Page 11 - Blog

Essential Guide: How to Read Blood Test Results As patient self-education grows with access to information online, more people are taking charge of their health by buying their own blood tests that they can access online without visiting a doctor. Large blood testing networks located all over the United States make it easy for empowered and educated patients to find a lab location near them where they can have their blood drawn or provide a blood sample, urine sample, or saliva sample. Discounted Labs makes it easy for those consumers to buy and learn how to read blood test results, including the results of conventional blood tests, which can provide valuable insights into human health, including the effects of drugs and environmental contaminants, so that they can have more educated discussions with their physicians. After people buy their own blood tests and receive their results, it is sometimes difficult to make sense of what high or low blood test values mean when compared with the “normal” ranges provided by blood testing companies. Searching on the Internet may only give people a limited explanation of the health consequences of these high or low blood test values. We will attempt to include the most common blood tests, their normal ranges, and the meaning of high or low values, including the lower limits, as well as individual tests or collections of related tests called panels, to help people understand and monitor their ongoing health conditions. It is important to note that when interpreting blood test results, your clinician will likely focus on test trends relative to their normal ranges and not just the numerical results themselves. This means that if you have results for a given test from different labs, your clinician will look at how your results compare to the normal ranges for that specific test, rather than just the numerical values listed on your lab report. Additionally, these normal ranges are based on statistical analyses of tests from a large number of patients, providing a more accurate understanding of what is considered a healthy range for each test. Table of Contents Essential Guide: How to Read Blood Test Results How can one interpret the various values presented in blood test results? Consult Your Health Care Provider to Discuss How to Read Blood Test Results 1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) 2. Albumin 3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (adults) 4. Androstenedione (adult) 5. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) 6. Bilirubin, direct 7. Bilirubin, total 8. Calcium 9. Carbon dioxide, C02 total 10. Chloride 11. Cholesterol 12. Creatinine 13. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Sulfate (Adult) 14. Estradiol (Ultra-Sensitive) 15. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 16. Globulin 17. Glucose, fasting 18. Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) 19. Growth Hormone, GH (resting) 20. Hemoglobin A1C 21. High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, HDL 22. Insulin 23. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) 24. Lipoprotein (a) Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol 25. Iron 26. Luteinizing hormone (LH) 27. Magnesium 28. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) 29. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) 28. Phosphorus, inorganic (adult) 29. Potassium 30. Progesterone 31. Prolactin 32. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 33. Protein, total 34. Sodium 35. Somatomedin C (insulin-like growth factor I , IGF-1) 36. Testosterone, total 37. Testosterone, Free 38. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 39. Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) 40. Thyroid Antibodies Sources: How can one interpret the various values presented in blood test results? Interpreting blood test results involves understanding values like cholesterol, blood sugar levels, and white blood cell count. Comparing these to standard ranges helps assess overall health. Consult a healthcare provider for detailed explanations and guidance on how to read blood test results accurately. Consult Your Health Care Provider to Discuss How to Read Blood Test Results Consult your health care provider to get explanations about your blood test results and how he or she uses them to diagnose and treat your condition. The information below is not meant to provide medical advice or guide any treatment decisions, and it is only intended as an educational tool to enable you to have an educated discussion with a health practitioner. In order to accurately interpret your blood test results and determine the cause of fatigue, your healthcare provider will consider numerous factors and disorders, such as anemia, an underactive thyroid, or diabetes, which occurs when there are excessive glucose molecules in the bloodstream, that can contribute to prolonged or chronic fatigue. One important factor that your healthcare provider will look at is the history of glucose levels in your bloodstream, which can be determined through a hemoglobin A1c test. This test measures the percentage of HbA1c present relative to the total amount of hemoglobin, providing a history of glucose levels in the bloodstream over a period of about three months prior to the test. We will review 40 of the most common lab tests that people buy through direct-to-consumer lab testing companies like DiscountedLabs.com. 1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) Your liver produces the enzyme alanine aminotransferase. It's important to test this substance to determine whether your liver is infected or not. This test is sold as part of a Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP test. Normal AST range: 10-55 U/liter for males 10-55 U/liter for females High ALT, SGPT The liver cells might be seriously damaged, to the point of necrosis It might be a sign of extensive trauma to the liver, left heart failure, cirrhosis, or jaundice It might also be a sign of muscular dystrophy, fatty liver, myocardial infarction, and liver tumors As a result of the breakdown of muscle fibers during exercise, ALT can rise in people who perform regular resistance exercises with weights and machines. Low ALT, SGPT Low values of ALT indicate pyridoxal phosphate deficiency, that can result in various health complications, including epilepsy 2. Albumin Albumin is one of the most important proteins in the human body. It helps to carry nutrients to various tissues and it prevents blood vessels from leaking fluids. Normal albumin range 1–4.3 g/dl for men and women When Albumin blood test is high It might signify severe dehydration. It's not possible to increase albumin levels naturally. The only way albumin concentration might get higher is if plasma water decreases significantly When Albumin blood test is low This is a sign of acute or chronic inflammation Albumin levels might drop if the liver has problems synthesizing this protein properly, so it might indicate liver damage The transportation of bile acids and metal ions might be affected if the albumin levels get too low 3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (adults) Alkaline phosphatase is also known as ALP, and it's found in different tissues in the body. This enzyme is mostly present in the bones and liver. It plays a vital role in bone formation and mineralization. Normal Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 45-115 U/liter for males 30-100 U/liter for females When ALP blood test is high It might be a sign of biliary obstruction or liver diseases such as hepatitis or cirrhosis sign of bone disorder or even renal problems In some cases, it might indicate thyroid issues When ALP blood test is low It might signify nutritional deficiencies such as a lack of vitamin D, B12, magnesium or zinc It might be caused by severe anemia 4. Androstenedione (adult) Normal Androstenedione ranges 50-250 ng/dl for men and women This is a precursor to major sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. Testing for this hormone is necessary in conjunction with other hormonal tests to determine the levels of testosterone or estrogen in the body. The gonads and adrenal glands are responsible for producing androstenedione. When Androstenedione blood test is high Elevated levels might indicate a gonadal tumor, especially when the levels exceed 500 ng/dl When Androstenedione blood test is low This might signify a dysfunction of the adrenal glands, such as adrenal insufficiency It might signify ovarian or testicular failure if the levels are too low 5. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) Aspartate aminotransferase is an enzyme found in most tissues in the human body, particularly in the liver and the heart. It has multiple functions in the human body and abnormal levels usually indicate a liver problem. Normal AST or SGOT ranges 10–40 U/liter for men 9–25 U/liter for women When AST or SGOT blood test is high This could be a sign of liver cell necrosis or obstructive jaundice It might also signify hepatitis or a liver problem caused by drugs and medications Since this enzyme is found in the muscles, it might be a sign of skeletal muscle, inflammatory disease or even heart failure Exercise that involves resistance may also raise AST or SGOT. Normally, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase should be low. Problems appear when these levels get very high due to organ failure or inflammation. 6. Bilirubin, direct Bilirubin is a yellow substance involved in the process of cleaning organic waste from the body, such as dead red blood cells, etc. It is excreted in the bile and urine, and it consists of direct and total bilirubin, as well as blood urea nitrogen and waste products. When doing a blood test, your results might indicate the levels of direct and total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, and waste products, as all of these are important to diagnose certain diseases. Normal direct bilirubin range 0-0.4 mg/dl for men and women When bilirubin blood test is high It might signify biliary tree obstruction, cholestasis, and damage to the hepatic cells The patient might have Dubin-Johnson syndrome, which is characterized by an increase of direct bilirubin in the liver The patient may be taking a liver-toxic medication or herb The patient may have hepatitis A, B, or C When bilirubin blood test is low Low levels of direct bilirubin are usually not a cause of concern. Barbiturates or caffeine consumption may temporarily lower these levels. 7. Bilirubin, total This is the total amount of bilirubin enzymes in your body, including direct and indirect ones. Low levels of total bilirubin are not a problem in most cases. You should see a doctor when these levels are elevated, as they can signify different types of damage to your organs. Normal total bilirubin range 0-1.0 mg/dl for men and women When total bilirubin blood test is high It might be a sign of neonatal physiological jaundice Toxins or inflammation may cause the hepatic cells to suffer damage, which would result in high levels. It might be a sign of biliary tree obstruction See item 4 for more 8. Calcium Calcium is one of the most important minerals in the body. It's directly involved in the mineralization and growth of bones and it ensures that teeth remain in good condition. Normal calcium range 5–10.5 mg/dl for men and women When calcium blood test is high This might be a sign of hyperparathyroidism, bone disorders, malignant disease such as metastatic carcinoma of breast and kidney, etc Your blood might contain too much vitamin D, which leads to intoxication Acromegaly or dehydration When calcium blood test is low It might be a sign of hypoparathyroidism or chronic kidney failure It might be due to a magnesium or vitamin D deficiency. The patient might have acute pancreatitis, anemia or problems with the pituitary gland 9. Carbon dioxide, C02 total Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of the food metabolization process. This gas is released into the bloodstream when cells are broken down in simpler substances. The blood full of carbon dioxide returns to the lungs, where it is eliminated through respiration. Normal carbon dioxide CO2 range 24–30 mmol/liter for men and women When carbon dioxide CO2 blood test is high It might be a sign of respiratory acidosis resulted from poor gas exchange in the body Additionally, metabolic acidosis may be the cause, especially if there are numerous episodes of vomiting. When it's too low It might signify tubular acidosis of the kidneys It might be a sign of loss of alkaline fluids through the intestines or compensated respiratory alkalosis 10. Chloride Chloride forms when the element chlorine gains an electron. This is an important electrolyte that helps to maintain cell homeostasis or balance. Normal chloride blood test range 100–108 mmol/liter for men and women When chloride blood test is high High chloride may be caused by metabolic acidosis, especially when it's accompanied by loss of fluids caused by diarrhea Additionally, severe dehydration or a kidney issue like renal tubular acidosis or acute renal failure can be the cause. Hyperparathyroidism can also cause chloride levels to increase When chloride blood test is low Too much vomiting or prolonged diarrhea episodes could be the cause. Gastric issues like gastric suction or gastric secretion can also be the cause of low levels. Excessive sweating or respiratory acidosis can also make the chloride levels drop significantly 11. Cholesterol Cholesterol is one of the most common substances tested by physicians all over the world. This substance lines up the interior of your blood vessels and arteries. It's necessary for making new cells and hormones, but too much of it can be a problem. The liver produces cholesterol, but you can also get it from food. Liver function studies are an important part of a chemistry panel, as they can indicate how well your liver is working and if there are any potential problems with body function. Additionally, within the blood are numerous molecules formed as byproducts of normal biochemical functions that can be measured through a blood test, serving numerous roles in maintaining your overall health. Normal cholesterol ranges The ideal level is less than 200 mg/dl The upper limit is 200–239 mg/dl High is anything above 239 mg/dl When cholesterol blood test is high, It might be a symptom of pancreatic dysfunction, but it can also be due to gout, hypothyroidism, chronic renal failure, or extrahepatic cholestasis. can result from acute intermittent porphyria as well as alcoholism or anorexia nervosa. Might facilitate the development of atherosclerosis, that can lead to various cardiovascular diseases When cholesterol blood test is low This might signify lipoprotein deficiency or the necrosis of liver cells Malnutrition and inadequate nutrient absorption are additional causes of it. It might be associated with mental retardation, rheumatoid arthritis or obstructive lung disease 12. Creatinine The muscles produce creatinine, which is a byproduct of creatine, particularly following a strenuous workout. The kidneys eliminate it from the body through urine. This test is part of the CMP panel. Normal creatinine range 6-1.5 mg/dl for men and women When creatinine blood test is high Too much creatinine in the body might be a sign of renal failure or kidney dysfunction Hyperthyroidism can also be a cause of too much creatinine building up in the body, as well as acromegaly Eating too many meals containing meat can increase the level of creatine in the body Certain supplements, like creatine, can increase creatinine blood levels When creatinine blood test is low This might be a symptom of excessive muscle loss, most likely due to muscular dystrophy. It can also be a sign of liver problems or a lack of protein in your diet 13. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Sulfate (Adult) DHEA sulfate is a steroid produced by the adrenal cortex in both males and females. It influences the activity of sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. Normal DHEA ranges 10-619 µg/dl for men 12–535 µg/dl for premenopausal women 30-260 µg/dl for postmenopausal women When DHEA blood test is high It might cause anxiety and depression in women during menopause When DHEA blood test is low It might be a sign of psoriasis or hyperlipidemia in men and women 14. Estradiol (Ultra-Sensitive) Estradiol is one of the most common female sex hormones. It's responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle in women and plays an important role in the libido of a man as well. It is responsible for maintaining healthy bone density in men and women. This hormone also starts the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as breasts, hip enlargement, etc. More information about: the role of estradiol in men Normal estradiol ranges Less than 50 pg/mL in men (however, men with high testosterone may have higher estradiol since 0.4% of T aromatizes to estradiol.) Less than 59 pg/mL in postmenopausal women 50–145 pg/mL in women during the Menstruating Follicular Phase 112-443 pg/mL during the midcycle peak 50–241 pg/mL during the luteal phase When estradiol blood test is high Gynecomastia might appear in men with too much estradiol and low testosterone. This means the development of breast tissue in males For young girls, it might be a sign of early puberty Different types of tumors in the testicles or ovaries could be the cause. Hyperthyroidism for both men and women High testosterone doses may increase estradiol in men. When estradiol blood test is low It might signify the onset of menopause in women It might signify hypopituitarism or hypogonadism in men Usually associated with the Turner syndrome, which happens when the woman has just one X chromosome instead of two Can be caused by polycystic ovarian syndrome, a condition that might lead to infertility in women The overuse of aromatase inhibitors like anastrozole can result in low estradiol. 15. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) The anterior pituitary gland is responsible for producing FSH. It's responsible for pubertal maturation, and it works together with the luteinizing hormone to ensure the optimal functioning of the reproductive system. Normal FSH ranges 0–12.0 U/liter for men 0–20.0 U/liter for women during the menstruating follicular phase 0–26.0 U/liter for women during the ovulatory phase 0–12.0 U/liter during the luteal phase 0-153.0 U/liter for postmenopausal women When FSH blood test is high In women, FSH might be a sign of menopause or having the polycystic ovarian syndrome It might also signify a chromosomal abnormality such as Klinefelter's syndrome in men or Turner syndrome in women High levels of FSH in men could also be a sign of damaged testicles from alcohol abuse. In children, excessive FSH might be a sign of starting puberty When FSH blood test is low It might be a sign that a tumor or trauma has harmed the pituitary gland and other crucial hormone control centers in the brain. The woman might not produce eggs and the man might not be able to produce sperm The patient lives a very stressful life, as stress can drastically alter FSH levels Men or women on hormone replacement therapy may have low FSH due to the shutdown of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPGA) axis. 16. Globulin Globulins are a category of proteins produced by the human body. The immune system makes some of them, while the liver produces others to combat various bacteria and viruses. Normal globulin range 6–4.1 g/dl for men and women When globulin blood test is high It might be a sign of cirrhosis, chronic liver disease, or hepatitis When globulin blood test is low This might indicate lymphoproliferative disorder or the onset of various autoimmune diseases 17. Glucose, fasting Glucose is basically the amount of sugar you have in your blood. The entire human body uses glucose as a fuel source, but too much of it can be a problem (diabetes). This test is part of the CMP panel. Normal fasting glucose range 70–110 mg/dl for men and women When glucose blood test is high This might be a sign of diabetes, increased insulin resistance, increased epinephrine, pancreatic disorders or endocrine problems Very high values are commonly associated with acute myocardial infarction, kidney disease or chronic liver disease When glucose blood test is low Although uncommon, a tumor that stimulates the pancreas to produce excessive amounts of insulin may be the cause of low glucose levels. It might also be a sign of serious liver disease or renal disorder 18. Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) GGT can be found in many tissues in the body, particularly in the liver. This is an enzyme that helps doctors diagnose liver diseases with better accuracy. Normal GGT ranges 1-94 U/liter for males 1-70 U/liter for females When GGT blood test is high High levels are associated with liver diseases such as alcohol-induced liver disorders, inflammation or even cirrhosis Very high levels of GGT might signify post-hepatic obstruction or obstructive liver disease When GGT blood test is low This can be a sign of hypothyroidism or hepatoma It might also indicate prostate or pancreatic cancer 19. Growth Hormone, GH (resting) The growth hormone stimulates cell production and regeneration in the human body. It is produced in a pulsatile fashion and most of it is secreted during periods of deep sleep. Normal growth hormone range 2–5 ng/mL for men and women When GH blood test is high Too much growth hormone can cause gigantism in children or acromegaly in middle-aged adults. Both these conditions are characterized by excessive growth of the bones in the hands and feet. Growth hormone therapy or a pituitary tumor that produces GH can be the cause of it. When GH blood test is low Growth hormone deficiency might be present at birth and caused by a poorly developed pituitary gland Later on in life, too little growth hormone might signify a tumor or serious disorder with the pituitary that prevents it from secreting growth hormone normally 20. Hemoglobin A1C Hemoglobin A1c is also known as glycated hemoglobin, and it measures your average blood sugar levels from the last 2 to 3 months. Although it's not an efficient indicator of diabetes, hemoglobin a1c can be used to monitor its evolution over time. Normal A1C range A normal A1C level is below 5.7%, a level of 5.7% to 6.4% indicates prediabetes, and a level of 6.5% or more indicates diabetes. Within the 5.7% to 6.4% prediabetes range, the higher your A1C, the greater your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. When A1c blood test is high Increased levels of this substance are associated with hyperglycemia in adults Having low levels of hemoglobin a1c is usually not a cause of concern. This can happen if the patient consumes little to no sugar over an extended period of time or fasts for more than 12 to 24 hours. 21. High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, HDL HDL cholesterol is also known as "good cholesterol". It is usually calculated and interpreted in combination with either total cholesterol values or LDL cholesterol. Studies indicate that for every 5% decrease in HDL, the risk of coronary artery disease increases by 25%. The HDL test is part of the lipid panel. Normal HDL ranges Over 40 mg/dl for men Over 50 mg/dl for women When HDL blood test is high Although too much HDL is a rare occurrence and shouldn't be a problem, it can increase the risk of serious heart disease in people who already had a heart attack When HDL blood test is low Especially if the triglycerides and LDL cholesterol levels are high, low HDL cholesterol can significantly increase the risk of heart disease such as arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, etc. The use of higher-dose testosterone or anabolic steroids can decrease HDL. Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are known to contribute to low HDL. Read about how to increase HDL. 22. Insulin The pancreas produces insulin, which aids in controlling blood sugar levels. This substance acts as a "key" that opens up the cells in your body, allowing them to absorb glucose and use it for energy production. Normal fasting insulin  range 2-20 U/ml for men and women When insulin blood test is high, A pancreatic tumor that increases secretion can be the cause of too much insulin. It might also be a sign of insulin resistance syndromes or endogenous hyperinsulinemia When insulin blood test is low, This can be a sign that diabetes type 1 was treated improperly 23. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) LDH is an enzyme found in all living cells and organisms. It can be used as a marker for tissue breakdown. Normal LDH range 110–210 U/liter in men and women When LDH blood test is high It might be a sign of myocardial or pulmonary infarction as well as cellular injury High LDH levels are also associated with nonviral hepatitis, lymphoma, sickle cell disease or hemolytic anemias Very high levels usually signify a host of conditions, such as megaloblastic anemia, hyperthermia, hypoxia, extreme shock or renal diseases Low levels of LDH are rare and usually not a cause of concern. 24. Lipoprotein (a) Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lipoprotein (a) has been called a powerful predictor of premature atherosclerotic vascular disease. Extra Lp(a) levels are linked to a higher risk of cardiac death in people with acute coronary syndromes and who have restenosis after angioplasty (PTCA) and coronary bypass procedures. This is because they are an independent risk factor for early coronary artery disease. In general, concentrations greater than or equal to 75 nmol/L of Lp(a) in serum are associated with a two- to sixfold increase in risk, depending on the presence of other risk factors. Lp(a) test is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease and cerebral infarction (in white populations) equal to high LDL cholesterol. Serum concentrations are genetically determined. Fifteen percent to 20% of the white population have Lp(a) levels ≥75 nmol/L and are presumed to be at risk. Race-dependent differences in Lp (a) concentrations are known. The significance of high Lp (a) in nonwhite populations must be evaluated with caution. The Lp(a) levels in different ethnic populations can vary widely. Africans, or people of African descent, generally have Lp(a) levels higher than Caucasians and Asians, while Native Americans generally have levels lower than Caucasians. This variability of Lp(a) levels by ethnic population requires careful interpretation of results based on knowledge of the patient and other cardiac risk factors that may be present. Normal Lipoprotein a ranges Risk: nmol/L Optimal | <75 Moderate: 75-125 High: >125 When lipoprotein a is high It might be a sign of premature coronary heart disease as well as hyperlipoproteinemia  It might lead to hypothyroidism, anorexia nervosa, hepatic obstruction or Cushing’s syndrome When lipoprotein a blood test is low Very low levels of LDL cholesterol occur rarely, but they might signify cancer or hemorrhagic stroke. Very high statin doses can also be the cause of it. 25. Iron Iron is an important element in the human body. It helps with the production of red blood cells and prevents the onset of anemia, a condition characterized by permanent fatigue and lack of energy. Iron also helps transport oxygen to the various cells and tissues in the body. Normal iron range 45–180 ug/dL for men and women When iron blood test is high This might indicate conditions such as hemolytic anemias, poisoning with lead, acute leukemia, hepatitis or a deficiency of vitamin B6 Too much iron can also be associated with hemochromatosis and nephritis Taking higher doses of iron supplements can also cause high iron When iron blood test is low This can signify severe anemia, acute or chronic infection in the body, carcinoma or hypothyroidism Low amounts of iron in the blood are also associated with nephrosis, shortness of breath, paleness, and heart palpitations Other causes of low iron are frequent blood donations or internal bleeding. 26. Luteinizing hormone (LH) The luteinizing hormone (LH) plays a vital role in the reproductive organs for both men and women. It affects the menstruation cycle of a woman and for men, the luteinizing hormone binds to the Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone. Normal LH ranges 0-12.0 in men 0–15.0 for the follicular phase of a menstruating female 22–105 for the ovulatory phase 6-19 for the luteal phase 16-64 for postmenopausal women When LH blood test is high In men, too much LH in the bloodstream might be a sign of testicular dysfunction or an LH-producing adenoma. In women, this can indicate ovarian failure or ovarian dysfunction. When LH blood test is low Very low levels of LH might indicate dysfunction of the pituitary gland in both men and women Hormone replacement therapy is another factor that can contribute to low LH in both men and women. 27. Magnesium Magnesium is an important element in the human body. It helps to process glucose in the bloodstream, it supports the immune system, it keeps neurological system function well, it keeps bones strong, and it also ensures a steady heartbeat. Normal magnesium range 4–2.0 meq/liter for men and women When magnesium blood test is high This can be a sign of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus as well as renal insufficiency or dehydration Too much magnesium can also be associated with Addison's disease, hypothyroidism or autoimmune diseases such as lupus When magnesium blood test is low A magnesium deficiency can be characterized by muscle cramps, excessive fatigue, and osteoporosis, among other conditions. Conditions and medications that increase the risk of magnesium deficiency include gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, advanced age, type 2 diabetes, use of loop diuretics (such as Lasix), treatment with certain chemotherapies, and alcohol dependence. 28. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) and MCH Concentration (MCHC): the amount or concentration, respectively, of hemoglobin in an average red blood cell. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is a calculation of the amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin inside your red blood cells (RBCs). A high MCHC indicates an increased level of hemoglobin in your RBCs, which can be further evaluated through a red blood cell count. These results are typically included in a complete blood count panel, which is crucial for monitoring overall health and detecting potential medical conditions. Normal MCH range 27.5 and 33.2 picograms (pg) per cell When MCH blood test is high A high MCH indicates an increased level of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein, in your RBCs. Increases can be associated with anemia. Often, increased MCH occurs in conjunction with a high mean corpuscular volume—or large red blood cells-which suggest macrocytic anemia. High MCH can also be linked to low blood levels of B-12 or folate, indicating a potential health condition. When MCH blood test is low A low MCH indicates that you have a decreased level of oxygen-carrying protein in your red blood cells, also known as anemia. This can result from either lower than normal levels of red blood cells or a decrease in the quantity or quality of hemoglobin, the protein that allows these cells to transport oxygen. Decreases can be associated with certain types of anemia, including chronic fatigue syndrome. Often, decreases occur in conjunction with low mean corpuscular volume—or small RBCs—which suggest microcytic anemia. Hypochromic anemia, resulting from hemoglobin deficiency, can be a possibility as well. Understanding your MCH levels is crucial to interpreting your blood test results and identifying any potential issues with your normal levels of red blood cells. Different ways of studying blood and interpreting results can also affect the reference range, making it important to consult with a healthcare professional for accurate analysis. 29. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) is the average size, or volume, of individual red blood cells. Normal MCV range 80–100 femtoliters When MCV blood test is high A high MCV indicates large, or macrocytic, RBCs. A high MCV is associated with specific varieties of anemia and can indicate a deficiency in vitamin B12 or folic acid. It can also be elevated in patients with sleep apnea. When MCV blood test is low A low MCV indicates small, or microcytic, red blood cells. A low MCV is associated with anemia and can indicate an iron deficiency, chronic illness, hereditary disease, or thalassemia. 28. Phosphorus, inorganic (adult) Phosphorus is the second-most common mineral in the body. It makes up for about 1% of a person's weight and its main role is to help in the formation of bones and teeth. The highest levels of phosphorus in the bloodstream usually occur in the morning and they gradually drop to lower levels in the evening. Normal phosphorus range 6-4.5 mg/dl for men and women When phosphorus blood test is high This can be a sign of intoxication with vitamin D, bone tumors or even leukemia Too much phosphorus might also be a sign that some bones are healing inside the body, as well as hypoparathyroidism or renal failure In some cases, it can be associated with respiratory acidosis or pulmonary embolism When phosphorus blood test is low You might experience severe fatigue, muscle weakness, and lack of energy It might contribute to the development of joint pain or bone disorders 29. Potassium Potassium is one of the most important electrolytes in the body. Electrolytes help to transport electrical impulses to and from organs and tissues. Potassium is not produced in the body, so it must be taken from various foods such as bananas, nuts, beans, whole grains, and lean meats. Normal potassium range 4–4.8 mmol/liter for men and women When potassium blood test is high This is also known as hyperkalemia and it's usually associated with a poor excretion of potassium through the kidneys It can also be a sign of anorexia nervosa, dehydration, tissue damage or hemolysis The most common cause of high potassium is kidney disease. Some blood pressure medications can increase serum potassium Uncontrolled diabetes Injuries that cause severe bleeding Some rare diseases can cause high potassium levels. When potassium blood test is low This might be a sign of an adrenal disorder such as Cushing syndrome Low potassium (hypokalemia) has many causes. The most common cause is excessive potassium loss in urine due to prescription medications that increase urination. Also known as water pills or diuretics, these types of medications are often prescribed for people who have high blood pressure or heart disease. 30. Progesterone Progesterone is produced in the ovary and it plays a vital role in maintaining a pregnancy. It also plays an important role in brain function in men and women and it can be used as a medication to treat different hormonal disorders. It's important to note that the levels of progesterone in a woman's body vary throughout the month, depending on her ovulation phase. The progesterone levels skyrocket if the woman is pregnant. Normal progesterone ranges Less than 1 ng/mL for men More than 1 ng/mL for a female during the follicular phase 3-20 ng/mL during the mid-luteal phase When progesterone blood test is high If the woman is not pregnant, this can be a sign of an ovarian problem, such as an ovarian cyst or ovarian cancer. If the woman is pregnant, high levels are normal Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can also be the cause of high progesterone. When progesterone blood test is low Low progesterone levels in women are usually associated with infertility problems and might lead to poor ovarian function testosterone or the use of anabolic steroids may be the cause of low progesterone levels in men. It can be linked to sleep issues and anxiety. 31. Prolactin The pituitary gland is responsible for producing the hormone prolactin. It influences the lactation process, but it also plays an important role in the functioning of the immune system. In some cases, it can also influence the behavior of the individual. Normal prolactin ranges 0–15 ng/mL for men 0–20 ng/mL for premenopausal women 0–15 ng/mL for postmenopausal women When prolactin blood test is high, In men, too much prolactin might lead to impotence, galactorrhea, low libido, and even infertility. Pituitary adenomas (tumors) can be the cause of it. High prolactin levels can decrease testosterone production and cause erectile dysfunction. It can also cause nipple discharge in some men. Caution: Blocking prolactin may cause heart issues. In women, too much prolactin might interfere with the ovulation process and reduce the secretion of estrogen and progesterone When prolactin blood test is low Although very rare, this might reduce the production of milk in women who just gave birth. It might also be a sign of a poorly functioning pituitary gland Higher doses of cabergoline or other prolactin antagonists can cause low prolactin levels in men. 32. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Both healthy and unhealthy prostate tissue produce the prostate-specific antigen, a type of protein. It acts as a marker for detecting prostate cancer as well as monitoring the recurrence of prostate-related diseases like prostatitis. It is suggested that you follow these recommendations to prepare for a PSA test. Normal PSA range 0-2.0 ng/ml for men under 40 years of age 0-4.0 ng/ml for 40-year-old men or older When PSA blood test is high It might be a sign of prostatitis or benign prostatic hyperplasia, so high PSA may not be prostate cancer. Strong exercise or surgery may also be the cause of a high PSA level. In some cases, high PSA levels are associated with prostate cancer When PSA blood test is low It might indicate prostate tumors, but usually more tests are required to confirm the diagnosis 33. Protein, total Protein is one of the most important nutrients in the human body, as it directly impacts cell regeneration and repair. Different types of proteins can be used as fuel and they help with the development of muscle tissue and new human cells. Normal protein range 0-8.0 g/dl for men and women When protein blood test is high Too much protein in the bloodstream might be associated with anabolic steroid use High serum protein can also be a sign of insulin progesterone, epinephrine or corticosteroids preparations When protein blood test is low This can signify malnutrition, malabsorption syndrome or a chronic liver disease 34. Sodium Sodium is another important electrolyte in the body. It helps to keep the cell fluid balance at normal levels and it performs other important body functions. Normal sodium range 135–145 mmol/liter for men and women When sodium blood test is high This can be a sign of Cushing's syndrome Too much sodium might also be a sign of increased renal sodium retention in hyperaldosteronism When sodium blood test is low Also known as hyponatremia, too little sodium in the blood might signify diuretic abuse, salt-losing nephropathy or excessive sweating Low sodium might also be caused by excessive vomiting or diarrhea 35. Somatomedin C (insulin-like growth factor I , IGF-1) IGF-1 plays a vital role during childhood and it can have anabolic effects in adults. This hormone acts like insulin as it helps control the blood sugar level. It's produced by the liver and it can be influenced by growth hormone. It increases with hunger as Ghrelin is produced by the stomach. Normal IGF-1 ranges 182–780 ng/mL for people between 16 and 24 years 114–492 ng/mL for people between 25 and 39 years 90-360 ng/mL for people between 40 and 54 years 71-290 ng/mL for people older than 54 years When it's too high This might be a sign of acromegaly, especially if the growth hormone levels are also high. A pituitary tumor might be the cause of this. High growth hormone therapy doses may be the cause of high IGF-1. Hypothyroidism, liver disease, or uncontrolled diabetes are possible causes of low IGF-1. It can slow down height in children. 36. Testosterone, total Testosterone is the most important male sex hormone. It starts the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics in pubertal boys and it helps to produce sperm in adult men. It is linked to libido, lean body mass, and motivation in men and women. You can find a cheap testosterone test on discountedlabs.com Normal testosterone ranges (depending on laboratory) 270–1070 ng/dl for men 6-86 ng/dl for women When testosterone blood test is high, This can be a sign of high testosterone doses. High testosterone doses or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women can be the cause of it. When testosterone blood test is low, It can lead to hypogonadism and low sex drive in men It may result from illness, head trauma, the use of opiates or anabolic steroids, exposure to environmental toxins, high prolactin from pituitary adenomas, testicular dysfunction, malnutrition, specific medications, or low LH produced by the pituitary gland. Low testosterone in women can result from a variety of causes, including illness, ovarian or adrenal dysfunction, the use of opiates or anabolic steroids, excessive exercise, and other factors. 37. Testosterone, Free Free or unbound testosterone makes up for about 1% to 2% of the total testosterone people have in their bodies. This type of testosterone is not bound to proteins such as albumin or sex hormone-binding globulin. It is responsible for most of the functions attributed to testosterone (libido, mood, etc.) Normal free testosterone ranges 0–40.0 pg/mL for males between 20 and 40 years 0–35.0 pg/mL for males between 41 and 60 years 0–28.0 pg/mL for males between 61 and 80 years 6–3.1 pg/mL for females between 20 and 40 years 4–2.5 pg/mL for females between 41 and 60 years 2–2.0 pg/mL for females between 61 and 80 years When free testosterone blood test is low, It's usually associated with hypogonadal symptoms in men and women. Low free testosterone is usually caused by low total testosterone or by high sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). When free testosterone blood test is high High free testosterone is usually caused by high total testosterone (high TRT doses), anabolic steroid use, or low SHBG. 38. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) The pituitary gland is responsible for producing TSH. It directly stimulates the thyroid and makes it secrete different types of thyroid hormones that are involved in energy production and other metabolic processes. Normal TSH range 5–5.0 U/ml for men and women (some physicians treat based on a range of 0.5–2.5) When TSH blood test is high High TSH levels can mean your thyroid is not making enough thyroid hormones, a condition called hypothyroidism, especially when it's associated with fatigue, depression, and constipation Iodine supplementation can also result in high TSH. When TSH blood test is low It might be a sign of an overly active thyroid or hyperthyroidism. Muscle weakness, nervousness, and irregular heartbeats can accompany it. Thyroid hormone replacement can result in low TSH. 39. Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) Hormonal production of the thyroid gland is composed of thyroxine or T4 (80%), and triiodothyronine, or T3 (20%). In the circulation, whole T4 originates from thyroid secretion but most of T3 (80%) is produced outside the thyroid from T4 deiodination. Different factors may affect the conversion of T4 to T3, and circulating T3 is a less reliable indicator of thyroid hormone production than T4. In the blood, most of T4 and T3 are bound to binding proteins and only 0.02% of T4 and 0.3% of T3 are free. Because of their higher diagnostic performance, free T4 (FT4) and free T3 (FT3) measurements have superseded total (free + bound) hormone determination. Free T3 measures the free T3 hormone levels. This test can be really useful for finding out what amount of active thyroid hormones are available for the thyroid receptor sites. Free T3 blood test are high in hyperthyroid conditions and low in hypothyroid conditions. May also be high in thyroid toxicosis. The thyroid function panel also measures the levels of these hormones to assess thyroid-related health, including the levels of these hormones. Free T4 is used to measure the amount of free or active T4 in the blood. High with hyperthyroidism, low with hypothyroidism. The drug Heparin can also cause elevated free T4 levels, as can some acute illness. It’s also high in an overdose of thyroid hormone. Normal total T4 range 5–10.9 g/dl for men and women When T4 blood test is high Too much thyroxine is commonly associated with hyperthyroidism When T4 blood test is low This can be a sign of a poorly functioning thyroid gland or hypothyroidism 40. Thyroid Antibodies When these antibodies are present, it means that your immune system is attacking your own tissue. When your body produces thyroid autoantibodies, it could create a hypo- or hyper-thyroid state. They may also be elevated if there is thyroid cancer. Some antibodies can attach to TSH receptors, but they don’t cause a response in the thyroid. These people will complain of low thyroid symptoms, but the TSH might not change at all. In other cases, the antibodies bind to receptor sites and cause the thyroid to be overactive. Here you will see high T4, low TSH and high antibodies. There are 3 autoantibodies that are tested. The first 2 are the most common: Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (TPO Ab): This antibody is the one that is usually high in autoimmune thyroid conditions like Hashimoto’s. It is also known as microsomal antibody. Thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb): These aren’t seen as often as TPO Ab. They are usually ordered when thyroid lab results seem strange because these antibodies can interfere with thyroid hormone production. TgAb is also used to monitor progress after surgery for removing the thyroid in thyroid cancer. You can buy thyroid tests on discountedlabs.com Sources: Troponin Test Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) Lab Tests Thyroid Tests Journal Article on HIV-Associated Cancers and Related Diseases Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test Perspectives on Diagnostic Strategies for Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Research Article on Severe Diarrhea and Malnutrition How to Read Your Laboratory Report Fatigue - Merck Manuals Professional Edition Complete Blood Count (CBC) Diagnosing Anemia    

What is Biotin? Biotin, also known as vitamin B or vitamin H, is a dietary supplement that is often taken for hair, skin, and nail health. It is marketed under various names, including vitamin B7, vitamin H, and coenzyme R. Recent studies have shown the benefit of biotin for medical conditions such as hair and nail problems, diabetes mellitus, peripheral neuropathy, and multiple sclerosis. Biotin supplements taken at common over-the-counter doses can interfere with the results of certain hormone assays, giving falsely high or low results that could lead to a misdiagnosis, researchers reported. Biotin deficiency, while unusual in modern times, can still occur and may lead to various health issues. Biotin supplements in very large amounts (10–15 mg) (333 times the daily recommended amount) have become popular because they are thought to help with hair growth, diabetes, lipid disorders, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. They are also thought to help with treatment of mitochondrial energy metabolism disorders, lipid disorders, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The Mayo Clinic has also reported on the potential interference of biotin with hormone tests. Biotin At A Glance Many patients are taking megadoses of biotin that can cause falsely high and falsely low results in a variety of laboratory tests, including thyroid tests. Biotin has no impact on hormone tests used with liquid chromatography or mass spectrometry. Patients are taking these supplements mainly to improve their hair, skin, and nails and might not consider them medications to report on their list. Most multivitamins do not have enough biotin for concern, however. Biotin interference with lab tests could be causing misdiagnoses — and even mistreatment — in an unknown number of patients. Biotin Affects Blood Tests Performed with Immunoassays High doses of biotin may interfere with lab tests because biotin is a common component of many immunoassays in the form of biotinylated antibodies or analogs. If you are taking a biotin supplement, please stop it at least 4 days before getting your blood drawn. Biotin supplements taken at common over-the-counter doses can interfere with the results of certain hormone assays, giving falsely high or low results that could lead to a misdiagnosis and mimic the typical biochemical picture of Grave's disease. Biotin supplements, at very large doses of 10–15 mg (333-fold greater than the dietary recommendation), have become popular for the presumptive benefits of stimulating hair growth, diabetes, lipid disorders, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Biotin interference is particularly prominent in competitive immunoassays, which are commonly used for low-molecular-weight targets such as T4, T3, and cortisol. Therefore, it is important to stop taking biotin supplements before undergoing any blood tests performed with competitive immunoassays to avoid misleading results. Biotin interference causes inaccurate results, highlighting the importance of avoiding biotin supplements before blood tests, particularly those involving parathyroid hormone levels. What Are the Typical Tests That Higher-Dose Biotin May Affect? Biotin can affect a wide variety of laboratory tests. Examples include tests for: Troponin—a test used to help diagnose heart attacks Thyroid hormone tests, such as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) tests Other hormones, such as parathyroid hormone (PTH), cortfollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), Vitamin D levels How Much Does Taking Biotin Actually Affect TSH Results? Based on the search results, taking high doses of biotin (vitamin B7) can significantly interfere with thyroid function tests, including TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), and lead to inaccurate results. The key points regarding biotin's effect on TSH are:When using immunoassays that use the biotin-streptavidin binding mechanism [1, 3, 6, 7, 9], biotin interference often leads to TSH levels that are too low. This is because too much biotin makes it harder for the TSH-antibody complex to bind to the streptavidin-coated solid phase in these "sandwich" immunoassays. The degree of TSH suppression depends on the dose of biotin and the specific assay method used by the laboratory [1, 3, 6, 7]. Higher biotin doses generally cause more suppression of the measured TSH level. One study found that taking 10 mg of biotin daily for 7 days caused TSH levels to be falsely low for up to 8 hours after the last biotin dose when measured on certain assay platforms like Roche Cobas and Beckman UniCel. With a 10 mg biotin dose, TSH remained falsely low for 1-2 days. Another study showed that taking 10,000 mcg (10 mg) of biotin daily caused TSH levels to be falsely low, mimicking hyperthyroidism, even though the patient was clinically euthyroid. Biotin interference can lead to misdiagnosis of hyperthyroidism or mismanagement of thyroid disorders like thyroid cancer if TSH is being used to monitor suppressive levothyroxine therapy [4, 7]. To sum up, high-dose biotin supplements, which are often used to treat hair, skin, and nails, can significantly lower measured TSH levels through assay interference. This could lead to a wrong diagnosis and bad treatment changes if biotin intake is not taken into account. The effect is dose-dependent and can last for 1-2 days after stopping high biotin doses. [1,3,6,7,9,12] Discussion - Our patient, who was taking 10000 mg/day of biotin for multiple sclerosis, showed lab results of falsely elevated free T3 and T4 and falsely low TSH, mimicking symptoms of hyperthyroidism. His thyroid function report returned to normal when he stopped taking biotin for five days, showing no signs of hyperthyroidism. When to Stop Biotin Before Thyroid or OTher Hormone Tests High doses of biotin can interfere with certain thyroid tests and other hormone tests, leading to inaccurate results. It is recommended to stop taking biotin at least 2 days before undergoing any thyroid function tests to ensure the most accurate readings. This precaution is essential as biotin ingestion can skew thyroid hormone levels in blood tests, potentially causing misdiagnosis or inappropriate treatment. The American Thyroid Association (ATA) has recommended stopping biotin at least 2 days prior to lab testing, specifically thyroid labs, to avoid spurious results, especially for free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Always consult with your healthcare provider for specific guidance on when to discontinue biotin before thyroid testing. The FDA Stance on Biotin The FDA has said these about biotin's potential interference with lab tests: Know that biotin is found in multivitamins, including prenatal multivitamins, biotin supplements, and supplements for hair, skin, and nail growth in levels that may interfere with laboratory tests. However, the amount of biotin can vary significantly among different products. Consider that the daily recommended allowance for biotin is 0.03 mg (300 mcg) and that amount does not typically cause interference in lab tests Biotin Can Interfere with Certain Blood Tests: Physicians Should Warn Patients Clinicians are cautioned to act decisively given the risk of inaccurate or missed diagnosis and in light of the urgency that prompted a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safety Communication on this very topic. The FDA recommends that clinicians take the following precautions: Talk to your patients about any biotin supplements they may be taking, including supplements marketed for hair, skin, and nail growth Be aware that many lab tests, including but not limited to cardiovascular diagnostic tests and hormone tests, that use biotin technology are potentially affected, and incorrect test results may be generated if there is biotin in the patient’s specimen Communicate to the lab conducting the testing if your patient is taking biotin If a lab test result doesn’t match the clinical presentation of your patient, consider biotin interference as a possible source of error Know that biotin is found in multivitamins, including prenatal multivitamins, biotin supplements, and dietary supplements for hair, skin, and nail growth in levels that may interfere with lab tests Report to the lab test manufacturer and the FDA if you become aware of a patient experiencing an adverse event following potentially incorrect laboratory test results due to biotin interference. Common Questions and Answers: Does biotin interfere with TPO antibodies on a thyroid test? Biotin can interfere with TPO (Thyroid Peroxidase) antibody test results, leading to falsely elevated or decreased levels. If you are taking biotin supplements and are scheduled for a thyroid test, it is recommended to inform your healthcare provider about your biotin use. This will allow them to provide guidance on whether you need to stop taking biotin before the test to ensure accurate results. It's important for healthcare professionals to have all the necessary information to interpret your test results correctly and make appropriate recommendations based on accurate data. How does biotin interact with thyroid medication? Biotin, also known as vitamin B7, is a water-soluble vitamin that is often included in multivitamin supplements and promoted for its potential benefits for hair, skin, and nails. However, recent literature suggests that high doses of biotin can interfere with certain thyroid function tests, leading to inaccurate results. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinology advises discussing biotin therapy with your healthcare provider, especially if you are taking thyroid medication, because this interference is more common in people who take biotin supplements at levels much higher than the recommended daily intake. If you are taking thyroid medication and considering adding a biotin supplement to your routine, it is important to discuss this with your healthcare provider. They can provide guidance on the appropriate dosage of biotin and how it may interact with your thyroid medication. In some cases, they may recommend temporarily stopping the biotin supplement before thyroid function tests to ensure accurate results. It is always best to consult with a healthcare professional when making changes to your medication or supplement regimen to avoid any potential interactions or adverse effects. Can biotin affect thyroid function? Biotin can interfere with some thyroid function tests, leading to inaccurate results. If you are undergoing thyroid function testing, it is recommended to inform your healthcare provider if you are taking biotin supplements, as they may advise you to discontinue them temporarily before the test. It's important to follow your healthcare provider's guidance to ensure accurate test results and proper interpretation. Click here for other FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT THE ACCURACY OF YOUR BLOOD TEST RESULTS  References "Thyroid hormone interference caused by biotin: review and case illustration" - PMC "Assessment of Biotin Interference in Thyroid Function Tests" (MD Journal) "The effect of biotin on thyroid function tests: A synthetic overview" (PMC) "Case of a misdiagnosed thyroid disorder due to biotin interference" - Journal of Medical Case Reports "Biotin Interference with Thyroid Function Tests - Safety Alert" (Health Sciences Authority) "Biotin supplementation and its impact on thyroid function testing: Analysis of a community population" (PMC) "Review on the interference of dietary supplements on clinical laboratory tests: Biotin and its effect on thyroid function testing" (International Journal of Thyroidology) "Biotin Supplementation: Implications for Thyroid Testing" - Thyroid.org "January 2016 - Thyroid Month: Beware of Biotin" (Endocrine News) "Understanding Biotin Interference in Thyroid Tests" (Medscape) "Biotin and Thyroid Testing: A Quantitative Review" (Journal of Endocrine Society) "New Insights into Biotin Interference with Thyroid Tests" (Thyroid.org) FDA In Brief: FDA provides draft recommendations to diagnostic manufacturers to help reduce risks of biotin interference with certain lab tests The FDA Warns that Biotin May Interfere with Lab Tests: FDA Safety Communication  

Excess biotin in the blood from supplements can cause some. Still, not all, lab test results are either falsely increased or falsely decreased, causing healthcare practitioners to misdiagnose and mistreat their patients. Find out what supplements contain biotin, about standard tests affected by biotin, and how healthcare professionals can prepare you for testing if you take biotin. WHAT IS BIOTIN? A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex, biotin (also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H), is used as a dietary supplement and in medicine. Because biotin insufficiency is so uncommon, there is no recommended daily intake (RDI) for biotin supplementation; nonetheless, the recommended daily intake for individuals in the United States is between 30 and 100 mcg. 1 Biotin's effective half-life ranges from 8 to 18 hours. 2 It is also known as vitamin B7 or water-soluble vitamin H. Biotin helps enzymes carry out carboxylation reactions that are a part of the Krebs cycle, gluconeogenesis, and the breakdown of fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids. While the recommended daily intake of biotin is 30 mcg for adults, the average intake of this micronutrient in Western diets is about 35-70 mcg daily.Approximately 15-20% of US adults take supraphysiologic doses of biotin-containing supplements for common hair and skin problems, weight loss, enhanced glucose metabolism, and boosting energy. Biotin also has pharmacologic indications for multiple sclerosis, malabsorption syndrome, dysregulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism, biotin-thiamin responsive basal ganglia disease, and genetic biotin deficiency. It is also used in alleviating muscle cramps in hemodialysis patients. Unfortunately, when consumed in high doses, typically in over-the-counter supplements, biotin interferes with the biotin-streptavidin system used in many immunoassays. The biotin-streptavidin complex is reliable for its strong non-covalent bond. The strong affinity of biotin to streptavidin makes it resistant to organic solvents, denaturants, detergents, and proteolytic enzymes, as well as extremes of temperature and pH.Impact of Biotin on ImmunoassaysAn excess biotin intake may adversely affect immunoassays in two different ways: In competitive immunoassays, excessive biotin is likely to produce a falsely high result; In immunometric or sandwich assays may result in false low results. RESULTS FROM A LABORATORY USING BIOTIN A powerful, exact, and stable connection spontaneously forms between streptavidin and biotin. This technology, which has been around for a while, enables the creation of sensitive, focused, and precise immunoassays. The accuracy of immunoassays can be impacted by various interference and error causes.3-5 While taking biotin in large levels can interfere with immunoassays, taking biotin as an ingredient in a typical multivitamin carries no risk of this assay interference. 6 WHAT TYPICAL PATIENT POPULATIONS USE BIOTIN? There is no RDI for biotin because it is thought to be extremely rare. Adults are advised to consume 30-100 mcg of biotin daily. 1 Three distinct demographics should be considered when thinking about using biotin as a supplement: • Taking a daily multivitamin • Therapeutic use of biotin at high doses • OTC (Over-the-counter) lifestyle supplements containing high doses of biotin Use of daily multivitamins: A common daily multivitamin contains the nutrient biotin. The usual dose is 30–40 mcg. Treatment with high doses of biotin includes treating genetic diseases such holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency, biotin-thiamin-responsive basal ganglia illness, and biotinidase deficiency.7 Additionally, high-dose biotin is currently being tested in clinical settings as a possible treatment for multiple sclerosis patients. 9 OTC lifestyle high-dose biotin supplements: Some customers use supplements with high concentrations of biotin (5,000–10,000 mcg), which are now marketed to support healthy hair, skin, and nails.   INTERRUPTION BY BIOTIN IN IMMUNOASSAYS According to all Roche immunoassay box inserts, patients taking biotin doses >5,000 mcg should wait at least 8 hours following the final biotin injection before a sample is taken to reduce the risk of interference.   PATIENT IDENTIFICATION FOR BIOTIN TREATMENT Before doing any laboratory tests, it is crucial to inquire about patients' use of all supplements, including biotin, to ensure testing accuracy.  TESTING OF PATIENTS Prior to testing, it's crucial to ask patients the correct questions in both routine and emergency situations. You can identify potential interference from the outset and take it into account in your diagnostic evaluation and other important criteria by asking patients about their levels of biotin intake. Evaluation of the clinical picture should be done when making a diagnosis and a therapy decision.   WHAT ARE THE COMMON TESTS THAT MAY BE AFFECTED BY HIGHER-DOSE BIOTIN? Biotin can affect a wide variety of laboratory tests. Examples include tests for: Troponin—a test used to help diagnose heart attacks Thyroid hormone tests, such as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) tests Other hormones, such as parathyroid hormone (PTH), cortfollicle-stimulating hormone, (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) Vitamin D levels   Some laboratory platforms use methods that do not experience interference from biotin, even for the above examples. Tests that employ methods free from biotin interference can sometimes be used for re-testing samples from patients in whom biotin interference is suspected, similar to what is seen in the video, Biotin: Friend and Foe. Alternatively, after the patient has refrained from taking biotin, re-testing may be done later.   REFERENCES 1. Accessed on 5/26/2017 at http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/biotin-oral-route/description/drg-20062359.2. Peyro Saint Paul et al., Expert Opinion Drug Metab-Txicol 2016, 12, 327–344.3. Boscato et al. Clinical Chemistry 1998; 34(1): 27–33.4. Kroll et al. Clinical Chemistry 1994; 40(11 Pt 1): 1996–2005.5. Kricka, Clinical Chemistry 1999; 45(7):942–956.6. Internal data; draft of text. Biotinidase Deficiency. 7. Wolf B. 2000 Mar 24 [Updated on June 9, 2016] edited by Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, et al. online resource GeneReviews®. University of Washington, Seattle; 1993–2017. Seattle (WA).8. Kassem et al., AJNR 2014, 35(10):1990–19959. Sedel et al., Mult. Scler. Rel. Disord. 2015, 4, 159-169              

Top Choice: Quantiferon Gold Test for TB Screening This test has become the most recommended and accurate method for testing tuberculosis. This cutting-edge technology provides fast results, making it an ideal choice for those who need to be tested quickly and accurately. Quantiferon Gold tests can now easily be found at Discounted Labs in many cities across the U.S., offering convenience without having to visit a doctor's office or clinic. In this blog post, we will discuss what exactly quantiferon gold is, who should get tested with it, how it is administered, any risks associated with its use, as well as where you can find discounted labs that offer this test service so you know all your options before getting tested. The QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus), also called an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA test), is a diagnostic test that is done in a lab. With a peptide cocktail that looks like the ESAT-6 and CFP-10 proteins, it wakes up cells in whole blood that have been heparinized. There is a test called ELISA that can find interferon gamma (IFN-g) and check how well T cells defend against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). This helps in vitro responses to these peptide antigens that are linked to M tuberculosis infection, making it an important tool in diagnosing and monitoring the immune response to TB. When you have an infection with M. tuberculosis, CD4+ T cells are very important for blocking the infection because they release IFN-gamma. A test called QuantiFERON -TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-Gold) could only find IFN-gamma that was released by CD4+ T cells before the QFT-Plus test. What is Quantiferon Gold? It is an advanced version of the traditional TB skin test, which requires multiple visits and has been found to be less accurate than Quantiferon Gold. The Quantiferon Gold test can be completed in one visit and provides more reliable results than the skin test. It is also sometimes called the IGRA test or med. Guidelines recommend performing both IGRA and tuberculin skin tests in immunocompromised patients to detect latent infections and treat it if either test is positive. Overview of the Test: When white blood cells touch TB bacteria, they release interferon-gamma. The Quantiferon Gold test measures the amount of this protein in a small amount of blood, 1.0 ml, from the patient's arm. If high levels are detected, it indicates that the person has been exposed to or infected with TB bacteria and is at a greater risk. The entire process takes about two hours, and results are available within 24 hours after testing. The QFT result is indeterminate, meaning that it can be inconclusive. What do we tell the patient, and what do we do? A high background level of interferon-gamma (a negative control that does not work) or no response to the mitogen (a positive control that does not work) can lead to results that are not clear. Repeat QFT or TST placement should depend on patient and provider preference. In San Francisco, repeating the QFT will result in a valid result 65-75% of the time. Additionally, if the result is nil or negative, it must be within the recommended range of ≤8.0 IU/mL to be considered valid. Benefits of the Test: The main benefit of using Quantiferon Gold over other tests for detecting TB infection, such as the TB skin test or chest X-rays, is its accuracy and convenience. These tests might give false positives because of things in the environment or because the person has been vaccinated against TB bacteria before. Quantiferon Gold, on the other hand, measures actual exposure to give more accurate results and reduces variability in reading methods. This single-visit procedure does not require any additional follow-up visits or further testing if positive results are obtained. Additionally, the BCG vaccination will not cause a false positive in the Quantiferon test, as it sometimes does with the TB skin test. One of the advantages of the test is that it requires a single patient visit to draw a blood sample, making it a more efficient and convenient option for testing. Results can be available within 24 hours, providing quick and reliable information for healthcare professionals and patients. Accuracy of the Test: Quantiferon Gold is a reliable and accurate test for detecting TB infection. It can be used to help diagnose and monitor active TB infections in people at risk or who have been exposed to the bacteria. Next, we will look at who should get tested with Quantiferon Gold. Click on the image to buy an affordable Quantiferon Gold Test. Who Should Get Tested with Quantiferon Gold? People at Risk for TB Infection: Those who are considered to be at risk for tuberculosis (TB) infection, such as health care workers and individuals who have recently traveled to countries where TB is common, should get tested with Quantiferon Gold. This includes immunocompromised hosts, as well as those with weakened immune systems due to HIV/AIDS or other medical conditions. It is important that these individuals get tested as soon as possible in order to prevent the spread of the disease. People with Symptoms of TB Infection: If you experience any symptoms associated with TB infection, such as a persistent cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, or chest pain, it is important that you get tested immediately. The earlier the diagnosis of LTBI can be made, the better the chance there is of successful treatment and prevention of further complications from developing. If you have been exposed to someone known or suspected to have active tuberculosis, it is important that you get tested right away in order to determine if an infection has occurred. This could include close family members or co-workers who may have contracted the disease through contact with an infected individual. Early detection can help reduce your chances of becoming ill and spreading the disease further. Quantiferon Gold is a reliable and accurate test for TB infection, so anyone who falls into the risk categories should consider getting tested. In the next section, we will discuss how Quantiferon Gold is administered to ensure the accuracy of results. How is Quantiferon Gold Administered? Preparation for the Test: Before undergoing a Quantiferon Gold test, it is important to inform your doctor of any medications you are taking or have taken in the past. Your doctor may advise you to stop taking certain medications prior to the test. Additionally, it is important to avoid eating or drinking anything other than water for at least 8 hours before the procedure. Procedure for Administering the Test: During a Quantiferon Gold test, a small sample of blood will be drawn from your arm and sent off to a laboratory for analysis. The entire process usually takes about an hour and can be done at most medical centers without needing an appointment with a doctor. After having a Quantiferon Gold test, it is recommended that you rest your arm where the needle was inserted for several minutes afterwards in order to reduce swelling and bruising around the area. Additionally, it is advised that you drink plenty of fluids after having this type of lab work done, as dehydration can occur due to fluid loss during testing. Finally, if there are any signs of infection, such as redness or pain around where blood was taken, or if there is any disruption in the gel on the tube walls, then contact your healthcare provider immediately, as antibiotics may need to be prescribed in order to prevent further complications from occurring. Quantiferon Gold is a safe and reliable test that requires minimal preparation and can be administered quickly. However, it's important to understand the potential risks associated with testing in order to make an informed decision about whether or not this test is right for you. What are the Risks Associated with Quantiferon Gold? It is an effective way to diagnose TB without the need for a chest X-ray or sputum sample. However, there are some risks associated with taking this test that should be considered before deciding if it’s right for you. Possible Side Effects and Complications from Testing: Taking a Quantiferon Gold test can cause minor side effects such as soreness at the injection site, fatigue, headaches, nausea, and fever. These symptoms usually resolve within 24 hours of testing and do not require medical attention unless they become severe or persist beyond 24 hours. Additionally, there is always a chance of contracting an infection when having your blood drawn, so both the patient and the technician conducting the test should practice good hygiene to lower this risk. To reduce the chances of getting a false positive result on your Quantiferon Gold test, it is important to follow all preparation instructions provided by your healthcare provider prior to testing. This includes abstaining from alcohol consumption for 48 hours before testing and avoiding strenuous physical activity for 12 hours before testing, as these activities can affect the accuracy of the results. Although Quantiferon Gold is a reliable and accurate test, it's important to be aware of the risks associated with testing. Next, let's look at where you can get tested with Quantiferon Gold and what costs may be involved. Where Can I Get Tested with Quantiferon Gold? It is an easy and accurate way to diagnose TB without the need for a doctor’s visit. If you are considering getting tested with Quantiferon Gold, it is important to know where you can find an accredited lab near you that offers this service. Discounted Labs sells the most affordable quantiferon gold test in the United States. Click here to buy. Finding an Accredited Lab Near You: The best place to start looking for an accredited lab offering Quantiferon Gold testing services is online. Many labs have websites that list their services and provide contact information, so you can call or email them directly if needed. Additionally, Discounted Labs provides affordable testing in most cities in the U.S. without a doctor’s visit, making it easier than ever before to get tested with Quantiferon Gold at a discounted rate. When searching for labs offering Quantiferon Gold tests, be sure to ask about cost considerations such as insurance coverage and payment plans available through the facility itself or through Discounted Labs if applicable. Depending on your situation, there may be additional costs associated with the test, including travel expenses if necessary and any fees charged by the laboratory performing the test itself. Be sure to ask questions ahead of time so you understand what all costs will be involved in order to make informed decisions regarding your health care needs related to TB screening tests like Quantiferon Gold testing services offered by Discounted Labs in most cities across America today. FAQs in Relation to Quantiferon Gold What is QuantiFERON gold test for? The QuantiFERON Gold test is an initial test used to detect latent tuberculosis infection. It checks how much interferon-gamma, an immune system protein, is released when antigens specific to tuberculosis are present in the plasma. This allows for accurate detection of TB without the need for skin testing or other more invasive methods. The QuantiFERON Gold test is a safe and reliable way to diagnose latent TB infection and can be done quickly, with results available within 24 hours, in conjunction with risk assessment and other medical evaluations. It is a cost-effective alternative to traditional TB testing and can be done conveniently without the need for a doctor’s visit. In such situations, the likelihood of M. tuberculosis infection and disease progression should be reassessed, and the initial test results should be confirmed. Repeat testing (using a newly collected specimen), with either the initial test or a different test, may be considered on a case-by-case basis. What does it mean if QuantiFERON is positive? If someone gets a positive QuantiFERON result, it means they have been exposed to or are currently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB exposure). This is the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB). TB is a contagious and potentially serious bacterial infection that affects the lungs. It can be spread through close contact with an infected person and can cause symptoms such as coughing, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and chest pain. Treatment usually involves antibiotics taken over several months to prevent further spread of the disease. What happens if TB gold test is positive? If a TB Gold test is positive, it indicates that the person has been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) and may have active TB disease. This bacterium can cause serious illnesses such as tuberculosis (TB) and other diseases. In patients at high risk for M. tuberculosis infection, a second test should be considered in accordance with the 2017 ATS/IDSA/CDC Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Adults and Children. If a TB Gold test is positive, it is important to seek medical attention immediately in order to receive an accurate diagnosis and an appropriate treatment plan for active TB disease. Treatment for active TB usually involves taking several antibiotics for at least six months or longer, depending on the severity of the infection. In order to stop the disease from spreading, it's also crucial to take all medications exactly as your doctor has instructed. What is the difference between a TB test and QuantiFERON? A TB test, also known as a tuberculin skin test, is a skin test used to detect the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis. It involves injecting a small amount of fluid containing tuberculin, the substance used in the tuberculin skin test, into the skin and then observing for any reaction over 48–72 hours. A positive result indicates exposure to TB but is not necessarily an active infection. Another type of TB test is the QuantiFERON test, which is a blood test that measures the body's immune response to TB bacteria. Unlike the skin test, it only requires one visit to a healthcare provider and is recommended for those who have received the TB vaccine. The QuantiFERON test looks for an active TB infection in the blood by measuring the amount of proteins that are released when M. tuberculosis antigens are present. This type of testing can provide more accurate results than traditional skin tests and may be recommended if there are concerns about potential false positives or negatives with the TB skin test. Conclusion Quantiferon Gold is a highly accurate and recommended TB test that can be administered without a doctor's visit. It is an easy, safe, and affordable way to check for tuberculosis infection. Discounted Labs offers this test in most cities across the U.S., so if you are looking for a reliable TB test, Quantiferon Gold may be the right choice for you. Are you looking for an affordable way to get tested for QuantiFERON Gold without a doctor’s visit? Look no further than DiscountedLabs.com! Our team of experts will provide you with the best possible prices on this important lab test and make sure that your results are accurate, reliable, and cost-effective. Don't wait any longer; take advantage of our discounted labs today! References FAQs for health professionals: QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus. QuantiFERON. Published July 2017. Accessed March 2, 2021. Lewinsohn DM, Leonard MK, LoBue PA, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical practice guidelines: diagnosis of tuberculosis in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(2). doi:10.1093/cid/ciw694 Mazurek GH, Jereb J, Vernon A, et al. Updated guidelines for using interferon gamma release assays to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection—United States, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59(RR05):1-25. QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus). Package insert. QuantiFERON. Published August 2017. Accessed March 2, 2021.

  Since abnormally high hematocrit values can pose serious health problems, this article will analyze the correlation between testosterone therapy and high hematocrit. TRT, sleep apnea and smoking are contributing factors that can cause high hematocrit, which can increase cardiovascular risks if not properly managed. This article explains the basics of how to manage high hematocrit while using testosterone. High hematocrit: Why it is important? The red cells are some of the most important components of a person’s blood. The term hematocrit refers to the percentage of red blood cells in a human’s body. For women, normal hematocrit values should be around 42% and for men, it should be around 47%. A complete blood count test will show the number of red blood cells in the blood as well as the hemoglobin values, white blood cells, and platelets. When the hematocrit is too high, meaning that there are too many red blood cells, this condition is known as polycythemia. When the hematocrit values are too low, this condition is known as anemia. Abnormal hematocrit values can put one’s life in danger if not treated promptly. Since abnormally high hematocrit values can pose serious health problems, this article will analyze the correlation between red blood cell count and various medical conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, erythrocytosis caused by testosterone replacement therapy and why people should be careful when donating blood more than once a year. It is important to also know the red cell distribution width (RDW), which is a laboratory measuring system that analyzes the size of red blood cells. Doctors frequently examine the RDW to determine the causes of anemia and to gain more insights about the severity of different cardiovascular diseases.  Platelets are cytoplasmic fragments that quickly react when bleeding is detected in the body. They help in the coagulation process to prevent infection and initiate the healing process. The mean platelet volume (MPV) is a way of measuring the size of the platelets. Both these terms, RDW and MPV, will be used to examine the link between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and high hematocrit values. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), red blood cells and high hematocrit values OSAS is a sleep disorder that is characterized by a collapse of the upper airway while sleeping. This leads to a low quality sleep, choking sensations, and even hypoxia (low oxygen saturation). A comprehensive study performed between January 2011 and June 2014 shows that high RDW might be a reliable marker when it comes to the severity of OSAS. Hematocrit TRT Study Material and Methods 264 patients were admitted to the sleep unit to undergo a polysomnographic evaluation and were subsequently diagnosed with OSAS. 116 of these patients met the criteria of the study and agreed to participate. These patients reported frequent unpleasant symptoms such as daytime sleepiness, severe snoring at nighttime, etc. The exclusion criteria left out patients who had various types of medical conditions that might have interfered with the results of the study. For example, patients who had known cardiovascular diseases, were smokers, had diabetes mellitus, lung disease or hypertension were not included in the study. The 116 patients who participated in the study were divided into several groups, depending on the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) which basically indicates the severity of the sleep apnea. There were 3 groups – mild (AHI between 5 and 15), moderate (AHI between 15 and 30) and severe (AHI higher than 30). There was also a control group of 62 individuals who had an apnea-hypopnea index of less than 5. The study was performed using polysomnographic methods. Researchers have attached suprasternal microphones to assess the airflow of the patients during sleep. Blood samples were also drawn using a 21-gauge needle syringe after a fasting period of 8 hours. The apnea was defined as a stop of airflow for 10 seconds or more during sleep. Hypopnea was defined as a reduction of airflow between 30% and 50% as well as a decrease in capillary oxygen saturation. Sleep Apnea and Testosterone- Study Results At the end of the study, researchers have reached the conclusion that patients with severe OSAS have a higher RDW, a higher platelet count and MPV. In addition, the hematocrit and RDW are positively correlated with apnea-hypopnea index. This means that the complete blood count is very important for patients diagnosed with OSAS. It is well known that patients with OSAS experience a state of systemic inflammation due to a variety of causes. This state of inflammation can lead to a higher secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6, which in turn can create erythrocyte deformability and a higher level of RDW. Other studies have shown that high RDW levels are also associated with a higher-sensitivity CRP level which is a known marker of inflammation. One of the most important reasons which make this study unique and highly accurate is the simple fact that patients who suffered from serious health conditions such as coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension didn’t take part in the study. It is a well-known fact that these illnesses can lead to a higher RDW level which could have compromised the results of the study. Patients who suffer from OSAS also experience hypercoagulability which is caused by high blood viscosity. Hematocrit, erythrocyte behavior, and other factors all affect blood viscosity, which is defined as the resistance of blood to external forces. It has been established that hematocrit plays an important role in the coagulability of blood and can lead to increased blood clotting. When there is an increased blood clotting in the body, the natural flow of blood can be negatively affected and multiple cardiovascular issues can appear. Researchers believe that the hypoxemia experienced by patients with OSAS is caused by a release of inflammatory factors that negatively affect the blood and can lead to hypercoagulability. It has also been found out that the total platelet count in patients with OSAS was higher in comparison with the patients in the control group or those in the mild group. This is real evidence of the correlation between platelet activation and cardiovascular diseases in patients suffering from OSAS. This comprehensive study has shown evidence that RDW, MPV, and platelet count are increased in patients diagnosed with OSAS. The RDW index is also positively correlated with oxygen desaturation index and AHI. Since RDW is included in a standard blood count measurement, it can become an inexpensive and simple tool to diagnose the severity of the OSAS in patients of all ages. As a result, patients who suffer from a severe OSAS can be given priority when it comes to treatment, improving their chances of recovery.   Understanding the occurrence of high red blood cells and hematocrit on testosterone replacement therapy   Erythrocytosis is a medical condition that appears when the body is making too many red blood cells. RBCs are responsible for transporting oxygen to organs and tissues. When there are too many, the blood can become too thick and cause cardiovascular complications. There are 2 types of erythrocytosis – primary and secondary. Primary erythrocytosis is usually caused by bone marrow problems. RBCs are made in the bone marrow and something might trigger an increase in their production. Certain diseases or medications, such as testosterone replacement therapy, can cause secondary erythrocytosis. TRT is the go-to treatment for people who suffer from hypogonadism – aka androgen deficiency. This type of treatment is increasingly popular, especially among people over 40 years of age. It can increase libido, help to maintain muscle mass, improve mood and general wellbeing. However, one of the side effects of TRT is a simple fact that it can cause erythrocytosis. An increase in hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) is indicative of this medical condition. When the Hb is higher than 18.5 g/dL and the Hct is higher than 52% in men, the patient suffers from erythrocytosis. Since the RBCs count is too high in people with erythrocytosis, the blood viscosity also increases, which can lead to various potentially life-threatening medical issues such as venous thromboembolism. This essentially means that small blood clots separate from their original source and travel through veins and capillaries, causing blockages that result in stroke, myocardial infarction, or other complications. CHECK YOUR HEMATOCRIT TEST WITH A CBC PANEL Testosterone replacement therapy formulations   Testosterone replacement therapy is recommended for men who have testosterone levels lower than 300 ng/dL. It is commonly accepted that T levels decrease by approximately 1% per year after 35 years of age. TRT has been shown to improve the mood of the patients, correct insulin resistance problems, and help increase bone density and muscle mass, among other positive benefits. Getting testosterone into the body can be done in various ways. There are injections, gels, buccal patches, pellets, and others. Some formulations show results much quicker (injections, for example) and each one of them has different effects on patients, depending on the dosage, administration option, etc. TRT-induced high red blood cell volume ( high hematocrit ) When the testosterone levels increase in the body, the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels also increase. Studies have shown that people who undergo TRT have higher blood viscosity and platelet adhesiveness, which can lead to thromboembolic risks. Although there are not many studies that link TRT-induced erythrocytosis (high red blood cells) with thromboembolism, one small research performed by Krauss et al on a group of 15 men can lead to interesting conclusions. The 15 men received short-acting IM TE (testosterone injection) every 21 days and had their bloodwork and testosterone levels monitored. The researchers discovered a correlation between transient ischemic attacks and men who had a mean Hct levels higher than 48%. Although the study was performed on a small group of men, it is an important research finding because throws a spotlight on the potential side effects of TRT. Additionally, the FDA also forces companies that make testosterone products to add a warning on the label stating “possible increased risk of heart attacks and strokes in patients taking testosterone”. High hematocrit: The effects of different testosterone products Researchers have discovered that various testosterone formulations have different effects when it comes to the occurrence of erythrocytosis in patients who undergo TRT. For example, short-acting injectables such as IM TC and IM TE render an incidence of erythrocytosis higher than 40%. The other formulations have a much lower incidence and are considered safer, although testosterone is absorbed much slower into the body. Men who are prescribed and use transdermal gels such as AndroGel 1.62% have an approximately 13% chance of developing erythrocytosis, according to some studies. These types of gels can have a dose of testosterone of 20–100 mg and can be applied to the shoulder area or directly on the skin. Similarly, crystalline pellets that are implanted under the skin have a T formulation of 75mg per pellet and can lead to a 35% chance of developing erythrocytosis in the long run. Studies define erythrocytosis as a hematocrit level higher than 52%. Researchers have found a possible link between high hematocrit levels and high hemoglobin levels in people who are on testosterone replacement therapy. However, more in-depth studies are needed to fully understand the molecular mechanisms that cause erythrocytosis to happen during TRT. Furthermore, some studies show that there is also a higher risk for patients who benefit from TRT to develop CV complications as a result of increased blood viscosity. It's important to also develop other treatment options for hypogonadal men, such as aromatase inhibitors, human chorionic gonadotropin, and others. Lastly, when TRT is absolutely necessary, patients might take into consideration safer testosterone products, such as undecanoates, which can be taken orally or as transdermal gels. Understanding why blood donations shouldn’t be done too frequently It is estimated that approximately 70% of the blood supply in the United States comes from repeat donors. Although donating blood is a commendable act, people should be careful when donating several times a year because they can develop iron deficiency. A plethora of men decides to donate blood to also decrease hematocrit levels. A study conducted on 235 men concluded that frequent blood donors can develop iron deficiency The group of 235 men was separated into 3 categories: – control group with no donations, group 2 with 2 donations per year and group 3 with 3 donations per year. The age of the donors was between 17 and 65 years and their hemoglobin values were higher than 12.5 g/dl. Donors who took iron supplements before were excluded from this study to avoid interfering with the results. The researchers looked at a couple of important values, such as hemoglobin and ferritin levels. Ferritin is a type of intracellular protein responsible for transporting and releasing iron throughout the body. Iron deficiency was defined as serum hemoglobin levels below 13 g/dl and serum ferritin levels below 15 μg/l. No participant in the study has donated blood in the previous 8 weeks. Researchers have found out that the patients in the case groups (2 and 3) had a decreased level of hemoglobin and ferritin in comparison with the patients in the control group. More specifically, men in group 3 had ferritin mean levels of 26 and a hemoglobin level of 13.8, those in group 2 had ferritin mean levels of 56 and hemoglobin levels of 15.4 while the control group had ferritin mean levels of 108 and hemoglobin levels of 15.9. Caution about frequent blood donations: The study presented evidence that donating blood more than once or twice per year can significantly deplete iron stores and can lead to anemia. Moreover, the medical industry relies on donations of a healthy supply of blood rich in iron, so certain donors (especially those who donate frequently) might not be eligible for repeat donations. Likewise, measuring the hemoglobin level only might not be a reliable indicator of a person being suitable for blood donation or not. The ferritin levels should also be taken into account to prevent anemia in various donors. Is supplementing with iron a solution for low iron/ ferritin caused by frequent blood donations? This is a good question, but the answer might not be that simple. It is a well-known fact that supplementing with iron should be done carefully since too much iron in the bloodstream can cause damage to organs and tissues. Additionally, those patients who have family members with cancer might not be eligible for iron supplementation. Speaking with a doctor before taking iron supplements is the best thing to do.   Buy a low cost testosterone test    References: Ohlander et al. Sex Med Rev 2018; 6:77-85 Yousef and Alkhiary, J Sleep Disord Ther 2015, 4:2

Testosterone is routinely associated with "manliness," strength, muscles, aggressiveness, and even roaring V8 engines sometimes. This is the main male sex hormone and women have a little bit of it too. However, the story behind testosterone is a little bit more complex and worth discovering. Free testosterone is usually the one that provides all the benefits when it comes to sex drive, muscle gains, and better cognition. Dive into this article to learn more about testosterone fractions, how to test your testosterone levels, and how to increase free testosterone. What is free testosterone? If you do a testosterone blood test, you're usually getting the total testosterone levels circulating through your bloodstream. Total testosterone is the sum of protein-bound testosterone and free testosterone. Believe it or not, free testosterone only makes up about 1-2% of your total testosterone levels. This substance is freely moving throughout your body, and tissues can easily absorb it to cause chemical reactions. Protein-bound testosterone makes up about 98% of your total testosterone. It splits into two categories: albumin-bound testosterone and SHBG-testosterone. SHBG stands for sex hormone-binding globulin. It's a substance that attaches to testosterone, making it unavailable for organs and tissues to absorb. Albumin is one of the most prevalent protein types in the human body. Approximately 38% of your total testosterone is bound to albumin. This binding is weak, meaning that some organs and tissues can still absorb the albumin-bound testosterone and use it for various purposes. Since 1-2% of your testosterone is free, the remaining 60% of your total testosterone is SHBG-bound. The sum of free and albumin-bound testosterone is also known as bioavailable testosterone. How to Increase Free Testosterone Remember that free testosterone is the one readily available for grabbing by tissues and organs. This is the one usually associated with muscle gains, male attraction, and libido. If you want to increase it, check out these science-based methods. Get More Sleep Believe it or not, sleep is closely related to the production of testosterone in your body. If you don't get enough sleep, your body doesn't produce as much testosterone as it should. This refers to the total level of T and consequently, your free T is also affected. Maintain a Healthy Weight Being overweight or obese can dramatically reduce your total testosterone levels and, implicitly, your free testosterone levels. This is true for both young males and seniors. Therefore, make sure that you lose the extra weight if necessary and this will naturally boost your free testosterone levels. Eat a Balanced Diet This is probably one of the most common pieces of advice you hear daily, but it's worth repeating. A diet filled with junk and processed foods, sodas, too much caffeine, and alcohol will ruin your testosterone levels over time. On the other hand, if you eat more vegetables and fruit, whole grains, and light meat such as fish and chicken, and incorporate regular physical activity, you'll be on the safe side. Normal and high levels of testosterone are commonly associated with a healthier diet that includes enough calories and healthy fats, as well as regular physical activity and training intensity. If you want to increase your free testosterone, you might need to make sensible diet adjustments such as incorporating a balanced mix of protein, fat, and carbs from whole foods into your meals to support optimal hormone levels and weight loss. A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that a low-fat diet and regular physical activity may decrease testosterone levels, highlighting the importance of a balanced diet and physical activity for hormonal health. Get Rid of Stress Just like lack of sleep, too much stress is also bad for your testosterone levels. It will basically slow down the production of testosterone and make you feel tired, lethargic, and confused. Stress is inevitable, so you cannot eliminate it. But you can do something to reduce it. Learn what works for you. For example, you can go to a yoga class. You can practice breathing exercises. You might want to give meditation a shot. You could just watch your favorite series online and relax in bed for an entire afternoon. All these activities will reduce your stress hormones and let your body naturally increase testosterone levels. Do Resistance Exercises Lifting weights has a lot of benefits. You don't need to become a professional bodybuilder and sweat for hours in the gym every week. A few resistance exercises several times per week is usually enough to reap the benefits of this activity. Compounded exercises such as bench-press, deadlifts, and weighted squats are difficult, but they engage most of the muscle groups in your body. This will force your body to produce more testosterone to repair and rebuild stronger muscle fibers. You are not alone in your fitness journey, either. Hire a fitness instructor and follow his/her advice. This will keep you motivated and safe while performing weighted exercises. Get More Vitamin D and Zinc Your body metabolizes vitamin D as a result of direct sun exposure. However, most people around the world are deficient in vitamin D. You need to take it as a supplement to achieve normal vitamin D levels and correct deficiencies. Some studies show that vitamin D is commonly associated with normal and high levels of testosterone. If you take enough vitamin D, you're helping your normal production of testosterone and even increasing it slightly. Zinc is another mineral essential for testosterone production, particularly in postmenopausal women and older men. A zinc deficiency is correlated with a drop in testosterone levels, making it important for women and older men to consider taking supplements for men’s health. In fact, in one study, zinc supplementation increased testosterone levels and improved sexual function in postmenopausal women with low blood levels of zinc. Men usually need about 11 mg of zinc per day and you can easily get that from a supplement. Zinc also boosts muscle gain and libido, so you get additional benefits too. Additionally, optimizing vitamin D levels through lifestyle changes and testosterone therapy can also help improve daytime testosterone levels and increase hours of sleep. A year-long trial showed that daily supplementation of just over 3,000 IU significantly increased total and free testosterone in both men and women, correcting vitamin D deficiency and promoting optimal testosterone levels for men’s health. Before beginning high-dose vitamin D supplementation, it is best to know where both values stand. Increase Your Testosterone Dose if on TRT If you are on TRT, increasing the dose can decrease SHBG and increase free testosterone. However, be aware that increasing T dose may also increase hematocrit (blood viscosity) and decrease good HDL cholesterol, so talk to your doctor first. Check Out These Affordable and Accurate Testosterone Tests! Today you can test your testosterone levels and other hormones associated with them with a simple blood test. The liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) testing technology has become very advanced and the results are increasingly accurate, so why not try it for yourself? For example, you can order this highly sensitive LC/MS total and free testosterone test plus bioavailable T and SHBG. This group of tests checks your total, free, bioavailable, albumin-bound, and SHBG-bound testosterone levels, providing important information about your overall health and potential health conditions, including testosterone deficiency or hypogonadism. There are no limits applied to this test panel, so you get a realistic result using the latest medical technology available. Additionally, you can also check your testosterone levels, physical performance, muscle mass, and potential for erectile dysfunction through affordable and accurate tests that require only small amounts of blood. These tests can also help identify symptoms of low testosterone, such as low libido, and provide insights into how to boost testosterone levels for improved physical performance and quality of life. If you're on TRT, you can also order the Basic TRT Monitoring Panel. This comprehensive test helps people who are on testosterone replacement therapy monitor their hormones. It includes a metabolic panel, blood count panel, sensitive estradiol, testosterone tests, and more. For more testosterone tests, check these testosterone test panels from DiscountedLabs.com Here, you will find the most affordable testosterone blood tests in the United States! Citations Grip Strength and Muscle Mass in Healthy Older Adults The Role of Testosterone in Male Reproductive Function Testosterone, Aging, and Male Osteoporosis The Effects of Testosterone on Cognitive Function Testosterone and Aging: Clinical Research Directions Free Testosterone: Understanding Its Role in Erectile Dysfunction Testosterone Therapy and Cardiovascular Risk The Benefits of Testosterone: Healthline Guide What’s the Difference Between Total and Free Testosterone? Testosterone and Male Behaviours: The British Psychological Society Testosterone and Mortality: JAMA Study University of Florida PathLabs: Free Testosterone Test How Much Testosterone Affects Muscle Growth: VICE Testosterone and Health Outcomes in Men Testosterone Total and Free: Rochester Encyclopedia Testosterone and Aggression: Manual Blog Free Testosterone vs. Total Testosterone: Maximus Tribe The Influence of Testosterone on Aggressive Behaviour: Britannica The Vital Role of Testosterone in Muscle, Bone, and Brain Health: The Vitality Clinic Harvard Health: Testosterone—What It Does and Doesn’t Do

Testosterone Replacement Monitoring Targets and Their Management (Consult Your Physician Before Any Treatment Initiation, Cessation or Changes). These are not absolute values and should be taken into context with symptoms. We will discuss various blood test targets for those undergoing testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). It covers key health indicators such as total and free testosterone levels, hematocrit, PSA, estradiol, blood pressure, kidney and liver function, thyroid levels, iron and ferritin levels, and cholesterol. Each parameter includes a target range and suggestions for management if the results are outside the normal range. This comprehensive approach ensures that individuals on TRT can monitor their health effectively and make informed decisions with their healthcare provider.     Total Testosterone Test above 500 ng/dL If low or hypogonadal symptoms are not improved, increase the testosterone dosage. High T levels (over 1500 ng/dL) with high hematocrit, low HDL, and/or side effects may require dosage reduction.  Free Testosterone ≥ 2 % of total T If low, test for sex hormone-binding globulin. Higher TRT dose may increase free T by decreasing SHBG. Low SHBG may be present in diabetes. Hematocrit ≤ 53 % If high, donate blood or ask your doctor for therapeutic phlebotomy order. If low, investigate anemia or stop donating blood more than every 3 months. How to Lower High Hematocrit PSA ≤ 4 ng/mL If high, talk to your doctor about potential prostatic infection or a referral to a urologist. TRT is contraindicated if PSA is 4 ng/mL or greater. Estradiol (UltraSensitive Test) = 20- ? pg/mL Most men on TRT do not need to use an aromatase inhibitor (AI). Some physicians prescribe low dose AI for what they consider high estradiol. If low, higher testosterone dose and/or cessation of AI may be required. The lab range was derived from men with heart disease and low testosterone, so there is still debate on what the range should be for men on TRT since  0.3 to 0.4 % of testosterone aromatizes to estradiol, so men with high T due to TRT will have higher estradiol.  No upper range value has been determined for men on TRT. Studies have shown that for gynecomastia to occur, high estradiol in the presence of low T and high IGF-1 may be required. Read Estradiol In Men – Why Is It Important For Optimal Health And Fitness Performance and The Top 18 Things You Did not Know About Estradiol in Men Blood pressure ≤ 135/85 mmHg If high, weight loss, exercise, T dose reduction, and/or blood pressure medications may be needed. If too low, blood pressure medication dose needs to be reduced, electrolytes checked or hypoglycemia excluded. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) (kidney function) ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 If low, good hydration, use of blood pressure medications, and/or stopping offending oral supplements may improve eGFR. Exercise, high protein intake, creatine supplements, and higher muscle mass can also increase creatinine and decrease eGFR. If under 60, explore getting a Cystatin C test. Liver enzymes ≤ 1.2 x top value of reference range If high, stopping oral supplements can help. AST and ALT can increase with exercise but this is not clinically relevant. If high AST and ALT, test GGT and bilirubin to ensure no liver toxicity is present. TSH ≤ 2.5 U/mL If high, test for other thyroid tests included in a thyroid panel like free T3, free T4, and antibodies to detect hypothyroidism. Why Only Using TSH to Diagnose Hypothyroidism is Wrong Free T3 ≥ 3.7 pg/mL If low, hypothyroidism may be present. See comment on TSH. If high (>5 pg/mL), explore hyperthyroidism. Ferritin 55-270 ng/mL & Iron 55-160 micrograms/dL If low, reduce the frequency of blood donations or phlebotomies and supplement with iron until it is back to normal. If high, donate blood or get therapeutic phlebotomy. HDL ≥ 40 mg/dL The most difficult parameter to manage. Higher TRT doses decrease HDL. Niacin may help increase HDL but may cause flushing. Prolactin ( ≤ 30 nd/dL) Test if Total Testosterone is below 150 ng/dL before TRT to detect potential pituitary adenoma or other issues. High levels (> 30 ng/dL) may cause sexual dysfunction and galactorrhea in men (milk production)     Here are panels that include these tests: Discounted Labs Panels   Buy a testosterone test on DiscountedLabs.com

Essential Tips for PSA Test Preparation Key Highlights A PSA test is a blood test that measures level of PSA in blood, which can screen for prostate cancer. Early detection of prostate cancer is important for successful treatment and a PSA test can help identify potential risks. Before your PSA test, it's important to take certain steps to ensure accurate results, such as avoiding sexual activity and certain medications. The PSA testing process involves a healthcare provider taking a blood sample, which is then sent to a lab for analysis. Interpreting your PSA test results is crucial, and a high PSA level may warrant further testing or treatment. It's important to manage anxiety around PSA testing and to communicate openly with your healthcare provider. Introduction Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers that affects men. It is estimated that over 248,500 new cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 2022 alone. The good news is that when prostate cancer is detected early, the chances of successful treatment and survival are significantly higher. This is where the PSA test comes in. The PSA test, or prostate-specific antigen test, is a simple blood test that measures the level of PSA in your blood. The prostate gland produces the protein PSA, and high levels of PSA can be a sign of prostate cancer. However, it's important to note that a high PSA level does not necessarily mean you have prostate cancer. Other factors, such as an enlarged prostate or certain medications, can also cause an increase in PSA levels. Understanding the PSA test and how to prepare for it is crucial for ensuring accurate results and making informed decisions about your health. In this blog, we will discuss the importance of the PSA test, how to prepare for it, the testing process, interpreting your results, managing anxiety, and frequently asked questions about the test. By the end of this blog, you will have a better understanding of how to prepare for your PSA test and what to expect throughout the process. Understanding the PSA Test The PSA test is a key tool in the early detection of prostate cancer. The prostate gland produces a protein known as PSA, or prostate-specific antigen. During a PSA test, a small sample of your blood is taken and analyzed to measure the level of PSA present. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide and the most common cancer among men in the United States. The PSA test is used as a screening tool to detect early signs of prostate cancer. It is important to note that a high PSA level does not definitively indicate the presence of cancer, but it can be a sign that further testing is needed. Regular PSA testing can help identify potential risks and allow for early intervention and treatment, if necessary. What is a PSA Test? A PSA test is a blood test that measures the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in your blood. The prostate gland, which is in men just below the bladder, produces the protein known as PSA. The prostate gland produces PSA as part of its normal functioning. During a PSA test, a healthcare provider will collect a small sample of your blood, usually from a vein in your arm. The blood sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. The PSA level in your blood can help identify potential issues with the prostate gland, such as prostate cancer or an enlarged prostate. It's important to note that a high PSA level does not automatically mean you have prostate cancer. Other factors, such as an infection or an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia), can also cause elevated PSA levels. Further testing, such as a prostate biopsy or MRI, may be necessary to determine the cause of the elevated PSA level and to make an accurate diagnosis. Importance of Early Detection of Prostate Cancer Early detection of prostate cancer is crucial for successful treatment and improved outcomes. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men in the United States. However, when detected in its early stages, prostate cancer has a high survival rate. Regular screening, including the PSA test, can help identify prostate cancer at an early stage before symptoms develop. Early detection allows for timely intervention and treatment, which can significantly improve the chances of successful outcomes. It can also help prevent the spread of cancer to other parts of the body. While the PSA test is an important tool for early detection, it is not without limitations. It can produce false-positive results, leading to unnecessary anxiety and further testing. It can also miss some cases of prostate cancer, resulting in false-negative results. Therefore, it's important to discuss the benefits and limitations of PSA testing with your healthcare provider and make an informed decision about screening based on your individual risk factors. PSA Test Preparation Proper preparation before your PSA test is essential to ensuring accurate results. While the test itself is straightforward, there are certain steps you can take to help maximize the accuracy of your test results. Before your PSA test, it's important to inform your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking, as some medications can affect PSA levels. Your healthcare provider may advise you to temporarily stop taking certain medications before the test. Additionally, it's recommended to avoid sexual activity, ejaculation, and vigorous exercise for at least 24 hours before your PSA test, as these activities can temporarily increase PSA levels. Fasting is not typically required before a PSA test. Steps to Take Before Your Test Before your PSA test, there are several steps you can take to ensure accurate results: Inform your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking, as some medications can affect PSA levels. Avoid sexual activity, ejaculation, and vigorous exercise for at least 24 hours before your test, as these activities can temporarily increase PSA levels. It is not typically necessary to fast before a PSA test, but it's always a good idea to follow any specific instructions provided by your healthcare provider. Be prepared to provide a blood sample during your appointment. The blood sample will be used to measure the level of PSA in your blood. What to Avoid Prior to Your Test To ensure accurate results from your PSA test, it's important to avoid certain factors that can affect PSA levels: Avoid ejaculation and sexual activity for at least 24 hours before your test, as these activities can temporarily increase PSA levels. Refrain from vigorous exercise or activities that put pressure on the prostate gland, such as bicycle riding, as this can also affect PSA levels. Inform your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking, as some medications can affect PSA levels. Your healthcare provider may advise you to temporarily stop taking certain medications before the test. It's important to note that certain factors, such as an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia), can also cause elevated PSA levels. Your healthcare provider will take into consideration your individual risk factors and medical history when interpreting your PSA test results. The PSA Testing Process The PSA testing process involves taking a blood sample to measure the level of PSA in your blood. Here's an overview of the steps involved: Blood sample collection: A healthcare provider will collect a small sample of your blood, usually from a vein in your arm. The blood sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. Laboratory analysis: The blood sample is analyzed in the laboratory to measure the level of PSA present. The results of the analysis will be reported as a PSA level in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). The entire PSA testing process typically takes a few business days. Once the results are available, your healthcare provider will discuss them with you and determine any necessary follow-up steps based on the results. On the Day of Your Test On the day of your PSA test, you will visit your healthcare provider's office or a laboratory for a blood test. Here's what you can expect: Blood sample collection: A healthcare provider or phlebotomist will collect a small sample of your blood, usually from a vein in your arm. They will clean the area with an antiseptic and insert a needle to draw the blood. You may feel a slight prick or sting during the process. Test tube collection: The blood sample will be collected in a test tube or vial. The healthcare provider will label the sample with your information and send it to a laboratory for analysis. The blood test itself takes only a few minutes, and the process is generally well-tolerated. After the blood sample is collected, you can resume your normal activities. The results of the PSA test will be available in a few business days, and your healthcare provider will discuss the results with you during a follow-up appointment. How the Test is Conducted The PSA test is conducted by taking a blood sample to measure the level of PSA in your blood. Here's a step-by-step guide to how the test is conducted: Blood sample collection: A healthcare professional will clean the area and insert a needle into a vein, usually in your arm, to collect the blood sample. You may feel a slight prick or sting during the process. Test tube collection: The blood sample is collected in a test tube or vial. The healthcare professional will carefully label the sample with your information to ensure accurate identification. Laboratory analysis: The blood sample is sent to a laboratory, where it is analyzed to measure the level of PSA present. The results will be reported as a PSA level in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). The entire process typically takes only a few minutes, and you can resume your normal activities afterward. The results of the PSA test will be available in a few business days, and your healthcare provider will discuss them with you during a follow-up appointment. Interpreting Your Results Interpreting your PSA test results is crucial for understanding your prostate health. The PSA level reported in your test results can provide valuable information. Here's what you need to know: PSA level: The PSA level is reported in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). A higher PSA level may indicate a higher risk of prostate cancer, but it does not confirm the presence of cancer. Test results: Your healthcare provider will interpret your PSA test results in the context of your individual risk factors, medical history, and symptoms, if any. Further testing: Depending on your PSA level and other factors, your healthcare provider may recommend further testing, such as a prostate biopsy, to determine the cause of the elevated PSA level and make an accurate diagnosis. What Does Your PSA Level Mean? The PSA level reported in your test results can provide insights into your prostate health. Here's what different PSA levels may mean: Normal PSA level: A PSA level below 4 ng/mL is generally considered normal. However, it's important to note that prostate cancer can still be present even if the PSA level is within the normal range. Elevated PSA level: A PSA level above 4 ng/mL may indicate an increased risk of prostate cancer. However, other factors, such as an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia) or prostate inflammation (prostatitis), can also cause an elevated PSA level. PSA velocity: The rate at which your PSA level changes over time, known as PSA velocity, can also provide valuable information. A rapid increase in PSA level may indicate a higher risk of prostate cancer. It's important to discuss your PSA test results with your healthcare provider, who will consider your individual risk factors and medical history when interpreting your results and determining any necessary follow-up steps. Next Steps After Your PSA Test If your PSA test results indicate a high PSA level or other concerning factors, your healthcare provider may recommend further testing or treatment. Here are some possible next steps: Prostate biopsy: If your PSA level is high, your healthcare provider may recommend a prostate biopsy to determine if prostate cancer is present. A prostate biopsy involves collecting small tissue samples from the prostate gland for analysis. Treatment options: If prostate cancer is diagnosed, your healthcare provider will discuss treatment options with you. Treatment can vary depending on the stage and aggressiveness of the cancer but may include surgery, radiation therapy, or other targeted therapies. It's important to remember that an elevated PSA level does not always indicate prostate cancer, and further testing is needed to make an accurate diagnosis. Your healthcare provider will guide you through the next steps based on your individual circumstances. Managing Anxiety Around PSA Testing Undergoing a PSA test can be an anxiety-inducing experience for many individuals. It's normal to feel anxious about the possibility of receiving abnormal results. However, managing anxiety is crucial for maintaining overall well-being. Here are some strategies to help manage anxiety around PSA testing: Educate yourself: Seek reliable health information about the PSA test and prostate health to understand the process and potential outcomes better. Communicate with your healthcare provider: Discuss any concerns or anxieties you may have with your healthcare provider. They can provide reassurance and address any questions or uncertainties. Engage in stress-reducing activities: Practice stress reduction techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, exercise, or engaging in hobbies and activities you enjoy. Remember that anxiety is a normal response, but it's important not to let it overwhelm you. Stay proactive in managing your mental well-being throughout the PSA testing process. Understanding the Limitations of the PSA Test While the PSA test is a valuable tool for prostate cancer screening, it does have some limitations. It's important to be aware of these limitations to have a realistic understanding of the test's reliability. Here are some limitations of the PSA test: False positive results: The PSA test can sometimes indicate elevated PSA levels even when prostate cancer is not present. This can lead to unnecessary worry and further testing. False negative results: On the other hand, the PSA test can also miss some cases of prostate cancer, resulting in false-negative results. This can provide a false sense of security when cancer is actually present. Other factors: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (an enlarged prostate) and prostate inflammation are two other causes of elevated PSA levels in addition to prostate cancer. These conditions can lead to false-positive results. It's important to discuss the limitations of the PSA test with your healthcare provider and consider additional factors, such as your medical history and risk factors, when interpreting test results and making treatment decisions. Communicating With Your Healthcare Provider Open and honest communication with your healthcare provider is crucial throughout the PSA testing process. Here are some tips for effective communication: Ask questions: Don't hesitate to ask your healthcare provider any questions or express any concerns you may have about the PSA test, the results, or potential treatment options. Your healthcare provider is there to support you and provide you with the information you need. Share your medical history: Be sure to provide your healthcare provider with a complete medical history, including any previous prostate conditions, family history of prostate cancer, or other relevant information. Discuss your preferences: Talk to your healthcare provider about your preferences regarding screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Share your thoughts on the benefits and potential risks of making informed decisions together. Remember that effective communication is a partnership between you and your healthcare provider. By working together, you can ensure the best possible care and outcomes for your prostate health. Conclusion Regular PSA tests are vital for the early detection of prostate cancer. Understanding the process and preparing appropriately can alleviate anxiety around the test. Fasting may not be necessary, but avoiding strenuous exercise before the test is advisable. Communicating openly with your healthcare provider about your results and concerns is crucial for proper management. Stay informed about the limitations of the PSA test and follow up as recommended. Prioritize your health by scheduling regular PSA tests and maintaining a proactive approach to your well-being. Frequently Asked Questions Is Fasting Required as Part of PSA Test Preparation? No, fasting is not typically required before a PSA test. However, it's always a good idea to follow any specific instructions provided by your healthcare provider. Be sure to inform your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking, as some medications can affect PSA levels. Can Physical Activity Affect My PSA Levels? Yes, physical activity can temporarily increase PSA levels. It's recommended to avoid vigorous exercise or activities that put pressure on the prostate gland for at least 24 hours before your PSA test to ensure accurate results. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your healthcare provider. What is the Best Time of Day for a PSA Test? The best time of day for a PSA test may vary depending on the healthcare provider's schedule and the laboratory's operating hours. It's best to consult with your healthcare provider to schedule the test at a time that is convenient for both of you. How Often Should I Get a PSA Test? The frequency of PSA testing depends on various factors, including your age, family history, and overall health. The American Cancer Society recommends discussing the benefits and risks of PSA screening with your healthcare provider to determine an appropriate screening schedule based on your individual risk factors. Can I Resume Normal Activities After a PSA Test? Yes, you can generally resume your normal activities immediately after a PSA test. However, some individuals may experience slight pain or bruising at the site where the blood sample was taken. If you have any concerns, consult with your healthcare provider. How Can I Find PSA Testing Near Me? If you are looking to get PSA testing near you, there are several options available. You can start by visiting DiscountedLabs.com and ordering your own PSA test without a doctor visit, or by contacting your primary care physician or urologist to inquire about PSA testing services. Many healthcare facilities, such as clinics, hospitals, and diagnostic centers, also offer PSA testing.

Measuring Testosterone in Women Introduction to Testosterone Testosterone is a hormone found in both men and women. It is important for many body functions. Measuring testosterone levels in women can be hard because their levels are lower than men's and can change throughout their menstrual cycle. How Menstrual Cycle Affects Testosterone Testosterone levels in women change during the menstrual cycle. The highest levels are usually around ovulation. Studies show that both total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT) peak during the middle of the cycle. However, testosterone levels vary during the rest of the cycle. Some studies find higher levels in the follicular phase, while others find higher levels in the luteal phase. Many studies show no significant change throughout the cycle. These differences can be due to study methods, participant differences, and testing techniques. Despite these variations, the mid-cycle peak is a common finding. Normal Testosterone Ranges in Women Normal testosterone levels in women depend on their age and menstrual cycle phase. Using advanced methods like liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), researchers have found the following ranges for healthy women aged 18–49: Total testosterone: 15-46 ng/dL Free testosterone: 1.2-6.4 pg/mL Bioavailable testosterone: 1.12–7.62 ng/dL During the menstrual cycle, total testosterone rises from about 15.6 ng/dL in the early luteal phase to a peak of 43.6 ng/dL at mid-cycle. Free testosterone rises from 9.00 pg/mL to 15.6 pg/mL. Testosterone levels also decline with age, with lower levels after menopause compared to reproductive years. Establishing exact reference ranges is challenging due to assay differences, menstrual cycle changes, and factors like body mass index. Testosterone Peaks During Ovulation Testosterone levels in women show a small peak around ovulation, usually at the middle of the cycle. The increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) before ovulation is what causes this peak. The increase varies between individuals, but studies using sensitive methods like LC-MS/MS consistently detect this mid-cycle peak. The day-to-day variability in testosterone levels is often greater than the ovulatory peak itself, making it hard to see in some cases. Measuring Testosterone: Mass Spectrometry vs. Immunoassays Two common methods for measuring testosterone are mass spectrometry and immunoassays. Immunoassays, like ELISA, are high-throughput, low-cost, and easy to use but can lack specificity. Mass spectrometry, such as LC-MS/MS, provides higher sensitivity and specificity and can measure multiple analytes simultaneously. However, it has higher costs and requires more expertise. Importance of Mass Spectrometry Sensitivity Mass spectrometry is crucial for accurately measuring low testosterone levels in women. Traditional immunoassays often lack the precision needed. Mass spectrometry methods like LC-MS/MS offer superior sensitivity, enabling better assessment of androgen status in women and diagnosing testosterone imbalances. This helps establish appropriate reference ranges and guide clinical decisions. Luteal Phase Hormonal Shifts After ovulation, the luteal phase begins and lasts until the next menstrual period. Progesterone levels rise significantly due to the corpus luteum. Estrogen levels also increase during the mid-luteal phase before declining. If pregnancy does not occur, both progesterone and estrogen levels drop sharply, leading to menstruation. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels decrease during the luteal phase. Follicular Phase Testosterone Trends During the follicular phase, starting from the first day of menstruation to ovulation, testosterone levels tend to be lower compared to other phases. However, they gradually increase as the phase progresses, peaking before ovulation. Women with longer follicular phases often have higher testosterone levels, while shorter phases are associated with lower levels. Testosterone Decline After Menopause Testosterone levels decline with age, reaching lower levels after menopause. This decrease can lead to symptoms like reduced bone density, lower energy, and depression. Some doctors prescribe testosterone therapy to alleviate menopausal symptoms, although there is no FDA-approved testosterone product for women. Sleep Patterns and Hormone Levels Sleep and hormone levels are closely linked. Circadian rhythms have an impact on melatonin, which regulates sleep. Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle can affect sleep. Progesterone, which peaks during the luteal phase, can cause drowsiness, while its drop before menstruation can lead to sleep disturbances. Poor sleep can disrupt hormone production, leading to health issues like metabolic problems and increased appetite. Optimal Hormone Testing Timing in Women The best time to measure hormones depends on the specific hormone and the purpose of testing. For fertility assessment, FSH and estradiol are tested on day 3 of the cycle. Estradiol and progesterone are measured around days 19–22 to check for luteal phase defects. LH levels peak around ovulation, while progesterone rises after ovulation. Perimenopausal hormone patterns are erratic, making single-day measurements less reliable. Menstrual Cycle Hormone Imbalance Symptoms Hormonal imbalances can cause irregular periods, heavy bleeding, and missed periods. Skin issues like acne, digestive problems, mood swings, and sleep disturbances are common. Other symptoms include low libido, vaginal dryness, infertility, weight changes, and hair growth or loss. Persistent or severe symptoms may indicate an underlying endocrine disorder that needs further evaluation. How Women Can Buy Their Own Testosterone Test Without a Doctor Visit on DiscountedLabs.com Women who want to check their testosterone levels can easily do so without needing a doctor's visit. DiscountedLabs.com offers an affordable and convenient way to order blood tests online. Here’s how you can get your testosterone test: Visit the Website: Go to DiscountedLabs.com. Find the Testosterone Test: Use the search bar or navigate through the hormone testing section to find the testosterone test. Choose Your Test: Select the specific testosterone test you need. You can choose between total testosterone, free testosterone, or a comprehensive hormone panel. Add to Cart: Once you’ve selected your test, add it to your cart and proceed to checkout. Create an Account: If you’re a new user, you’ll need to create an account. Returning customers can simply log in. Enter Your Information: Fill in your personal details and complete the payment process. Get Your Lab Order: After your purchase, you will receive a lab order via email. This order allows you to get your blood drawn at a local lab. Visit a Lab: Take your lab order to a nearby partner lab. You can find a lab near you on the DiscountedLabs website. Get Your Results: After your blood draw, you’ll receive your test results online within a few days. You can review your results and share them with your healthcare provider if needed. By using DiscountedLabs.com, you can take control of your health and get the information you need without the hassle of scheduling a doctor's appointment.   Sources: Testosterone reference ranges in normally cycling healthy premenopausal women PEAK TOTAL AND FREE TESTOSTERONE IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE ARE HIGHER THAN PREVIOUSLY REPORTED What Are “Normal” Testosterone Levels for Women?