyle habits and genetics. For those aged 18–70, it is suggested to get their testosterone levels checked every five years or sooner if they notice any alterations in physical capability or mental health. It is essential to consider individual circumstances when determining the necessity of a testosterone test, so consulting with your doctor or healthcare provider is recommended. The next heading will discuss different types of tests available for measuring testosterone levels in the body. Types Of Testosterone Tests Testosterone is a hormone found in both men and women, but it’s more prevalent in males. Understanding testosterone levels is critical for achieving and maintaining optimal health, as it influences muscle growth, bone density, sexual performance, fertility, energy levels and even mood. It plays an essential role in muscle growth, bone density, sexual performance, fertility, energy levels and even mood. That's why understanding testosterone testing is so important. Healthcare professionals rely on two reliable methods to measure one's total and free circulating serum concentration, namely immunoassays and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), with saliva tests and urine tests being the other available options. However, only the former two have been scientifically validated for clinical use. Measuring free testosterone can be accomplished using either immunoassay or LC/MS, but the latter is known to provide more precise results due to its capacity to detect lower hormone concentrations with greater accuracy than other methods. On the other hand, total testosterone and bioavailable testosterone measure all forms of circulating testosterone, including both free and bound types, respectively; however, they are also beneficial in determining how much active hormone is available within your body at any given moment as opposed to simply measuring overall amounts present in circulation. Testosterone tests are important for monitoring and diagnosing hormonal imbalances in men. Knowing the various testosterone tests accessible is vital to guaranteeing precise results from your blood test. Let's explore other methods of gauging hormone levels through blood testing. Types Of Blood Tests For Measuring Hormone Levels Blood tests are the go-to method for gauging hormone levels in the organism. Two of the most popular blood tests for measuring testosterone levels are immunoassays and LC/MS, with immunoassays being favored due to their convenience while LC/MS provides more precise results. Immunoassays have become widely used due to their ease, while LC/MS provides more accurate results, especially when detecting small changes over time. Immunoassays use antibodies to detect hormones in a sample of blood or other bodily fluid. The test measures total testosterone, which includes both free and bound forms of the hormone. Although this method is reasonably quick and affordable, it is susceptible to substances like steroids that could affect the outcome. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is a more precise technique that separates molecules based on size and electrical charge before analyzing them using mass spectrometry. This technique permits the quantification of free testosterone and its metabolites, such as DHT. It also has greater sensitivity than immunoassay, meaning it can detect smaller amounts of hormones present in the sample. However, this method is more expensive and takes longer to get results back from a laboratory setting than an immunoassay does. Accurately assessing hormone levels is best done through blood tests, which provide a comprehensive picture of an individual's health. Saliva and urine tests also offer valuable insights into hormonal imbalances, making them useful complementary tools for monitoring hormones. Saliva And Urine Tests For Measuring Hormone Levels Saliva and urine tests are two of the most commonly used methods for measuring hormone levels, including testosterone. Saliva testing has become increasingly widespread in recent times, due to its convenience and precision. Urine testing has been around longer but is not as accurate as saliva testing. Saliva Tests: Saliva tests measure free testosterone, which is the active form of testosterone circulating in your bloodstream. This type of test can be done at home with an at-home kit or by visiting a lab for collection. Saliva testing offers a more precise assessment than blood or urine tests, since it only measures the active hormones in your body. Urine-based measurements, which measure total testosterone levels (including both free and bound forms of the hormone circulating in your bloodstream), can provide insight into overall hormone levels. However, this method may not give you an accurate picture due to potential influences from external factors such as medications or lifestyle choices like stress or dieting that could affect how much free testosterone is available to perform its duties within cells and tissues throughout the body. Saliva tests, on the other hand, can measure levels of free testosterone and other sex hormones more accurately, making them a preferred method for assessing hormone levels in individuals with sexual problems or conditions that can affect SHBG levels. Therefore, it is important to consider all possibilities when assessing one's hormone levels using urine or saliva tests. Saliva and urine tests are both effective ways to measure hormone levels in the body, however, they each have their own pros and cons. For accurate results, one must take into account aspects like collection procedure, storage conditions and lab technique. Moving on from here, we will discuss these influencing factors in more detail. Factors Affecting Accuracy Of Results Accuracy of testosterone test results is essential for getting an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan. The accuracy of a testosterone test can be affected by many things, such as the type of sample used, the testing method (such as CLIA-certified clinical laboratory tests), changes in hormone levels that come with getting older, medical conditions like Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), drugs taken before the test, and other lifestyle choices. The most widespread way to gauge testosterone concentrations is via serum or plasma specimens. These samples are collected by drawing blood from a vein in the arm or hand using a needle. For optimal accuracy, samples should be processed in a laboratory within 24 hours of collection. Immunoassays are typically employed as screening tests due to their affordability, but they possess lower precision than LC/MS, which is more reliable yet costlier. Saliva and urine tests are also available but these tend to have lower accuracy rates than serum or plasma tests because hormones can bind with proteins in saliva or become diluted in urine, making them harder to detect accurately. It is important to note that the accuracy of test results can also be affected by the testing laboratory used, as different labs may have varying levels of expertise and equipment. As men age, their adrenal glands produce smaller amounts of testosterone, leading to a gradual decline in total testosterone concentrations. Thus, it is advised that males over 40, especially older men, have their testosterone levels examined frequently, even if they are not showing any indications of low T such as erectile dysfunction or a decrease in body hair growth; doing so can help to avert potential harm before it's too late. Regularly checking testosterone levels for older men is crucial in avoiding potential damage caused by the gradual decline in total testosterone concentrations. FAQs in Relation to Testosterone Test Near Me Where can I get my testosterone levels checked? You can get your testosterone levels checked without a doctor visit by ordering an at-home blood test online. These tests offer a handy solution, enabling you to take your sample in the privacy of your own home and send it away for analysis. Results typically arrive within days, giving you accurate information about hormone levels that could be impacting health and fitness goals. With access to this data, individuals can make informed decisions about their health care needs with confidence. How much does testosterone level test cost? The cost of a testosterone level test depends on the type and complexity of the test. Generally, basic tests range from $50 to $100, while more complex tests can cost as much as several hundred dollars. Most insurance policies will offer some form of reimbursement for the expenses associated with these blood tests. Additionally, many online testing services offer discounted prices for those who order multiple tests at once. Discounted Labs has the most affordable testosterone test in the United States. Can I get a testosterone test without a doctor's referral? Yes, you can get a testosterone test without a doctor's referral. Most online blood testing services provide convenient access to lab tests with no need for a physician's order or visit. A simple online platform and payment process make it easy to access lab tests without a doctor's prescription. Tests are then sent directly to the laboratory, where results are available within days, allowing individuals to monitor their health quickly and conveniently from home. What doctor should I see for testosterone? For a comprehensive assessment of your health, including any underlying causes that may be contributing to changes in your testosterone levels, an endocrinologist is the best professional to consult with. An endocrinologist specializes in hormone-related conditions and can provide a comprehensive assessment of your health, including any underlying causes that may be contributing to changes in your testosterone levels. An endocrinologist can offer advice regarding the most effective way to address any hormonal discrepancies that may be present. Conclusion In conclusion, it is important to understand the different types of testosterone tests and when to get tested for accurate results. Blood spot finger prick tests are not recommended as they are not always reliable. At-home test kits should also be avoided due to their inaccuracy in measuring testosterone levels accurately. If you're looking for a reliable and convenient way of testing your testosterone levels, look no further than our online blood test near me, which can provide an easy solution without needing a doctor visit. Take control of your health today and get the testosterone test you need quickly, conveniently, and affordably with DiscountedLabs.com - no doctor visit required!

Are you experiencing irregular periods, weight gain, or excessive hair growth? It could be a sign of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and the need for weight loss. In this blog, we will delve into the world of PCOS and help you understand its symptoms and how they can affect your daily life. We will also discuss the importance of early detection and diagnosis, as well as how lifestyle changes, including weight loss, can help manage the symptoms. If you're wondering whether you should take this PCOS symptoms quiz, keep reading! We'll provide all the information you need to evaluate your own symptoms and determine if further investigation is necessary. Plus, we'll touch on the difference between PCOS/PCOD and endometriosis. Take control of your health and find out if PCOS could be impacting your life. Understanding PCOS: An Overview PCOS, also known as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, is a hormonal disorder that affects many women. It is characterized by symptoms such as irregular periods, weight gain, acne, and excess hair growth. This condition can lead to fertility issues and an increased risk of other health conditions like diabetes and heart disease. Women with PCOS also have an increased incidence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune condition that is the leading cause of hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism makes PCOS symptoms worse by slowing the metabolism, increasing insulin resistance, and affecting the mood. The diagnosis of PCOS involves a combination of physical exams, medical history, and blood tests. Treatment options for PCOS include lifestyle changes, medication, and, in some cases, surgery. Seeking medical advice is important if you suspect you may have PCOS, as early detection and treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Symptoms of PCOS: Identifying the Telltale Signs Identifying the telltale signs of PCOS is crucial for early detection and management. One common symptom is irregular periods, which can manifest as infrequent or absent menstrual cycles. Additionally, women with PCOS may experience excessive hair growth on their face, chest, or back due to hormonal imbalances, including facial hair. Acne breakouts are also prevalent in individuals with PCOS, further highlighting the impact of hormonal imbalance. Weight gain or difficulty losing weight is another symptom that many women with PCOS face, making it crucial to address lifestyle changes and nutrition. The presence of multiple cysts on the ovaries is a defining characteristic of PCOS. Moreover, PCOS can cause fertility issues, making it harder to conceive. By recognizing these symptoms, individuals can take the necessary steps towards diagnosis and treatment. How Do These Symptoms Affect Your Daily Life? PCOS symptoms can have a significant impact on daily life, both physically and emotionally. Irregular periods, excessive hair growth, and acne can affect self-esteem and body image. Fatigue and mood swings may impact productivity and overall well-being. Managing symptoms through lifestyle changes and medical treatments can improve daily life, including the health of hair follicles. The Importance of Early Detection and Diagnosis of PCOS Early detection and diagnosis of PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) are crucial for managing symptoms and preventing long-term health complications. This common hormonal disorder affects women of reproductive age and can lead to a variety of physical and emotional challenges. Taking a symptoms quiz can help identify common signs of PCOS, such as irregular periods, acne, and weight gain. Once identified, seeking medical advice and getting a proper diagnosis from a healthcare professional are necessary for effective treatment. The exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to hormonal imbalances and genetics. Treatment options for PCOS include lifestyle changes, medications, and, in some cases, fertility treatments. Regular check-ups and monitoring can help manage PCOS symptoms and reduce the risk of related health conditions like diabetes and heart disease. By detecting and diagnosing PCOS early, women can take control of their health and improve their overall well-being, preventing many unwanted symptoms of PCOS. How is PCOS Diagnosed by Healthcare Providers? To diagnose PCOS, healthcare providers consider symptoms, perform physical exams, and review medical histories. Blood tests measure hormone levels and rule out other conditions. Ultrasound imaging checks for ovarian cysts. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including birth control, require consultation with a PCOS specialist. Can Lifestyle Changes Help Manage PCOS Symptoms? Lifestyle changes play a crucial role in managing PCOS symptoms. By maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise, hormone levels can improve, leading to a reduction in symptoms. A balanced diet, stress management, and regular physical activity also contribute to better overall well-being. Who Should Take This PCOS Symptoms Quiz? If you suspect you may have PCOS, this symptoms quiz is for you. It is beneficial for women with irregular cycles, excessive hair growth, or difficulty getting pregnant. Individuals with a family history of PCOS or related conditions should also consider taking this quiz to raise awareness and seek medical advice if necessary. Inflammation and PCOS Symptoms Inflammation plays a significant role in PCOS, affecting women of reproductive age. The common symptoms of PCOS include irregular periods, acne, excessive facial and body hair growth (hirsutism), weight gain, and fertility issues. Insulin resistance, hormonal imbalances, and the presence of cysts on the ovaries are just a few causes of inflammation in PCOS. Androgens are known to contribute to the hormonal imbalances that lead to inflammation in PCOS. Metabolism also plays a crucial role in PCOS, as it affects the body's ability to regulate hormones and manage inflammation. Making lifestyle changes, including regular exercise and a healthy diet, can help improve metabolism and reduce inflammation in PCOS. Specific dietary recommendations for managing inflammation may include consuming anti-inflammatory foods and avoiding processed and sugary foods. The long-term health implications of inflammation and metabolism in PCOS include an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and endometrial cancer. Taking proactive steps to manage inflammation and improve metabolism can improve overall health and well-being. Take Our PCOS Symptoms Quiz To Evaluate Your Own Symptoms Take our PCOS quiz today and evaluate your own symptoms to gain insights into whether you may have PCOS-related inflammation and determine your next steps. Our carefully designed quiz consists of 8 questions that specifically assess the presence of inflammation symptoms associated with PCOS, including gluten sensitivity. By understanding and recognizing these symptoms, you can take proactive steps towards managing your health. It's important to note that inflammation symptoms, including gluten sensitivity, can be indicative of PCOS, a condition characterized by hormonal imbalances and various physical symptoms such as irregular periods, acne, weight gain, and hair loss. Our quiz serves as a helpful tool to assess your symptoms and determine if further medical evaluation is necessary. Take the PCOS quiz now and learn more about the potential presence of inflammation symptoms, including gluten sensitivity, in your body. How Do I Know if I Have Polycystic Ovary Syndrome? Signs of PCOS include irregular periods, excess hair growth, acne, weight gain, and menstruation. Diagnosis involves physical exams, a medical history review, and hormone tests. Consult a healthcare professional if you suspect PCOS. Treatment options may include lifestyle changes, medication, and fertility treatments. PCOS/PCOD vs. Endometriosis PCOS and endometriosis are two common gynecological conditions that can cause similar symptoms. PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) is a hormonal disorder that affects the ovaries and can lead to irregular periods, infertility, and other symptoms. Endometriosis, on the other hand, is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the womb and can cause chronic pelvic pain, painful periods, and fertility issues. While both conditions can have overlapping symptoms, they have different underlying causes and require different treatment approaches. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional if you experience symptoms associated with either PCOS or endometriosis to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Effect of PCOS on Fertility Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age. One of the significant impacts of PCOS is its effect on fertility. Women with PCOS often experience irregular menstrual cycles, which can make it challenging to conceive. The hormonal imbalances associated with PCOS can lead to issues with ovulation, making it difficult for eggs to mature and be released regularly. This can result in infertility or difficulty getting pregnant. Furthermore, women with PCOS are at a higher risk of developing insulin resistance, which can lead to high levels of insulin in the blood. Elevated insulin levels can disrupt normal hormone production and contribute to difficulties in conception. Additionally, the presence of excess androgens (male hormones) in women with PCOS can interfere with the development and release of eggs from the ovaries. Managing PCOS through lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and following a balanced diet, can help improve fertility outcomes. In some cases, medications such as oral contraceptives or ovulation-inducing drugs may be prescribed to regulate menstrual cycles and promote ovulation. Assisted reproductive technologies like in vitro fertilization (IVF) may also be considered for women with PCOS who are struggling to conceive naturally. It is essential for women with PCOS who are trying to conceive to work closely with their healthcare providers to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their unique needs and maximizes their chances of achieving a successful pregnancy. PCOS QUIZ The common symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) include: 1. Irregular or absent periods 2. Difficulty getting pregnant due to irregular or absent ovulation 3. Excessive hair growth (hirsutism) on the face, chest, back, or buttocks 4. Weight gain, especially around the abdomen 5. Thinning hair and hair loss from the head 6. Oily skin or acne 7. Male-pattern baldness or thinning hair 8. Infertility 9. Small pieces of excess skin on the neck or armpits (skin tags) 10. Dark or thick skin patches on the back of the neck, in the armpits, and under the breasts[1][2][4][5]. It's important to note that not all individuals with PCOS will experience all of these symptoms, and the severity of symptoms can vary. If you are experiencing these symptoms, it is advisable to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. Do you have any of these symptoms or issues? Irregular menstruation or its absence Abnormal facial and body hair growth Prone to acne Hair loss Infertility Weight increase Skin tags or dark spots Mood-related issues ( depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, poor body image) Sleep apnea  High Blood Pressure Acne on face, chest or neck High triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol  How is PCOS Diagnosed? If you experience symptoms associated with this syndrome, the best thing you can do is see a reproductive endocrinologist. If you don't have an endocrinologist or gynecologist, contact your GP to get a referral. You'll lower the risk of complications as soon as you receive proper medical care and a reproductive endocrinologist diagnoses this health condition. The usual PCOS diagnosis process includes: A clinical examination Evaluation of the medical history Hormonal tests Pelvic ultrasound What are The Main Hormones and Tests that Can Diagnose PCOS? The most conclusive method to diagnose and monitor PCOS is a hormonal analysis, which an endocrinologist usually recommends at different stages of your menstruation. It is paramount to follow your doctor's instructions regarding the timeliness of testing. Here is the most comprehensive PCOS panel that indicates the presence of PCOS while at the same time excluding other diagnoses. Lipid Panel (LDL/HDL,triglycerides) CBC (complete blood count) CMP (comprehensive metabolic count) Prolactin C-Peptide TSH Free T4 Free T3 sex hormone-binding globulin DHEA Sulfate Estrogen FSH Insulin Fasting A1C LH Progesterone 17-OH Progesterone Testosterone, Total (LC/MS), and Free (Equilibrium Dialysis) Vitamin D Buy a PCOS Test Panel Today If you suspect you may have PCOS, it's important to be aware of the symptoms and seek a proper diagnosis from a healthcare provider. PCOS can greatly impact your daily life, from your menstrual cycle and fertility to your overall health. Early detection and management of PCOS are crucial for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise and a balanced diet, can help manage PCOS symptoms. If you're experiencing symptoms such as irregular periods, acne, or weight gain, get a PCOS test panel and consult a physician trained in this health issue. Remember, knowledge is power when it comes to your health, so don't hesitate to take action and seek the necessary support and guidance. Questions Is there a cure for PCOS? PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) is a hormonal disorder that affects many women of reproductive age. While there is currently no cure for PCOS, the symptoms can be managed through lifestyle changes, medications, and other treatments. It's important to work with your healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses your specific symptoms and concerns. By managing symptoms such as irregular periods, excessive hair growth, acne, and weight gain, you can improve your quality of life and reduce the long-term health risks associated with PCOS. If you have been diagnosed with PCOS or suspect you may have it, consult with your healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and guidance on managing the condition. How can PCOS affect your skin? Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can affect your skin in various ways due to hormonal imbalances. Some common skin issues associated with PCOS include: 1. Acne: PCOS can lead to increased androgen levels, which can stimulate the sebaceous glands in your skin, leading to acne breakouts. 2. Excessive hair growth (hirsutism): Higher levels of androgens in PCOS can cause increased body and facial hair growth. 3. Skin tags: PCOS is associated with insulin resistance, which may contribute to the development of skin tags. 4. Darkening of the skin (acanthosis nigricans): Insulin resistance in PCOS can result in dark, velvety patches of skin, often seen around the neck, armpits, or groin. Managing PCOS through lifestyle changes, medication, and skincare routines tailored to your specific skin concerns can help alleviate these symptoms and improve the overall health and appearance of your skin. If you are experiencing skin issues related to PCOS, consider consulting a dermatologist for personalized advice and treatment options. Do people with PCOS always develop cysts? No, not everyone with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) develops cysts. The name "polycystic" can be misleading because not all individuals with PCOS have cysts on their ovaries. PCOS is a hormonal disorder that can cause a range of symptoms, including irregular periods, excess androgen levels, and polycystic ovaries. However, the presence of cysts on the ovaries is just one of the criteria used to diagnose PCOS, and some individuals may have the other symptoms of PCOS without having ovarian cysts. It's important for individuals with potential symptoms of PCOS to consult with a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and diagnosis. How common is PCOS, and who is at risk of developing it? PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) is a common hormonal disorder among women of reproductive age. It is estimated to affect around 1 in 10 women worldwide. While the exact cause of PCOS is unknown, certain factors may increase the risk of developing it, including: - Family history of PCOS - Insulin resistance - Obesity - Sedentary lifestyle Women with PCOS may experience a range of symptoms, including irregular periods, excessive hair growth, acne, and difficulty conceiving. If you suspect you have PCOS or are experiencing symptoms associated with it, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and management. What treatments are available for PCOS? Treatment options for PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) vary depending on the symptoms and individual needs of each person. Some common treatments for PCOS include: 1. Lifestyle changes: This may include regular exercise, a balanced diet, and weight management to help regulate hormone levels and improve symptoms. 2. Birth control pills: Oral contraceptives can help regulate menstrual cycles and reduce symptoms such as acne and excess hair growth. 3. Metformin: This medication is often used to improve insulin sensitivity in women with PCOS, which can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve fertility. 4. Fertility treatments: For women trying to conceive, fertility medications or procedures such as ovulation induction or in vitro fertilization (IVF) may be recommended. 5. Anti-androgen medications: These medications can help reduce symptoms such as acne and excess hair growth by blocking the effects of male hormones (androgens). 6. Surgery: In some cases, surgery, such as ovarian drilling, may be recommended to help restore ovulation in women with PCOS who have not responded to other treatments. It is important for individuals with PCOS to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific symptoms and goals. Regular monitoring and follow-up care are also essential to managing PCOS effectively. Citations: Symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) - NHS Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Symptoms and Overview - Johns Hopkins Medicine Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment - Cleveland Clinic Symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome - NICHD PCOS: Symptoms and Causes - Mayo Clinic A Comprehensive Review of PCOS: Pathophysiology and Management - NCBI    

Female hormone tests play a crucial role in evaluating and maintaining women's health, wellness, and fertility. These tests measure the levels of various hormones that regulate essential functions within the female body. In this blog post, we will explore the different female hormone tests and their significance in diagnosing various conditions. We'll explore FSH testing to comprehend its role in reproductive health, as well as look into LH, E2, and progesterone tests for evaluating fertility. Furthermore, we will explore prolactin testing to understand its effects on menstruation cycles and hyperprolactinemia diagnosis. Additionally, you'll learn about thyroid function tests (TFTs), which help diagnose hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, both of which have significant implications for reproductive health. We'll also cover comprehensive hormone panels that combine multiple hormonal assessments for more accurate diagnoses. Lastly, discover how online testing options like Discounted Labs simplify access to these important female hormone tests. Table of Contents: Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Test Importance of FSH in Female Reproductive Health Conditions Diagnosed with an FSH Test Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Estradiol (E2), and Progesterone Tests Roles of LH and E2 in Reproduction Significance of Progesterone Testing for Fertility Evaluation Prolactin Test Functions and Effects on Menstruation Cycle Hyperprolactinemia Diagnosis Thyroid Function Tests (TFTs) Hypothyroidism vs Hyperthyroidism - Causes & Symptoms Relationship between Thyroid Disorders and Reproductive Health Comprehensive Hormone Panels Benefits of Combining Hormone Tests in One Panel Common Conditions Diagnosed with Comprehensive Panels Online Testing Options & Accessibility Advantages of Purchasing Online Test Kits How Discounted Labs Simplifies the Process Frequently Asked Questions Female Hormone Tests What does a female hormone test tell you? When should a woman have her hormone levels checked? Are female hormone tests accurate? Conclusion Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Test The FSH assay is essential for females, as it evaluates the concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone in the bloodstream, which has a significant role in governing the progress, growth, and ripening of ovarian follicles. This test can help diagnose menstrual irregularities, infertility issues, and other reproductive health concerns. Importance of FSH in Female Reproductive Health The pituitary gland's hormone, FSH, promotes the growth and development of ovarian follicles that contain eggs. It also helps regulate estrogen production to maintain hormonal balance during each menstrual cycle. A proper level of FSH ensures healthy egg production and the ovulation necessary for conception. Conditions Diagnosed with an FSH Test Menstrual Irregularities: High or low levels of FSH may cause abnormal menstruation patterns such as heavy bleeding or missed periods. Infertility: Abnormal FSH levels could indicate problems with egg quality or quantity, leading to difficulty conceiving. Women experiencing fertility challenges should consider taking an FSH test at Discounted Labs. Premature Ovarian Failure: Elevated FSH levels might suggest premature depletion of eggs before reaching menopause age—a condition known as premature ovarian failure (POF). Menopause Status Assessment: An increased level of this hormone alongside other markers like estradiol (E2) could be indicative that a woman has entered perimenopause or the menopause phase. By understanding the importance of FSH in female reproductive health and recognizing the conditions that can be diagnosed with an FSH test, women can take control of their fertility journey. Discounted Labs offers affordable FSH tests without a doctor's visit, making it easy for individuals to monitor their hormonal levels and make informed decisions about their reproductive health. FSH screening can be a key factor in assessing a female's fertility potential, offering valuable information regarding any possible reproductive issues. LH, E2, and progesterone tests are also essential components of the female hormone evaluation process; they help to further understand how hormones affect reproduction. Take control of your reproductive health with Discounted Labs' affordable FSH tests. Monitor your hormonal levels and make informed decisions about fertility. #reproductivehealth #fertilitytesting #discountedlabs Click to Tweet Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Estradiol (E2), and Progesterone Tests The ovaries produce essential hormones such as LH, E2, and progesterone that control various aspects of female reproductive health. These tests measure their levels to evaluate ovulation status, detect polycystic ovary syndrome, or detect premature ovarian failure symptoms, while also helping assess menopausal status. Roles of LH and E2 in Reproduction Luteinizing hormone (LH) is responsible for triggering ovulation—the release of a mature egg from the ovary. A surge in LH levels indicates that ovulation is about to occur within 24–48 hours. Monitoring LH levels can help women determine their most fertile days during their menstrual cycle (source). Estradiol (E2), on the other hand, is an estrogen hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating menstruation and maintaining healthy pregnancy conditions. Abnormal E2 levels may indicate hormonal imbalances leading to fertility issues or irregular periods. Significance of Progesterone Testing for Fertility Evaluation The corpus luteum in the ovary produces progesterone after ovulation, and the placenta produces it while a woman is pregnant. It helps prepare the uterus lining for the implantation of a fertilized egg and maintains the early stages of pregnancy until placental production takes over (source). Measuring blood progesterone levels can be useful for: Evaluating ovulation status and timing Diagnosing menstrual irregularities or luteal phase defects Assessing infertility issues in women trying to conceive Monitoring early pregnancy complications, such as miscarriage risk or ectopic pregnancies. Discounted Labs offers affordable and accessible LH, E2, and progesterone tests for individuals seeking insights into their reproductive health. By understanding your hormonal levels, you can take control of your fertility journey and make informed decisions about potential treatments or lifestyle changes. Understanding the role of LH, E2, and progesterone tests is essential for a woman's reproductive health. Hence, gaining knowledge of the role prolactin plays in regulating menstrual cycles is significant. "Take control of your reproductive health with Discounted Labs' affordable LH, E2, and progesterone tests. Understand your hormones and make informed decisions. #reproductivehealth #hormonalimbalance" Click to Tweet Prolactin Test A prolactin assessment is an essential diagnostic process that evaluates the amount of this hormone in one's blood. Prolactin plays a significant role in various aspects of female reproductive health, including menstruation and lactation. This test can help diagnose hyperprolactinemia, a condition characterized by excessive production of prolactin leading to menstrual irregularities or even infertility. Furthermore, it may also predict the onset of menopause when evaluated alongside other hormonal markers. Functions and Effects on the Menstruation Cycle The pituitary gland produces prolactin, which the body uses to control menstrual cycles and stimulate breast milk production following childbirth. Elevated levels of prolactin can interfere with normal ovulation processes, causing disruptions in regular periods or even stopping them altogether (source). Consequently, understanding how this hormone affects your cycle is crucial for maintaining optimal reproductive health. Normal range: In non-pregnant women who are not breastfeeding, typical prolactin levels range from 2 to 29 ng/mL (nanograms per milliliter). Ovulatory dysfunction: High levels of prolactin can cause anovulation (absence of ovulation) or oligoovulation (infrequent ovulation), making it difficult for women trying to conceive. Amenorrhea: Excessively high amounts may lead to amenorrhea, a condition where menstruation stops for several months or more. Hyperprolactinemia Diagnosis A prolactin test is often ordered when a woman experiences symptoms such as irregular periods, difficulty getting pregnant, or unexplained milk production. The diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia typically involves measuring blood levels of this hormone on multiple occasions to confirm consistently elevated readings. In some cases, additional tests may be necessary to determine the underlying cause of high prolactin levels, such as imaging studies like MRI scans to check for pituitary gland abnormalities. If you suspect that your menstrual issues might be related to abnormal prolactin levels or other hormonal imbalances, consider talking with your healthcare provider about undergoing a comprehensive female hormone panel. These tests can provide valuable insights into your reproductive health and help identify potential causes behind any fertility challenges you may face. Prolactin tests are an important part of understanding and maintaining a healthy menstrual cycle. Moving forward, let's look into the significance of thyroid function tests (TFTs) for reproductive health.   Key Takeaway:  The prolactin exam assesses the concentration of this hormone in one's blood, which is a major factor in female reproductive well-being. Elevated levels can interfere with normal ovulation processes, cause disruptions in regular periods, or even stop them altogether. A comprehensive female hormone panel can provide valuable insights into your reproductive health and help identify potential causes behind any fertility challenges you may face. Thyroid Function Tests (TFTs) Thyroid function tests, or TFTs, are essential diagnostic tools used to identify thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism that could impact overall reproductive health. Women experiencing fertility problems should consider undergoing these tests since thyroid imbalances can significantly affect conception chances. Hypothyroidism vs. Hyperthyroidism: Causes and Symptoms Hypothyroidism, also known as an underactive thyroid, occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. This condition can lead to fatigue, weight gain, constipation, dry skin, hair loss, and menstrual irregularities (source). Common causes of hypothyroidism include Hashimoto's disease (an autoimmune disorder), iodine deficiency, and certain medications. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, is characterized by an overproduction of thyroid hormones. This leads to symptoms like rapid heart rate, weight loss, anxiety, and frequent bowel movements (source). Graves' disease (another autoimmune disorder) is a common cause of hyperthyroidism; however, it may also result from toxic nodules in the gland or excessive intake of iodine. Relationship Between Thyroid Disorders and Reproductive Health The connection between thyoid disorders and reproductive health is significant because both hypo- and hyper-thyroidism can lead to menstrual irregularities, which in turn may cause fertility issues. Hypothyroidism is associated with longer and heavier periods, while hyperthyroidism often results in shorter and lighter cycles (source). Moreover, an untreated thyroid disorder during pregnancy can lead to an increased risk of miscarriage or premature birth and have long-term consequences for a child's cognitive abilities. Moreover, adequate levels of thyroid hormones are essential for normal fetal brain development during pregnancy. An untreated thyroid disorder during pregnancy could have long-term consequences for a child's cognitive abilities (source). In conclusion, TFTs are critical diagnostic tools used to identify thyroid disorders that could impact overall reproductive health. Hypothyrodysm and hyperthyrodysm both affect menstruation cycles and fertility outcomes. Maintaining proper thyoid hormone balance is crucial not only for conception but also for healthy fetal development during pregnancy. If you suspect a thyroid issue might be affecting your reproductive health, consider getting tested through reliable providers like Discounted Labs. Their affordable testing options make it easier than ever to take control of your hormonal health without needing a doctor's visit. Examining thyroids is essential to gauging their health and performance, so it's worthwhile delving into them further. Comprehensive hormone panels offer a deeper look into hormonal imbalances that may be impacting your overall health and wellness, so let's dive further into this topic next.   Key Takeaway:  Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are essential diagnostic tools to identify thyroid disorders that can impact reproductive health. Maintaining proper thyroid hormone balance is essential for both reproductive health and successful fetal development during pregnancy. Discounted Labs offers affordable testing options without needing a doctor's visit to take control of hormonal health. Comprehensive Hormone Panels A comprehensive hormone panel is a set of tests that evaluate multiple hormones simultaneously to provide a complete picture of an individual's hormonal balance. This approach helps identify underlying causes for various reproductive health issues, including infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or premature ovarian failure. In this section, we will discuss the benefits of combining hormone tests into one panel and the common conditions diagnosed with comprehensive panels. Benefits of Combining Hormone Tests in One Panel Better diagnostic accuracy: Assessing multiple hormones at once can offer more accurate results by identifying patterns and correlations between different hormonal imbalances. Cost-effective: Ordering a single comprehensive panel is often more affordable than purchasing individual tests separately. At Discounted Labs, you can find affordable hormone panels, making it easier to manage your reproductive health without breaking the bank. Faster results: With all necessary testing done simultaneously, patients receive their results quicker compared to undergoing separate tests on different occasions. Easier interpretation: A combined report simplifies data analysis for both healthcare providers and patients by presenting all relevant information together in an organized manner. Common Conditions Diagnosed with Comprehensive Panels The following are some common reproductive health concerns that may be identified through comprehensive hormone testing: Hypogonadism: This condition occurs when sex glands produce little or no sex hormones due to problems within the ovaries or testes themselves (primary hypogonadism) or the hypothalamus and pituitary gland (secondary hypogonadism). Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): a hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges PCOS can lead to irregular periods, excessive hair growth, acne, and obesity. Comprehensive hormone panels help diagnose this condition by evaluating hormones such as LH, FSH, estradiol, testosterone, and insulin. Premature Ovarian Failure: This occurs when a woman's ovaries stop functioning before age 40 due to various reasons, like genetic factors or autoimmune diseases. Hormone tests like FSH, LH, and estradiol levels can aid in diagnosing this condition. Menopause is a natural biological process that marks the end of a woman's menstrual cycles due to declining ovarian function. Comprehensive hormone testing helps determine menopausal status by assessing hormones such as FSH and estradiol levels alongside other relevant markers. Incorporating comprehensive hormone panels into your healthcare routine allows for better monitoring of reproductive health concerns while also providing valuable insights into potential underlying causes that may require further investigation or treatment options. Discounted Labs makes it easy for individuals across the U.S. to access these important tests at affordable prices without needing a doctor's visit, empowering you to take proactive control of your hormonal health journey. Comprehensive hormone panels provide a comprehensive look into the body's hormones, allowing for more accurate diagnosis and treatment of underlying conditions. With Discounted Labs' online testing options, you can easily access affordable lab tests without having to leave your home or office.   Key Takeaway:  Comprehensive hormone panels are a cost-effective and efficient way to assess multiple hormones at once, providing faster results and easier interpretation. Comprehensive hormone panels can be used to diagnose conditions such as hypogonadism, PCOS, premature ovarian failure, and menopause, providing a cost-effective and efficient way to assess multiple hormones at once for faster results and easier interpretation. Discounted Labs offers affordable hormone panels without requiring a doctor's visit for individuals across the U.S., empowering them to take proactive control of their hormonal health. Online Testing Options and Accessibility With the rise of digital technology and increasing awareness about health, it has become more convenient than ever to access female hormone tests. Discounted Labs offers a simple and affordable solution for individuals across the U.S. who want to monitor their hormonal levels without needing a doctor's visit. In this section, we will discuss the advantages of purchasing your own lab tests online and how Discounted Labs simplifies the process. Advantages of Purchasing Your Own Hormone Tests Online Convenience: Ordering lab tests online saves time by eliminating the need for scheduling appointments with healthcare providers or waiting in long lines at clinics. Affordability: Online testing services like Discounted Labs offer competitive prices compared to traditional laboratory facilities, making it easier for people to manage their reproductive health on a budget. Anonymity: For those concerned about privacy, ordering tests online ensures confidentiality as results are sent directly via email or through secure portals. Ease of Access: With nationwide coverage, most individuals can find a nearby participating lab where they can get tested after purchasing an online kit. Faster Results: Since many online labs have streamlined processes in place, clients often receive their test results quicker than they would from conventional laboratories. How Discounted Labs Simplify the Process The process of obtaining female hormone tests through Discounted Labs is designed with user convenience in mind. Here's how it works: Select your desired test(s) from an extensive range available on their website, including comprehensive hormone panels. Complete the secure online checkout process, which requires no doctor's prescription. Receive a lab requisition form via email that you can print and take to one of the 1,800+ participating labs across the U.S. for sample collection. After submitting the sample, you will receive your results via email in a few business days for review and sharing with healthcare providers if necessary. In today's fast-paced world, having easy access to vital health information is crucial. Discounted Labs provides an accessible solution for individuals seeking female hormone tests without needing a doctor's visit. By offering affordable prices and simplifying the testing process, they empower people across the U.S. Enabling individuals to make informed decisions regarding their health and welfare, Discounted Labs provides a convenient way for people in the United States to gain access to female hormone tests without needing a physician's appointment.   Key Takeaway:  Discounted Labs offers a simple and affordable solution for individuals across the U.S. who want to monitor their hormonal levels without needing a doctor's visit, providing convenience, affordability, anonymity, ease of access, and faster results when purchasing online test kits. The process is designed with user convenience in mind. Select desired tests from an extensive range available on their website; complete the secure online checkout process; receive a lab requisition form via email that you can print and take to one of the 1,800+ participating labs across the U.S.; your results will be sent directly to your email within a few business days after sample submission. Frequently Asked Questions About Female Hormone Tests What does a female hormone test tell you? A female hormone test provides information about the levels of various hormones, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), progesterone, prolactin, and thyroid hormones. These tests help diagnose hormonal imbalances that may affect fertility, menstrual cycles, and overall reproductive health. They can also identify conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or thyroid disorders. When should a woman have her hormone levels checked? A woman should consider having her hormone levels checked if she experiences symptoms suggesting hormonal imbalance, such as irregular periods, heavy bleeding during menstruation, difficulty getting pregnant or maintaining pregnancy, unexplained weight gain or loss, mood swings, or depression. Additionally, medical professionals may recommend testing at specific times in life, like puberty onset or menopause transition. Are female hormone tests accurate? When carried out by accredited laboratories using proper procedures, female hormone tests are generally accurate. However, accuracy can be affected by factors such as sample collection timing relative to the menstrual cycle phase and certain medication usage. It is essential to follow your healthcare provider's instructions for optimal accuracy in result interpretation. Conclusion In conclusion, female hormone tests play a crucial role in assessing reproductive health and identifying underlying conditions that may affect fertility. FSH, LH, E2, progesterone, prolactin, and thyroid function tests are some of the most commonly used hormone tests for women. Comprehensive panels offer a more comprehensive assessment of hormonal imbalances. Visit Discounted Labs for comprehensive hormone testing and easy-to-understand results to take control of your health today! Take control of your health today! Ready to get started? Schedule your female hormone panel now at Discounted Labs.  

Testosterone is an essential hormone in both males and females, but it plays a particularly crucial role in male development and reproductive health. Testosterone levels can fluctuate throughout life, and low testosterone levels can have a significant impact on overall well-being. Getting a testosterone blood test can provide valuable information about hormone levels and help diagnose any underlying conditions or imbalances. Here are some reasons why getting a testosterone blood test is important and the difference between the available testosterone test assays in the market. Table of Contents The Importance of Getting a Testosterone Blood Test 1. Diagnosing Hypogonadism 2. Monitoring Hormone Replacement Therapy 3. Identifying Underlying Health Conditions 4. Assessing Fertility 5. Monitoring Overall Health Differences, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Different Testosterone Tests 1. At-Home Testosterone Kits 2. Saliva Testosterone Test 3. LC/MS/MS Total Testosterone Test 4. Immunoassay-Based Testosterone Test Citations: The Importance of Getting a Testosterone Blood Test 1. Diagnosing Hypogonadism Hypogonadism is a condition characterized by low testosterone levels, which can lead to a range of symptoms such as fatigue, decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and mood changes. A testosterone blood test is the primary method used to diagnose hypogonadism[1]. Identifying and treating hypogonadism can help improve quality of life and alleviate symptoms. 2. Monitoring Hormone Replacement Therapy Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is a common treatment for individuals with low testosterone levels. Regular monitoring of testosterone levels through blood tests is essential to ensure that the therapy is effective and that hormone levels are within the optimal range. Adjustments to the dosage or treatment plan can be made based on the results of these tests[1]. 3. Identifying Underlying Health Conditions Low testosterone levels can sometimes be a symptom of an underlying health condition, such as pituitary gland disorders, testicular tumors, or chronic illnesses. A testosterone blood test can help identify these conditions and guide further diagnostic investigations[2]. 4. Assessing Fertility Testosterone plays a crucial role in sperm production and male fertility. Low testosterone levels can contribute to infertility. A testosterone blood test can provide valuable information about hormone levels and help determine the potential causes of infertility[2]. 5. Monitoring Overall Health Testosterone levels can be an indicator of overall health and well-being. Low testosterone levels have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and osteoporosis. Regular testosterone blood tests can help identify any potential health risks and allow for early intervention and treatment[1]. It is important to note that testosterone blood tests should be conducted by healthcare professionals and interpreted in the context of an individual's symptoms, medical history, and other relevant factors. At-home test kits may provide convenience, but they cannot diagnose underlying health conditions or provide a comprehensive assessment of hormone levels[2]. Differences, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Different Testosterone Tests 1. At-Home Testosterone Kits    - Collection Method: At-home testosterone kits typically involve collecting a blood or saliva sample using a finger prick or saliva swab.     - Advantages:      - Convenience: At-home testosterone kits provide the convenience of testing testosterone levels from the comfort of your own home.      - Privacy: Some individuals may prefer the privacy of conducting the test at home.     - Disadvantages:      - Limited Accuracy: At-home testosterone kits may have limitations in terms of accuracy and reliability compared to tests conducted in a clinical setting.      - Lack of Professional Interpretation: Results from at-home kits may not come with professional interpretation, requiring individuals to seek medical advice for proper understanding and guidance. 2. Saliva Testosterone Test    - Collection Method: Saliva testosterone tests involve collecting a saliva sample using a swab or collection device.    - Advantages:      - Non-Invasive: Saliva testosterone tests are non-invasive and can be easily self-administered.      - Convenient: Saliva samples can be collected at any time and do not require a blood draw.    - Disadvantages:      - Limited Availability: Saliva testosterone tests may not be as widely available as blood tests.      - Potential Variability: Saliva testosterone levels may not always accurately reflect total testosterone levels in the blood. 3. LC/MS/MS Total Testosterone Blood Test    - Collection Method: The LC/MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) total testosterone test requires a blood sample typically collected from a vein in the arm.    - Advantages:      - High Accuracy: LC/MS/MS is considered a highly accurate method for measuring total testosterone levels.      - No Upper or Lower Limit: Unlike the immunoassay testosterone test, the LC/MS testosterone test is accurate at very low or very hight testosterone blood levels.    - Widely Accepted: LC/MS/MS is a commonly used method in clinical settings for testosterone testing.    - No interference by supplements like biotin.    - You can buy the LC/MS testosterone test on DiscountedLabs.com    - Disadvantages:      - Requires a Blood Draw: Some individuals may find the process of having blood drawn uncomfortable or inconvenient.     - Laboratory Processing Time: Results from LC/MS/MS tests may take longer to obtain compared to rapid tests. 4. Immunoassay-Based Testosterone Blood Test    - Collection Method: Immunoassay-based testosterone tests also require a blood sample, typically collected from a vein in the arm.    - Advantages:      - Rapid Results: Immunoassay-based tests can provide relatively quick results.      - Cost-Effective: Immunoassay-based tests are generally more cost-effective compared to LC/MS/MS tests .    - Disadvantages:      - Potential for Interference: Immunoassay-based tests may be susceptible to interference from certain substances or conditions, potentially affecting accuracy.      - Lower Sensitivity: Immunoassay-based tests may have lower sensitivity compared to LC/MS/MS tests. It is important to note that the choice of testosterone test should be made in consultation with a healthcare professional. They can guide you in selecting the most appropriate test based on your specific needs, medical history, and the accuracy and reliability of the available testing methods. BUY TESTOSTERONE TESTS Citations: 1] Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypogonadism in Men [2] Testosterone Test: What It Is and What the Results Mean [3] Testosterone Levels Test [4] Testosterone Treatments: Why, When, and How? [5] Low Testosterone [6] Criteria for Low Testosterone as a Public Health Issue [7] Testosterone Tests [8] Clinical Interpretation of Testosterone Test Results [9] Testosterone Test: Types and Interpretation [10] At-Home Testosterone Test: Overview and Information [11] Understanding Testosterone Levels Test [12] Everlywell: At-Home Testosterone Test

Measuring Testosterone in Women Introduction to Testosterone Testosterone is a hormone found in both men and women. It is important for many body functions. Measuring testosterone levels in women can be hard because their levels are lower than men's and can change throughout their menstrual cycle. How Menstrual Cycle Affects Testosterone Testosterone levels in women change during the menstrual cycle. The highest levels are usually around ovulation. Studies show that both total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT) peak during the middle of the cycle. However, testosterone levels vary during the rest of the cycle. Some studies find higher levels in the follicular phase, while others find higher levels in the luteal phase. Many studies show no significant change throughout the cycle. These differences can be due to study methods, participant differences, and testing techniques. Despite these variations, the mid-cycle peak is a common finding. Normal Testosterone Ranges in Women Normal testosterone levels in women depend on their age and menstrual cycle phase. Using advanced methods like liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), researchers have found the following ranges for healthy women aged 18–49: Total testosterone: 15-46 ng/dL Free testosterone: 1.2-6.4 pg/mL Bioavailable testosterone: 1.12–7.62 ng/dL During the menstrual cycle, total testosterone rises from about 15.6 ng/dL in the early luteal phase to a peak of 43.6 ng/dL at mid-cycle. Free testosterone rises from 9.00 pg/mL to 15.6 pg/mL. Testosterone levels also decline with age, with lower levels after menopause compared to reproductive years. Establishing exact reference ranges is challenging due to assay differences, menstrual cycle changes, and factors like body mass index. Testosterone Peaks During Ovulation Testosterone levels in women show a small peak around ovulation, usually at the middle of the cycle. The increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) before ovulation is what causes this peak. The increase varies between individuals, but studies using sensitive methods like LC-MS/MS consistently detect this mid-cycle peak. The day-to-day variability in testosterone levels is often greater than the ovulatory peak itself, making it hard to see in some cases. Measuring Testosterone: Mass Spectrometry vs. Immunoassays Two common methods for measuring testosterone are mass spectrometry and immunoassays. Immunoassays, like ELISA, are high-throughput, low-cost, and easy to use but can lack specificity. Mass spectrometry, such as LC-MS/MS, provides higher sensitivity and specificity and can measure multiple analytes simultaneously. However, it has higher costs and requires more expertise. Importance of Mass Spectrometry Sensitivity Mass spectrometry is crucial for accurately measuring low testosterone levels in women. Traditional immunoassays often lack the precision needed. Mass spectrometry methods like LC-MS/MS offer superior sensitivity, enabling better assessment of androgen status in women and diagnosing testosterone imbalances. This helps establish appropriate reference ranges and guide clinical decisions. Luteal Phase Hormonal Shifts After ovulation, the luteal phase begins and lasts until the next menstrual period. Progesterone levels rise significantly due to the corpus luteum. Estrogen levels also increase during the mid-luteal phase before declining. If pregnancy does not occur, both progesterone and estrogen levels drop sharply, leading to menstruation. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels decrease during the luteal phase. Follicular Phase Testosterone Trends During the follicular phase, starting from the first day of menstruation to ovulation, testosterone levels tend to be lower compared to other phases. However, they gradually increase as the phase progresses, peaking before ovulation. Women with longer follicular phases often have higher testosterone levels, while shorter phases are associated with lower levels. Testosterone Decline After Menopause Testosterone levels decline with age, reaching lower levels after menopause. This decrease can lead to symptoms like reduced bone density, lower energy, and depression. Some doctors prescribe testosterone therapy to alleviate menopausal symptoms, although there is no FDA-approved testosterone product for women. Sleep Patterns and Hormone Levels Sleep and hormone levels are closely linked. Circadian rhythms have an impact on melatonin, which regulates sleep. Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle can affect sleep. Progesterone, which peaks during the luteal phase, can cause drowsiness, while its drop before menstruation can lead to sleep disturbances. Poor sleep can disrupt hormone production, leading to health issues like metabolic problems and increased appetite. Optimal Hormone Testing Timing in Women The best time to measure hormones depends on the specific hormone and the purpose of testing. For fertility assessment, FSH and estradiol are tested on day 3 of the cycle. Estradiol and progesterone are measured around days 19–22 to check for luteal phase defects. LH levels peak around ovulation, while progesterone rises after ovulation. Perimenopausal hormone patterns are erratic, making single-day measurements less reliable. Menstrual Cycle Hormone Imbalance Symptoms Hormonal imbalances can cause irregular periods, heavy bleeding, and missed periods. Skin issues like acne, digestive problems, mood swings, and sleep disturbances are common. Other symptoms include low libido, vaginal dryness, infertility, weight changes, and hair growth or loss. Persistent or severe symptoms may indicate an underlying endocrine disorder that needs further evaluation. How Women Can Buy Their Own Testosterone Test Without a Doctor Visit on DiscountedLabs.com Women who want to check their testosterone levels can easily do so without needing a doctor's visit. DiscountedLabs.com offers an affordable and convenient way to order blood tests online. Here’s how you can get your testosterone test: Visit the Website: Go to DiscountedLabs.com. Find the Testosterone Test: Use the search bar or navigate through the hormone testing section to find the testosterone test. Choose Your Test: Select the specific testosterone test you need. You can choose between total testosterone, free testosterone, or a comprehensive hormone panel. Add to Cart: Once you’ve selected your test, add it to your cart and proceed to checkout. Create an Account: If you’re a new user, you’ll need to create an account. Returning customers can simply log in. Enter Your Information: Fill in your personal details and complete the payment process. Get Your Lab Order: After your purchase, you will receive a lab order via email. This order allows you to get your blood drawn at a local lab. Visit a Lab: Take your lab order to a nearby partner lab. You can find a lab near you on the DiscountedLabs website. Get Your Results: After your blood draw, you’ll receive your test results online within a few days. You can review your results and share them with your healthcare provider if needed. By using DiscountedLabs.com, you can take control of your health and get the information you need without the hassle of scheduling a doctor's appointment.   Sources: Testosterone reference ranges in normally cycling healthy premenopausal women PEAK TOTAL AND FREE TESTOSTERONE IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE ARE HIGHER THAN PREVIOUSLY REPORTED What Are “Normal” Testosterone Levels for Women?

Menopausal hormone therapy's safety has been a topic of much debate for years, but now emerging data is showing its safety and benefits. A recent article from the Menopause journal discusses the implications of continuing menopausal hormone therapy (HT) beyond the age of 65. It specifically examines the health outcomes associated with the use of estrogen monotherapy in older women. The study highlights significant reductions in risks for several major health issues when estrogen monotherapy is used beyond age 65 compared to discontinuing or never using HT. These health benefits include a 19% reduction in overall mortality, and notable decreases in the incidence of breast cancer (16%), lung cancer (13%), colorectal cancer (12%), congestive heart failure (5%), venous thromboembolism (3%), atrial fibrillation (4%), acute myocardial infarction (11%), dementia (2%), and the use of hormone optimization through bioidentical hormone therapy approved by the FDA. Additionally, estrogen monotherapy has been shown to protect against heart disease and stroke, increase bone density, reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease, protect against vaginal atrophy, and help with urinary incontinence, hot flashes, mood swings, and night sweats. Table of Contents What are the Benefits of Hormone Therapy for Women Beyond Age 65? Types of Hormones Used in HRT Forms of Hormone Therapy Cyclical and Continuous Regimens Considerations and Personalization What Lab Tests Can Help Diagnose Menopause? Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Test Estradiol Test Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Test Considerations and Limitations Common Questions About HRT How do I find hormone replacement therapy services near me? What qualifications should I look for in a provider offering hormone replacement therapy near me? What questions should I ask during a consultation for hormone replacement therapy near me? How long does it typically take to see results from hormone replacement therapy? Do you need to chat with other women going through menopause and using HRT? Citations The research also addresses the persistence of menopausal vasomotor symptoms in a substantial percentage of women aged 60–65 years, which supports the need for continued hormone therapy in some cases. In response to these findings, The Menopause Society updated their guidelines in 2022 to recommend that the decision to start or continue hormone therapy after age 65 should be personalized, taking into account the individual's specific needs, overall health, and medical history. The study also explored the effects of 40 different hormone therapy preparations on 13 health outcomes, finding significant variations depending on the type, route, and strength of the hormone therapy used [1]. For women experiencing menopause symptoms, it is important to note that hormone therapy should only be considered after consulting with a healthcare professional and discussing your current symptoms and medical history. What are the Benefits of Hormone Therapy for Women Beyond Age 65? The benefits of menopausal hormone therapy (HT) beyond age 65 have been the subject of various studies and discussions. The key takeaways from the sources provided are as follows: Continuation of Symptom Relief: Menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, mood disturbances, and sexual discomfort can persist well into the post-menopausal years, with moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms documented in 42% of women aged 60 to 65 years [1]. Bone Health: Loss of estrogen during menopause can lead to diminished bone density and an increased risk of osteoporosis. Hormone replacement therapy can offer protection against bone loss and help prevent osteoporosis [1]. Cardiovascular Benefits: Some studies suggest that hormone therapy started early in postmenopausal women can reduce heart failure and heart attacks significantly [2]. Cancer Risks: Estrogen therapy, either alone or in combination with progesterone, has been associated with a reduction in the incidence of certain cancers. For example, a study found significant reductions in the incidence of breast, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancers among women using estrogen therapy [4]. Mortality: Hormone therapy may reduce overall mortality rates. A study analyzing data from the 2007–2019 records of more than 7 million women with Medicare coverage aged 65 and older found that rates of death occurred less often in women using hormone therapy [4]. Individualized Approach: The decision to start or continue hormone therapy after age 65 should be personalized, taking into account the individual's specific needs, overall health, and medical history [12]. Risks and Benefits: While there are undeniable benefits, some risks, such as blood clots and dementia, may increase with age or the duration of hormone therapy. The type of hormone therapy used also affects the risk profile [12]. Variations in Therapy: Different hormone therapy preparations have varied effects on health outcomes, and the choice of hormone type, administration route, and strength can influence the balance of risks and benefits [6]. Recent Research: A recent study provides reassurance regarding the safety of using hormone therapy after age 65, suggesting that with appropriate counseling and regular assessment of risks and benefits, continuing HT can be a reasonable option for healthy women with persistent vasomotor symptoms[6][16][17]. Menopausal hormone therapy (HT), also known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), is used to alleviate symptoms of menopause by replacing hormones that are at a lower level as women go through this transition. Here’s a detailed look at the various options: Types of Hormones Used in HRT Estrogen Therapy: This involves the use of estrogen alone. It is typically prescribed to women who have had a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) because they do not need progesterone to protect against uterine cancer [2]. Combination Therapy (Estrogen and Progestin): This is used for women who still have their uterus. Progestin is added to estrogen therapy to protect against the risk of uterine cancer, which can be increased by estrogen alone [2]. Estrogen and Testosterone: Sometimes, testosterone is added to help with specific symptoms, like a reduced sex drive [13]. Forms of Hormone Therapy Oral Pills: These are perhaps the most common form of HT. Estrogen or combination hormone pills are taken daily [1] [4]. Patches: These are applied to the skin and release hormones into the bloodstream through the skin. They can be specific to estrogen or a combination of estrogen and progestin. Patches are changed once or twice a week, depending on the type [1] and [4]. Gels and Sprays: These are applied to the skin and allow hormones to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream. They are an alternative for those who may have issues with oral forms of HT [1] and [6]. Vaginal Creams, Tablets, and Rings: These are used primarily to treat vaginal and urinary symptoms of menopause. They provide hormones locally to the vaginal area with minimal absorption into the bloodstream, thus minimizing overall hormonal effects on the body [1] [3] [4]. Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): These devices release progestin locally and are used in combination with systemic estrogen therapy for women who need both hormones [4]. Nasal Sprays: This less common form delivers estrogen directly through the nasal membrane into the bloodstream [1]. Cyclical and Continuous Regimens Cyclical HRT: This mimics the natural menstrual cycle. Estrogen is taken daily, and progestin is added for the last part of the cycle each month, which can lead to a withdrawal bleed similar to a period [5]. Continuous HRT: Both estrogen and progesterone are taken daily without a break. This method is often used for post-menopausal women and typically does not lead to a withdrawal bleed [5]. Considerations and Personalization The choice of HT type and form depends on several factors, including a woman’s health history, her specific menopausal symptoms, whether she still has her uterus, and personal preferences. It’s important for women to discuss the benefits and risks of different HT options with their certified healthcare provider to determine the best approach tailored to their individual needs[2][4][5]. Each type of HT has its own benefits and potential risks, including the use of injections, and the decision to use hormone therapy should be made on an individual basis after thorough initial consultation with a certified healthcare provider. Before starting combination therapy, several factors need to be considered to ensure the treatment is effective, safe, and tailored to the patient's specific needs. These factors include: Adequacy of Monotherapy: Combination therapy is often considered when monotherapy does not adequately control the condition. It's important to assess whether the initial single-agent therapy was given in adequate doses and for a sufficient duration to determine its effectiveness1. Patient's Health Profile: The presence of comorbid conditions can influence the choice of agents in combination therapy. For instance, certain drugs may be preferred or avoided depending on the patient’s other health issues like diabetes, heart failure, or kidney disease14. Risk of Side Effects: Each medication in a combination therapy can have side effects, and their potential cumulative or interactive effects must be considered. It's crucial to choose drugs with non-overlapping adverse effects to minimize the risk to the patient3. Drug-Drug Interactions: The potential for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between the drugs used in combination therapy must be evaluated. This includes understanding how the drugs might affect each other’s metabolism and activity, which can alter their efficacy and safety3. Patient Compliance and Convenience: Combination therapies, especially fixed-dose combinations, can enhance patient compliance by reducing the pill burden and simplifying the treatment regimen. However, individual patient preferences and their ability to adhere to the regimen should be considered12. Cost and Access: The cost of medication and the patient’s access to it can affect adherence and the overall effectiveness of the treatment. It’s important to consider the financial impact on the patient when prescribing combination therapies4. Guidelines and Evidence: Clinical guidelines and evidence from clinical trials should guide the choice of combination therapy. These guidelines are based on large studies and expert consensus, which help ensure that the combination chosen is effective and has a favorable risk-benefit profile17. Initial Severity of the Condition: For conditions like hypertension or diabetes, the initial severity can dictate whether combination therapy should be started right away. For example, in patients with significantly high initial blood pressure or blood sugar levels, immediate initiation of combination therapy might be necessary to quickly achieve control12. Goal of Therapy: The ultimate goal of the treatment, whether it is to control symptoms, prevent progression of a disease, or reduce the risk of complications, should be clearly defined and agreed upon with the patient. This helps in selecting the most appropriate therapy combination12. Monitoring and Adjustment: Once combination therapy is initiated, regular monitoring is necessary to assess efficacy, side effects, and patient adherence. Adjustments may be needed based on the patient’s response and any new health developments1. These considerations ensure that combination therapy is used effectively, maximizing benefits while minimizing risks and side effects for the patient. What Lab Tests Can Help Diagnose Menopause? Blood tests can be used to help diagnose menopause, although they are not always necessary or definitive on their own. The primary blood tests used to evaluate menopausal status measure the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (a form of estrogen). Here's a detailed look at how these tests are used in the context of diagnosing menopause: Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Test FSH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a crucial role in the reproductive processes. During menopause, the ovaries begin to function less effectively, and in response, the levels of FSH typically increase as the pituitary gland tries to stimulate the ovaries to produce more estrogen. An elevated FSH level is often used as an indicator of menopause: FSH Levels: After menopause, FSH levels are typically in the range of 25.8 to 134.8 mIU/mL5. However, FSH levels can fluctuate significantly, making a single test potentially misleading. Repeatedly high levels of FSH over time are considered a more reliable indicator of menopause6. Testing Conditions: The timing of the test can affect FSH levels, as they can vary throughout the menstrual cycle. Women are often advised to have the test at a specific time, usually early in the menstrual cycle2. Estradiol Test Estradiol is the primary type of estrogen produced by the ovaries. During menopause, the levels of estradiol decrease as the ovaries reduce their hormone production: Estradiol Levels: Lower levels of estradiol are associated with menopause. The specific threshold can vary, but generally, significantly reduced levels compared to the normal range for reproductive age indicate menopause8. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Test LH is another hormone produced by the pituitary gland that works in conjunction with FSH to regulate the reproductive system. Like FSH, LH levels can also increase as the ovaries produce less estrogen: LH Levels: High levels of LH can indicate menopause, especially when combined with high FSH levels and low estradiol levels7. You can buy your own menopause tests online without a doctor's visit by visiting DiscountedLabs.com Considerations and Limitations Variability: Hormone levels can fluctuate greatly, making a single hormone test less reliable for diagnosing menopause. This is particularly true for women in perimenopause, where hormone levels can vary widely from day to day14. Symptoms and Medical History: Diagnosis is often based on symptoms and medical history rather than solely on hormone levels. Common symptoms include changes in menstrual patterns and the onset of hot flashes3. Other Tests: Sometimes, additional tests are conducted to rule out other conditions that could cause similar symptoms, such as thyroid disorders8. In summary, while blood tests like those measuring FSH, LH, and estradiol levels can support the diagnosis of menopause, they are typically used in conjunction with a review of symptoms and medical history. Due to the variability in hormone levels, especially during perimenopause, these tests are not definitive on their own and may not accurately reflect hormone imbalance. Additionally, symptoms such as vaginal dryness, night sweats, which can greatly impact quality of life, may not be reflected in hormone levels and should be discussed with a healthcare provider. Bio-identical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT) for women is a potential solution for these symptoms and should be considered as a treatment option. Considerations and limitations should be taken into account when using hormone levels as a diagnostic tool for hormone imbalance. Common Questions About HRT How do I find hormone replacement therapy services near me? To find hormone replacement therapy services near you, you can start by conducting a search online using search engines like Google. You can use search terms such as "hormone replacement therapy near me" or "HRT clinics in [your location]" to find relevant results. Additionally, you can check local directories, healthcare provider listings, or websites of medical centers in your area that specialize in hormone replacement therapy. Another option is to ask for recommendations from your primary care physician or seek referrals from friends or family members who may have undergone similar treatments. It's important to research the reputation and credentials of the providers you come across and consider factors such as their experience, reviews, and proximity to your location before making a decision. You can also click on the following banner and fill out a form to have HRT clinics contact you: What qualifications should I look for in a provider offering hormone replacement therapy near me? When looking for a provider offering hormone replacement therapy near you, it is important to consider their qualifications and expertise in this area. Some qualifications to look for include: 1. Medical License: Ensure that the provider is a licensed healthcare professional, such as a doctor or nurse practitioner, who is authorized to practice in the field of hormone replacement therapy. 2. Specialization in Hormone Replacement Therapy: Look for providers who have specific training and experience in hormone replacement therapy and are knowledgeable about the latest treatment options and guidelines. 3. Board Certification: Providers who are board-certified in areas such as endocrinology or hormone therapy have demonstrated expertise in this field and adhere to high standards of care. 4. Experience: Consider providers who have extensive experience in hormone replacement therapy and have successfully treated patients with similar needs and conditions. 5. Positive Reviews and Patient Feedback: Check reviews and testimonials from other patients to get an idea of the provider's reputation, quality of care, and patient satisfaction. By considering these qualifications, you can choose a provider who is well-equipped to provide safe and effective hormone replacement therapy tailored to your individual needs. What questions should I ask during a consultation for hormone replacement therapy near me? During a consultation for hormone replacement therapy near you, it is important to ask questions that will help you understand the treatment, its potential benefits and risks, and what to expect. Some questions you may consider asking include: 1. What are the different types of hormone replacement therapy available? 2. How will hormone replacement therapy benefit me specifically? 3. What are the potential side effects or risks associated with hormone replacement therapy? 4. How long do I need to be on hormone replacement therapy? 5. What monitoring or follow-up appointments will be necessary during the treatment? 6. Are there any lifestyle changes I should make while on hormone replacement therapy? 7. How soon can I expect to see results from hormone replacement therapy? 8. What happens if I miss a dose of my hormone replacement medication? 9. Are there any alternative treatments or therapies that I should consider? 10. How much will hormone replacement therapy cost, and does insurance cover it? Asking these questions can help you make an informed decision about whether hormone replacement therapy is right for you and what to expect throughout the treatment process. How long does it typically take to see results from hormone replacement therapy? The timeline for seeing results from hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can vary depending on individual factors such as the type of hormones being used, the dosage, and the individual's response to treatment. Some people may start to notice improvements in their symptoms within a few weeks to a few months of starting HRT, while for others it may take longer. It is important to follow your healthcare provider's guidance and attend any follow-up appointments to monitor your progress and make any necessary adjustments to your treatment plan. If you have specific concerns about the timeline for seeing results from HRT, it is best to discuss them with your healthcare provider. Do you need to chat with other women going through menopause and using HRT? Please join a Facebook group with over 20,000 women from all over the world called : Women's Health and HRT Citations Use of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Beyond Age 65 - Menopause Journal Should You Use Hormone Replacement Therapy After 65? Why Attitudes Are Changing - BodyLogicMD Vaginal Estrogen for Genitourinary Syndrome - MedlinePlus Which Type of Estrogen Hormone Therapy Is Right for You? - WebMD Types of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) - NHS Effects of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Vary After Age 65 Years - Healio Use of Hormone Therapy Beyond Age 65 and Its Effects by Type - Menopause Society Hormone Therapy for Menopause - Mayo Clinic Estrogen and Menopause - NCBI Hormone Replacement Therapy and Menopause - Better Health VIC Overview of Menopause and Hormone Therapy - Medscape Individualizing Hormone Therapy for Older Women - medRxiv Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Cancer Risk - National Cancer Institute Cardiovascular Effects of Menopausal Hormone Therapy - AHA Journals Understanding Menopause and Hormone Therapy - Mayo Clinic Study Provides Reassurance Regarding the Safety of Using Hormone Therapy After Age 65 Years - News Medical Hormone Therapy After Age 65 - Menopause Journal Long-Term Effects of Hormone Therapy - NCBI Is Hormone Therapy Safe for Women Over 65? - Lancaster General Health Benefits and Risks of Hormone Therapy - ScienceDirect