Blog

Is 2ml of Testosterone a Week Enough to Build Muscle? Study Results Testosterone is a hormone that plays many roles in the body, like building muscle, increasing strength, sexual health, and overall well-being. People wonder how much testosterone is needed to achieve these benefits, especially when considering testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) for muscle growth. Those with low testosterone might be considering TRT to feel better. But figuring out the right testosterone dose to use is tricky because it depends on your age, health, diet, exercise program, and how your body reacts to the treatment. In this article we will be looking at a study by Dr. Bhasin and his colleagues in 2001 published in the American Journal of Physiology and Endocrinology Metabolism. Their study was to see how different amounts of testosterone affect young men and what’s the best dose for different results. By going through what they found out we can learn a lot about what’s the right amount of testosterone for getting stronger or building muscle. Watch video here: What is the Optimal Testosterone Dose? Testosterone and Muscle Growth Testosterone is a hormone that plays a big role in muscle growth and development. Produced mainly in the testicles in men, testosterone is responsible for the development of male characteristics, including muscle mass and strength. As men age, their testosterone levels decline naturally, which can lead to a decrease in muscle mass and strength. This decline can affect overall health and well-being, so it’s important to understand the connection between testosterone and muscle growth. For those who want to build muscle, maintaining optimal testosterone levels is crucial. Testosterone stimulates protein synthesis, which is the process by which the body repairs and builds muscle tissues. Higher testosterone levels can increase muscle mass, strength, and overall health. By understanding how testosterone affects muscle growth, you can make informed decisions about your fitness and health goals. Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) for Muscle Growth Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) is a treatment for those with low testosterone. TRT involves injecting, gelling, or patching testosterone to restore normal testosterone levels. This is especially good for those experiencing symptoms of low testosterone such as decreased muscle mass, fatigue, and decreased libido. TRT can increase muscle mass and strength, bone density, and overall health. By restoring testosterone levels, TRT supports the body’s natural ability to build muscle and perform physically. But please note that TRT should only be done under the guidance of a doctor. While TRT can be beneficial, it also has side effects and risks, like increased red blood cell production and changes in cholesterol levels. So medical supervision is necessary to ensure safe and effective treatment. The Study In the study, about 65 young men around 25 years old and in good shape were studied. The study also included 1 ml of testosterone as part of the dosage variations. First they stopped their bodies from making testosterone naturally by giving them a drug that blocks testosterone. Then for 20 weeks they gave these men shots of a type of testosterone called cypionate once a week. The dose varied from 25 milligrams to 600 milligrams a week. By doing this, they could see how different doses affect different things. Testosterone Dose and Hormone Levels The study found a correlation between the dose of testosterone and the levels of different hormones in the body. They looked at total testosterone, free testosterone, LH (luteinizing hormone), SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin), and IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1). Here’s what they found out: As the dose of testosterone increased, so did the total testosterone levels in the body. At the beginning, the subjects had testosterone levels of 500-600 ng/dL. By week 16, those who got higher doses (300-600 mg/week) had levels of 1300-2300 ng/dL. Even with a smaller dose of 125 mg/week, the subjects had levels near what they started with. So taking around 100-125 mg/week might be enough for young men to get their testosterone back to normal. Free testosterone: Just like total testosterone, as more was given, free testosterone increased. So more dosage means more free testosterone is available in your system. LH and SHBG: The more testosterone you take, the lower these levels go. As people increase their dose of testosterone, they see a drop in LH and also in SHBG. So taking more testosterone can slow down LH production and decrease SHBG. So more free testosterone is available for your body to use. Testosterone dosage for muscle growth and body composition The study looked into how different doses of testosterone affect muscle building, muscle size, and body composition. They used various methods to measure lean muscle mass (fat-free mass) and body fat. Here’s what they found out: For fat-free mass, the study found that 100-125 mg of testosterone per week helped people gain muscle without fat. Those who took these doses had less body fat and more muscle. Even more (300-600 mg/week) gave better results in gaining muscle without fat. But the smallest doses (25-50 mg/week) didn’t do much; sometimes they even added fat. For body fat, it seems that higher doses help reduce it. Those who got 100-125 mg per week lost body fat. Those who got very low doses (25-50 mg/week) didn’t lose weight or might have added body fat. So high levels of this hormone can make you leaner by cutting down fatty tissues while increasing muscle growth. Factors to Consider in Testosterone Dosage Determining the right testosterone dosage for TRT involves considering age, health status, and individual goals. Age is a big factor, as older men may need different dosages than younger men due to natural hormonal decline. Men with underlying health conditions such as cardiovascular disease or metabolic disorder may need customized dosages to ensure safety and effectiveness. Individual goals also matter in determining testosterone dosage. For example, someone looking to improve overall health may need a different dosage than someone looking to gain massive muscle and bodybuilding. Personalized treatment plans are necessary to address these individual needs and goals. Working with a doctor is key to determining the right dosage. Regular blood tests and monitoring can help adjust the dosage as needed to keep testosterone levels within normal range. By considering these factors and working with a medical professional, you can get the best out of your TRT. Testosterone Dose and Sexual Function and Libido The study also looked into how different doses of testosterone affect sexual function and desire. To find out they asked participants to fill out questionnaires about their sex life and how much they wanted sex. Here’s what they found out: For sexual activity, the study didn’t show much change in how often people were sexually active when they took more testosterone. The frequency of sexual encounters remained the same across all doses. Note that there were not many participants in this study, so this might have affected the results. For libido, it was found that 300-600 mg/week of testosterone gave a slight increase in desire. But 25-125 mg/week didn’t make much of a difference in libido. So higher doses used by bodybuilders might be more effective in increasing sexual desire. No Change in Cognitive Function In the study they also looked into how well people can think and remember. But even with different doses of testosterone, there was no big change in brain function. Note that this study was done on young guys. To know if testosterone affects thinking and memory in older men more studies need to be done. Testosterone Dose and Strength and Power In the study they tested the strength and power of participants’ legs by having them do leg press for 20 weeks. What they found out was interesting—the amount of testosterone given to the participants made a difference in how much stronger or more powerful their legs became. Those who got 300-600 mg/week had a significant increase in strength and power of their legs. So taking higher doses of testosterone can make you stronger and more powerful even if you don’t work out. Hemoglobin, Hematocrit and Cholesterol Levels Giving testosterone changes blood counts and fat levels in the body. The results match what we already know: Hemoglobin: As testosterone dose increased, so did hemoglobin levels. So as more testosterone is given more hemoglobin goes up. This means treatment with testosterone can affect erythropoiesis, which is how our body makes red blood cells. Just like hemoglobin, when testosterone doses go up, so does hematocrit. Hematocrit is all about how much space red blood cells take up in our blood. The study didn’t specify what’s the ideal level of hematocrit is, but note that too much can be bad for your heart health. Lipid Profile: The administration of testosterone caused a fluctuation in the levels of HDL cholesterol, the beneficial type. When you have more testosterone in your system, your HDL cholesterol tends to decrease. So it’s really important to monitor lipid profiles if you’re on testosterone therapy. Conclusion In 2001 Dr. Bhasin and his team did a study that looked into how different doses of testosterone affect several factors. Although the study was done on young men and had a small number of participants, it still gives us valuable information on how testosterone levels relate to muscle size, sexual health, brain function, physical strength, and blood-related measures. According to the study, 100-125 mg/week may be enough for young men to get their testosterone levels back to normal. For bodybuilding, 300-600 mg/week seems to increase muscle size, strength, and sex drive. But we have to remember that people react differently to each other. So any treatment with testosterone should be customized for each person’s needs and monitored by a healthcare professional who knows what he’s doing. Note that the study was done more than 20 years ago. Since then there might be new findings. If you’re thinking of testosterone therapy, talk to medical experts. They can assess your situation and give you personalized advice. The study provides valuable insights into the functioning of testosterone dosing, highlighting the need for further investigation. By doing more research, we can make the most of testosterone therapy and minimize the downsides. Get a budget-friendly testosterone test without seeing a doctor. Buy a testosterone test from DiscountedLabs.com and find out your testosterone blood level and adjust your TRT dose. FAQs Is 2 ml of testosterone a week enough to build muscle? The study above showed that 125 mg/week of injectable testosterone was enough to increase muscle. 2 ml of testosterone is 400 mg/week which will increase muscle but may cause high hematocrit, water retention, and blood pressure. How much test cypionate a week for bodybuilding? The study above showed that 125 mg/week of test cypionate is enough to increase muscle in bodybuilding without TRT side effects. References: In a study titled "Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study", researchers looked at how hormone levels, including testosterone, change as men get older. The article "Testosterone Replacement in Older Men: A Clinical Perspective" discusses the benefits and considerations of giving older men testosterone to improve their health. According to research found on Harvard's website, scientists have figured out what dose of testosterone works best for women. Another study called "Effects of Testosterone Treatment on Body Fat and Lean Mass in Obese Men on a Hypocaloric Diet: A Randomized Controlled Trial" explores how taking testosterone can help obese men lose fat but keep muscle while eating fewer calories.

Drawing a blood sample for a blood test is probably not the most attractive thing in the world. Having someone insert a needle into your arm may be something that some people may dread, yet this is required if you care about your health. Doing a blood test is essential these days because it helps you prevent complicated diseases and learn more about your body. It's also increasingly accessible and inexpensive to buy blood tests on your own without having to pay for a doctor’s visit or get surprise medical bills in the future. However, how do you deal with the dreaded moment when you need to draw blood? Is there a way to make the process simpler and less stressful? Fortunately, there are a few tips and tricks that can help you. Keep reading to find out more. Schedule It Early in the Morning If you are going to do a blood test, you might want to schedule it early in the morning. This has numerous advantages. In most cases, different types of blood tests are done in the morning, especially if you're required to fast. So, when you wake up, you go to the clinic with a paper form in your hand and get it done. Once the blood test is drawn, you can have breakfast and enjoy the rest of your day. Try Not to Look at the Needle A lot of people are afraid of needles. Unfortunately, the phlebotomist needs to draw the blood using a syringe with a needle. In most cases, the needles are small, but some people are still afraid of them, and this is probably why they postpone doing blood tests in the first place. Still, there are ways you can reduce your anxiety levels. Most of this anxiety comes from the simple fact that a needle is going through your skin into the vein, and you see blood coming up in the syringe. What's the solution? Simply don't look at the needle. Find ways to distract yourself. For example, you can look the other way while talking with a doctor or a friend. You can also listen to music or even watch a video on your phone to keep yourself distracted. As long as you're not focusing on the needle, the process of drawing blood should be less stressful. Make Sure That You Fast if Necessary You should first know which blood tests need to be fasting the day before your blood test. Some blood tests require you to fast for about 12 hours before your blood is sampled. This means that you shouldn't eat or drink anything besides water before going to the clinic to give your blood sample. In some cases, you might also need to discontinue taking biotin for a few days before your test. For example, glucose tests fall into this category, as do other tests that check some of your hormones or enzymes. If you eat or drink before the test, the results might be inaccurate, and the diagnosis can be wrong. Make sure that you ask your doctor if you need to fast before the test and follow his or her instructions. If no fasting is required, do what makes you feel more comfortable, such as drinking your favorite coffee or eating something to reduce anxiety levels. Even if you are required to fast for about 8–12 hours before doing the test, it's recommended not to eat sweets or candy in the evening before doing the test. This type of food might spike your blood sugar levels too much before the test, and the result might be inaccurate. Drink Plenty of Water Whether you need to fast before a test or not, drinking water is essential and highly recommended. Staying hydrated will not alter test results, and it will make you feel more comfortable. On top of that, having sufficient water in your system also makes the veins look fuller, so the phlebotomist can draw blood easier. It's worth noting that drinking water will also bring the veins closer to the skin. This is great, as your doctor can find a good vein quicker and draw a blood sample with little to no effort. Your medical professional might also ask you to make a fist with the arm from which blood will be taken. This is usually required to make the veins pop out even more so the doctor can find them easier. Express Your Concerns If you have questions about your test or feel uneasy in any way, feel free to ask your doctor or phlebotomist. It's normal to express your concerns and try to find answers to questions you might have. For example, you can ask questions such as "does it hurt?" or "how long does it take to draw blood?" to reduce your anxiety and stress levels. The medical professionals are always happy to answer your questions and make you feel more comfortable. It's also possible to reschedule an appointment if you cannot arrive at the clinic on a certain day or order additional blood tests on top of the current one. Go Ahead and Order Your Discounted Lab Test Today! As you can see, there are many things you can do to reduce your anxiety and stress levels before drawing blood for a test. Keep in mind that even if taking a blood test scares you, this is one of the best ways to prevent further complications and learn more about your health. If you haven't decided which blood tests you should order, then explore the numerous affordable labs from reputable vendors, such as DiscountedLabs.com. Choose a test from this list of popular blood test panels and you're on the right track to a healthier you!   =================== References: 4 ways to stay calm during a blood test CMP Panel- CMP Comprehensive Metabolic Panel | Discounted Labs Elite Male Blood Test Panel  

Testosterone Injection: Subcutaneous vs. Intramuscular—Where to Inject Regardless of which TRT product you’ve been prescribed, a common question is where to inject testosterone. For decades, most men have used IM testosterone injections, primarily into the glutes, quads, or deltoids, using a 1 to 1.5-inch syringe. During the past five years, many men have also begun injecting testosterone subcutaneously (SubQ), a shallow injection into the fat layer on the abdominal or other areas—just under the skin but before reaching muscle. Many TRT patients find SubQ injections less bothersome than IM injections, as they require a smaller needle in both length and gauge. SubQ injections are also associated with less irritation for some men with IM injections. While some men may find IM injections to leave a minor soreness at the injected site, SubQ injections cause no noticeable pain or irritation. Understanding Testosterone Replacement Therapy Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) is a medical treatment designed to help individuals with low testosterone levels, also known as hypogonadism. TRT aims to restore normal testosterone levels, alleviating symptoms such as low libido, fatigue, and decreased muscle mass. This form of hormone therapy can significantly improve the quality of life for those experiencing sexual dysfunction and other related issues. TRT can be administered through various methods, including intramuscular injections, subcutaneous injections, and topical gels. In this article, we will focus on testosterone injections, specifically intramuscular and subcutaneous injections, to provide a comprehensive understanding of these methods. Testosterone Injection Methods: Effects on Total Testosterone, Estradiol (E2), and PSA Testosterone Cypionate and Testosterone Enanthate are the two most commonly used forms of testosterone in men to treat hypogonadism (low testosterone). Both forms carry the same testosterone hormone; the ester is the only difference, which alters the hormone’s time release so that testosterone blood levels can remain up for a few days. These two testosterone compounds are identical in a testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) setting. Both forms are commonly used in hormone replacement therapy to treat hypogonadism in men. Where and How to Inject Testosterone? Regardless of which TRT product you’ve been prescribed, a common question is where to inject testosterone. For decades, most men have injected their testosterone intramuscularly (IM), primarily into the glutes, quads, or deltoids, using a 1- to 1.5-inch syringe. During the past five years, many men have also begun injecting testosterone subcutaneously (SubQ), a shallow injection into the fat layer on the abdominal or other areas—just under the skin but before reaching muscle. Many TRT patients find SubQ injections less bothersome than IM injections, as they require a smaller needle in both length and gauge. SubQ injections are also associated with less irritation for some men with IM injections. While some men may find IM injections to leave a minor soreness at the injected site, SubQ injections cause no noticeable pain or irritation. Many patients find it beneficial to inject weekly to maintain stable testosterone levels. Administering Testosterone Injections Safely Administering testosterone injections safely requires proper technique and precautions to ensure effectiveness and minimize risks. Before injecting, ensure the injection site is clean and free of any debris. Use a sterile needle and syringe, and follow the recommended dosage and injection frequency as prescribed by your healthcare provider. For intramuscular injections, use a longer needle (1 to 1.5 inches) and insert it at a 90-degree angle into the muscle, typically in the glutes, quads, or deltoids. For subcutaneous injections, use a shorter needle (0.5 to 1 inch) and insert it at a 45-degree angle into the fatty tissue, commonly in the abdominal area. Always dispose of used needles and syringes properly to prevent injury and contamination. By following these steps, you can administer testosterone injections safely and effectively. Choosing the Right Injection Site Choosing the right injection site is crucial for safe and effective testosterone injections. For intramuscular injections, common sites include the buttocks, thigh, and upper arm. These areas have larger muscle masses, which are ideal for proper absorption of the hormone. For subcutaneous injections, common sites include the abdomen, thigh, and buttock. When selecting an injection site, consider the following factors: Fat layer: Subcutaneous injections require a sufficient fat layer to ensure proper absorption. Muscle mass: Intramuscular injections require a larger muscle mass to ensure proper absorption. Nerve proximity: Avoid injecting near nerves to minimize the risk of nerve damage. Scarring: Rotate injection sites to minimize scarring and promote even absorption. By carefully choosing the injection site and rotating locations, you can enhance the effectiveness of your testosterone injections and reduce potential complications. What is the Best Way to Inject Testosterone? While subcutaneous testosterone injections are by far the most uncomplicated and most comfortable, the more critical question for any TRT patient is how effective this method is and how it affects the potential adverse side effects of TRT. Weekly injections are often recommended to maintain stable hormone levels and reduce side effects. A recent study from the Department of Urology at the University of California (UC) has provided us with such answers. The UC study attempted to answer four questions as they relate to IM vs. SubQ testosterone injections: Comparisons in: Total Testosterone Hematocrit (HCT) Estradiol (E2) Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Two hundred thirty-two men took part in the UC study. Baseline levels were recorded for all men in the four measurement areas and then again at 6-12 weeks post-treatment. The results showed that men who underwent SubQ injections of testosterone resulted in a 14% greater increase in total testosterone levels than the testosterone level of IM patients. SubQ patients also had 41% lower hematocrit post-therapy than IM patients and 26.5% lower E2 levels. For both groups of men, there were no elevated levels of PSA. Additional Studies Comparing IM versus SubQ TRT While the UC study provides valuable data on four specific lab test values of concern and is one of the most recent studies on the topic of subcutaneous versus intramuscular testosterone injections, it is not the only information we have available. An additional Journal of Clinical Endocrinology study found that normal serum testosterone levels were maintained through SubQ injections. Most patients preferred the injection method due to less injection site pain. Similar results were found in a study headed by Dr. Al-Futais in a Canadian study that ran for one year in 2002. Similar results for subcutaneous testosterone injections have also been found in female-to-male (FTM) transgender people-based testosterone studies. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism reported that FTM patients administering SubQ testosterone were found to easily reach stable and normal testosterone levels along with suitable E2 levels. The study concluded that SubQ testosterone injections are both safe and effective. These findings are particularly relevant for those undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy, as they highlight the effectiveness and patient preference for SubQ injections. Although far less in-depth than we previously mentioned, a final study of note was published in the Journal of the Endocrine Society. Similar results to the reviews mentioned above were found, along with no significant changes between IM and SubQ patients relating to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Interestingly, unlike the UC study, this study also measured no notable difference in E2 levels between the two categories. However, it must be noted that this particular study only included a single injection of testosterone undecanoate at 1000 mg. How to Inject Testosterone Using Subcutaneous Injections? If subcutaneous testosterone injections are right for you, you will merely need a small insulin syringe to administer the hormone. A 0.5-inch-long, 25-27 gauge needle in a 1 ml syringe will typically suffice. They also do not require aspiration, commonly used in old IM injection techniques. Unlike IM testosterone injections, SubQ injections do not require aspiration and use a smaller needle. Regardless, the aforementioned insulin needles and syringes are your best choice for comfort and ease of use. Due to the small needle size, you may find it slightly more difficult to draw the testosterone into the insulin syringe. But most men on TRT use 50-100 mg twice per week, which amounts to 0.25 to 0.5 ml of a 200 mg/ml testosterone cypionate or enanthate formulation commonly used in the United States. Those small volumes load up in just 1-2 minutes. Many TRT clinics prescribe protocols to patients to inject their testosterone subcutaneously once or twice weekly. This protocol effectively maintains stable testosterone levels with small, more frequent doses than the old dose of 200 mg once every two weeks. Two injections that split the weekly dose twice per week will suffice for most patients, such as a Monday and Thursday protocol. Is There Any Difference Between Testosterone Cypionate and Testosterone Enanthate? As mentioned early on, testosterone cypionate and testosterone enanthate are the two most commonly prescribed and lowest-cost testosterone esters worldwide. All four studies cited in our discussion were performed using Testosterone Enanthate, excluding the one using Undecanoate. However, using Testosterone Cypionate would have yielded similar, if not identical, results. Both versions of the testosterone hormone are just that, testosterone. Molecularly, there is no difference. It is merely the ester attached, and the carrier oil it may be mixed in is the only difference. Further, as the enanthate and cypionate esters have very similar time-release structures, total serum levels should be relatively the same with either compound, even if injected subcutaneously. Conclusion In conclusion, testosterone replacement therapy is a medical treatment designed to help individuals with low testosterone levels. Administering testosterone injections safely requires proper technique and precautions. Choosing the right injection site is crucial for safe and effective testosterone injections. By understanding the differences between intramuscular and subcutaneous injections, individuals can make informed decisions about their treatment options. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting testosterone replacement therapy to ensure the best approach for your specific needs. References How to Inject Testosterone Intramuscularly, Shallow IM, or Subcutaneously? Comparison of Outcomes for Hypogonadal Men Treated with Intramuscular Testosterone Cypionate versus Subcutaneous Testosterone Enanthate SIU Academy. Choi E. 10/10/20; 309864; BSP-06.01 Subcutaneous Injection of Testosterone Is an Effective and Preferred Alternative to Intramuscular Injection: Demonstration in Female-to-Male Transgender Patients  The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 102, Issue 7, 1 July 2017, Pages 2349–2355 Pharmacokinetics and Acceptability of Subcutaneous Injection of Testosterone Undecanoate J Endocr Soc. 2019 Aug 1; 3(8): 1531–1540.

Your hormones control everything from energy and strength to recovery and muscle-building. Regular testing can identify imbalances that hold you back and help fine-tune your training, diet, and recovery. Here’s a quick summary of the 8 key hormone tests every athlete and bodybuilder should know about: Testosterone: Measures muscle growth and recovery potential. Cortisol: Tracks stress and recovery balance. Growth Hormone (GH): Supports muscle repair and fat metabolism. Thyroid Function: Regulates energy and metabolism. IGF-1: Reflects growth hormone activity for muscle building. Estradiol: Affects recovery, bone health, and fat distribution. DHEA: Precursor to testosterone and estrogen, key for hormonal balance. LH & FSH: Monitors reproductive health and testosterone production. Why it matters: Hormonal imbalances can lead to fatigue, poor recovery, and reduced performance. Testing provides actionable data to optimize training and avoid overtraining. Pro Tip: Start with a testosterone-to-cortisol ratio or thyroid panel if you're noticing fatigue, slow recovery, or muscle loss. Dive into the full article for details on each test and how to use them to improve your results. Fitness Improvement Requires Stress & Cortisol 1. Testosterone Levels Testing testosterone levels is crucial for athletes, as it directly affects muscle growth, recovery, and overall performance. Understanding Testosterone Testing Blood tests are used to measure two key types of testosterone: total testosterone (which includes both free and protein-bound forms) and free testosterone (the active form). For the most accurate results, it's recommended to test between 7 a.m. and 10 a.m., when levels are naturally highest [3]. Services like DiscountedLabs.com offer hormone panels at over 2,200 locations across the U.S., delivering confidential results in just 2–7 business days. This detailed measurement helps assess performance potential and identify areas for improvement. Normal Testosterone Ranges for Athletes Gender Normal Range (ng/dL) Men 300–1,000 Women 15–70 Dr. Paul Gittens, a board-certified urologist and founder of the Rockwell Centers for Sexual Medicine and Wellness, emphasizes: "It's not all about numbers. It's about how your numbers reflect with your symptoms." [2] How Testosterone Affects Athletic Performance Maintaining balanced testosterone levels is essential for any athlete aiming to maximize strength and recovery. Testosterone supports several key functions, including: Promoting muscle protein synthesis Maintaining bone density Speeding up post-workout recovery Regulating fat distribution It's worth noting that testosterone levels naturally decline by about 1.6% per year, which can influence performance over time. Signs of Low Testosterone Be alert to these potential warning signs of low testosterone: Loss of muscle mass despite consistent training Longer recovery periods after workouts Reduced strength gains Unusual fatigue during exercise Lack of motivation to train Dr. Justin Dubin, a urologist and men's health expert at Memorial Healthcare System, points out: "Just because your testosterone is very, very high doesn't mean you have a better libido or anything. Everyone's body is different." [2] 2. Cortisol Measurement Cortisol, often referred to as the "stress hormone", can directly impact recovery and performance when levels remain elevated for too long. For athletes and bodybuilders, keeping cortisol in check is key to improving training outcomes. This hormone plays a role in regulating metabolism, immune response, and inflammation [7]. Testing Methods and Timing Cortisol levels can be assessed using three primary methods: Test Type Collection Time Normal Range (8 a.m.) Blood Test Morning + 4 p.m. 5-25 mcg/dL Saliva Test Before bedtime Varies by lab 24-hour Urine Full day collection Lab-specific Impact on Athletic Performance When exercise intensity exceeds 60% of VO2 max, cortisol levels naturally rise [6]. While short-term spikes are part of the body's normal response, consistently high levels can lead to: Poor muscle recovery Weakened immune function Loss of bone density Trouble sleeping Increased fat storage Professor Chris McLellan highlights the importance of monitoring cortisol: "Cortisol testing provides coaches, trainers and health & fitness professionals with increased capacity in conjunction with existing performance monitoring methods to establish preparedness for training and competition and optimize recovery. With cortisol, what gets measured, gets managed." [4] Understanding these effects is just the first step. The next challenge is learning how to control elevated cortisol levels. Managing Cortisol Levels Overtraining can cause a surge in cortisol that slows recovery and breaks down muscle tissue [8]. To keep cortisol levels balanced: Post-workout nutrition: After exercise, drink a carb-to-protein mix in a 3:1–4:1 ratio to help regulate cortisol [5]. Training structure: Build workout routines that include proper rest periods, especially for endurance-focused athletes [5]. Recovery strategies: Incorporate stress management techniques and prioritize high-quality sleep [4]. 3. Growth Hormone Testing Growth hormone (GH) testing plays an important role for athletes and bodybuilders aiming to improve performance and recovery. Since GH levels naturally rise and fall throughout the day, accurate testing can reveal useful details about hormonal health and how well training is working. Testing Methods and Accuracy Measuring GH isn't straightforward because of its pulsatile secretion pattern. Standard blood tests aren't enough. Instead, endocrinologists rely on specialized tests: Test Type Purpose Normal Range Approximate Cost IGF-1 Blood Test Primary screening Age/gender specific $70 GH Stimulation Diagnose deficiency >4 ng/mL (adults) Varies GH Suppression Diagnose excess <1 ng/mL Varies Macimorelin Test Oral diagnostic ≤2.8 μg/L Varies Dr. Jennifer Osipoff, a Pediatric Endocrinologist at Stony Brook Children's Hospital, notes: "A random GH level is not a clinically relevant value if assessing for growth hormone deficiency or excess. Instead, endocrinologists will measure insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a protein that is made in response to GH secretion." [10] Impact on Athletic Performance GH plays a role in muscle growth, protein synthesis, fat metabolism, and recovery. Studies show that athletes using GH supplementation gained an average of 4.6 pounds of lean body mass [11]. However, GH alone doesn't lead to noticeable improvements in strength or exercise performance. This underscores the importance of focusing on natural ways to optimize GH levels. Natural GH Optimization Tracking GH levels can help adjust training plans. Here are some insights: Women produce about 50% more GH than men over a 24-hour period [9]. GH production decreases by roughly 14% per decade after early adulthood [9]. Anaerobic workouts stimulate more GH release compared to steady-state cardio [9]. Testing Considerations When preparing for GH testing, keep the following in mind: Follow fasting guidelines carefully. Inform your doctor about any medications that could affect results. Schedule tests at times when GH levels are most likely to be measurable. Consider pairing GH testing with IGF-1 measurement for a more complete picture. 4. Thyroid Function Tests Thyroid tests provide important insights for athletes looking to refine their training. These hormones play a key role in metabolism, muscle function, and overall performance, making thyroid health essential for athletic success. Core Thyroid Panel Components Test Type Purpose Indicator TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) Initial screening test General thyroid function Free T4 Measures active thyroid hormone Direct thyroid output Free T3 Measures active thyroid hormone Reflects metabolic activity Thyroid Antibodies Identifies autoimmune issues Autoimmune conditions How Thyroid Hormones Affect Performance Thyroid hormones impact several areas critical to athletes: Muscle strength, recovery, and protein synthesis Energy production and usage Heart rate and blood pressure regulation Body temperature control Weight stability Dr. Sumedha Chablani, an endocrinologist and clinical assistant professor at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, notes: "Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can present with fatigue or changes in energy levels, which can impact athletic performance and endurance."[13] Understanding these effects helps athletes address potential issues early. Signs to Watch For Athletes should pay attention to these symptoms for thyroid imbalances: Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid) Unexplained weight loss with increased appetite Muscle weakness Rapid heart rate Excessive sweating Sleep problems Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid) Persistent fatigue Trouble building or maintaining muscle Slower recovery from workouts Joint and muscle pain Unexplained weight gain If you notice these signs, testing is critical to confirm and address the issue. Testing Tips for Athletes Studies show that 57–90% of hypothyroid patients have elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels [12]. To ensure accurate results: Schedule tests in the early morning. Keep follow-up tests at consistent times. Let your provider know about any medications, supplements, or thyroid concerns. Athletes using androgenic anabolic steroids should be particularly cautious, as these substances can disrupt thyroid function [12]. Supporting Thyroid Health Regular testing can guide adjustments to training and recovery routines. Thyroid hormones are important for muscle function, especially in promoting faster muscle fiber types in muscles with a higher proportion of slow fibers [14]. To maintain thyroid health, athletes should focus on: Prioritizing quality sleep Managing training-related stress Following a well-rounded diet Monitoring thyroid levels regularly Taking care of thyroid health ensures you’re getting the most out of your training efforts. sbb-itb-2f7d8a0 5. IGF-1 Blood Test The IGF-1 blood test measures muscle growth, recovery, and tissue development influenced by growth hormone activity. IGF-1 works alongside growth hormone to support tissue building and muscle protein synthesis. Understanding IGF-1's Role About 75% of IGF-1 is produced in the liver [18]. Unlike growth hormone, which fluctuates throughout the day, IGF-1 levels remain steady, making it a reliable marker for assessing average growth hormone activity [16][17]. IGF-1 Function Impact on Performance Muscle Growth Promotes protein synthesis and muscle development Recovery Activates satellite cells to aid muscle repair Metabolism Improves insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake Bone Health Contributes to bone growth and strength Testing Considerations The United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) highlights the importance of medical oversight when it comes to IGF-1: "IGF-1 is produced in response to physiological or pharmaceutical growth hormone (GH), and is responsible for many of the anabolic effects of GH. It can enhance the production of lean muscle as well as aid in recovery time, but when used without medical necessity, exogenous IGF-1 can cause serious harm." [15] Supporting IGF-1 Naturally Boost IGF-1 levels through a diet rich in protein and selenium, paired with progressive strength training. Age-Related Trends IGF-1 levels naturally rise during childhood, peak during puberty, and decline with age. Always refer to age-specific ranges for accurate interpretation. Performance Benefits IGF-1 can improve athletic performance in several ways: Stimulating satellite cells to repair and rebuild muscle fibers Activating the mTOR pathway to increase protein synthesis Reducing protein breakdown by inhibiting FoxO-1 Enhancing insulin sensitivity for better glucose uptake [18] Regular IGF-1 testing can help fine-tune your training plan while ensuring compliance with anti-doping regulations. 6. Estradiol Measurement Estradiol testing is valuable for both male and female athletes aiming to improve their performance. This hormone plays a role in muscle growth, recovery, bone strength, and overall hormone balance, making it an important factor in crafting an effective performance strategy. Normal Reference Ranges Understanding baseline estradiol levels is essential for accurate analysis: Gender/Status Normal Range (pg/mL) Male 10–50 Female (Premenopausal) 30–400 Female (Postmenopausal) 0–30 Impact on Athletic Performance Balanced estradiol levels contribute to muscle strength, recovery, bone density, fat distribution, and mood stability. Studies indicate that estradiol can enhance muscle recovery and strength [20]. Testing Considerations Accurate estradiol measurements require sensitive testing methods. Opt for FDA-approved techniques to ensure reliable results. Warning Signs In men, estradiol levels above 40 pg/mL may indicate potential performance issues. Low estradiol levels can result in: Reduced bone density Slower muscle recovery Sexual health challenges Increased fat accumulation [19] Identifying these imbalances early helps fine-tune training and overall health strategies. Optimization Strategies To maintain healthy estradiol levels: Engage in strength training and maintain a balanced body composition Follow an anti-inflammatory diet rich in vitamin D and calcium Manage stress effectively and prioritize good sleep For athletes using performance-enhancing substances, avoid excessive estradiol suppression, as it can cause negative health effects [19]. Making informed adjustments based on estradiol levels can lead to better training outcomes. Regular Monitoring Incorporate estradiol testing into your routine hormone panel checks to refine your performance strategy and identify any additional markers for optimization. 7. DHEA Blood Test The DHEA blood test is a useful tool for monitoring hormonal health. DHEA, a steroid hormone produced mainly by the adrenal glands, plays a key role in the production of testosterone and estrogen. Understanding DHEA Levels DHEA-S (sulfate) levels naturally vary based on age and gender. They typically peak during puberty and slowly decline as you age. Since lab reference ranges can differ, it's important to review your results with a healthcare provider. How DHEA Affects Performance DHEA can influence athletic performance in several ways: It supports muscle growth when combined with resistance training. It helps reduce muscle damage and soreness with doses of about 100 mg daily. It aids in maintaining hormonal balance as a precursor to testosterone and estrogen [22] [23]. When Should You Test? Athletes might consider testing if they notice signs like unexplained fatigue, reduced performance, difficulty building or maintaining muscle, slow recovery, or other hormonal imbalance symptoms. Women experiencing menstrual irregularities or signs of virilization might also benefit from testing. Identifying these issues early can help you address potential setbacks. What High or Low Levels Mean High DHEA-S levels: Could indicate conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal tumors, or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Low DHEA-S levels: May suggest adrenal insufficiency or hypopituitarism. They might also reflect the natural decline in hormone production with age. Tips for Maintaining Healthy DHEA Levels Athletes looking to maintain or improve their DHEA levels can take these steps: Use trusted providers like Discounted Labs for hormone panels at over 2,200 U.S. locations. Get regular tests every three to six months to track changes. Prioritize quality sleep, manage stress, and follow a balanced diet to support overall hormonal health. Key Points to Remember DHEA supplements are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) [21]. Research shows that plasma DHEA-S levels can drop by up to 80% between ages 25 and 75 [22]. Regular blood tests and professional guidance are essential for keeping your hormones in check and staying on top of your performance. 8. LH and FSH Testing LH (Luteinizing Hormone) and FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) tests offer insight into hormonal balance and endocrine health, especially for athletes and bodybuilders. These hormones, produced by the pituitary gland, play key roles in reproductive health. What Do LH and FSH Do? In men, LH stimulates the Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone, which is crucial for sperm production. FSH, on the other hand, supports the development of healthy sperm. For women, LH is involved in triggering ovulation and regulating the menstrual cycle, while FSH helps ovarian follicles grow and mature. Normal LH levels in men aged 20 to 70 usually range from 0.7 to 7.9 IU/L [25]. These functions highlight why testing is important, particularly when performance or recovery issues arise. When Should You Get Tested? Consider testing LH and FSH levels if you notice: Unexplained fatigue or a drop in performance Loss of muscle mass or strength Low sex drive Irregular menstrual cycles (for female athletes) Struggles with workout recovery What Do Test Results Mean? Elevated levels may indicate ovarian or testicular failure, while low levels could point to problems with the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. These imbalances can result from chronic stress, overtraining, poor recovery, or nutritional gaps [26]. Supporting Healthy Hormone Levels To maintain balanced LH and FSH levels, athletes can: Eat a well-rounded diet Adjust training intensity as needed Prioritize recovery time Address insulin resistance through dietary changes [24] Consider a Mediterranean-style diet to support overall hormonal health The Importance of Regular Monitoring Routine testing helps athletes keep track of their hormone levels and address imbalances early. Consulting healthcare professionals ensures proper interpretation of results and helps guide effective interventions. This is particularly important for competitive athletes, as prolonged training stress can disrupt the hypothalamus and reduce LH production [24]. Conclusion Regular hormone testing plays a crucial role for athletes who want to fine-tune their performance. Research shows that up to 85% of people may deal with hormonal imbalances [27], making these tests an important tool for staying in top physical shape. For instance, a testosterone-to-cortisol ratio drop of 30% or more can signal poor recovery and overtraining [28]. Experts like Dr. Zane Hauck and Dr. Mini Sara Cherian highlight how blood tests help athletes adjust workload, recovery, and overall health [1][29]. These insights ensure training programs are based on solid data. To get the most out of hormone testing, athletes should keep these factors in mind: Timing Matters: Tests should account for variables like time of day, hydration, training intensity, and - for women - the menstrual cycle [30]. Diet Adjustments: Results may suggest dietary changes. For example, consuming up to 2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight and maintaining moderate fat intake can help keep hormone levels in check [30]. Recovery Insights: Monitoring hormones can guide recovery strategies and help avoid overtraining [30]. From testosterone to LH/FSH, each test adds to a comprehensive view of hormonal health. Fortunately, FDA-approved labs across the country now widely offer these tests, making it easier than ever for athletes to maintain optimal hormonal health.

As women age, their health needs change. Regular blood tests after 40 can help detect issues early, manage risks, and improve overall well-being. Here’s a quick summary of the 10 essential blood tests every woman over 40 should consider: Complete Blood Count (CBC): Checks for anemia, infections, and blood disorders. Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP): Monitors kidney function, blood sugar, and electrolyte balance. Cholesterol Test (Lipid Panel): Tracks heart health by measuring LDL, HDL, and triglycerides. Thyroid Function Test: Identifies thyroid issues that affect metabolism and energy. Blood Sugar Test: Screens for diabetes or prediabetes. Vitamin D Test: Ensures healthy bones and immune function. Hormone Level Test: Tracks changes during perimenopause and menopause. Inflammation Test (CRP, ESR): Detects risks for heart disease or autoimmune conditions. Iron Storage Test (Ferritin): Checks for iron deficiency or overload. Vitamin B12 Test: Monitors nerve health and energy levels. Why These Tests Matter: Heart Health: High cholesterol or inflammation increases cardiovascular risks. Diabetes Prevention: Elevated blood sugar often shows no symptoms early on. Bone Strength: Vitamin D and hormone levels directly impact bone density. Early Detection: Thyroid and iron imbalances can lead to fatigue, weight changes, or more serious issues. Quick Overview Table: Test What It Checks Why It’s Important CBC Blood cell counts Detects anemia, infections, disorders BMP Kidney function, glucose Monitors metabolism, fluid balance Lipid Panel Cholesterol levels Reduces heart disease risks Thyroid Test TSH, T3, T4 Identifies thyroid dysfunction Blood Sugar Glucose levels Screens for diabetes Vitamin D 25-hydroxyvitamin D Supports bone and immune health Hormone Test FSH, estrogen Tracks menopause-related changes Inflammation Markers CRP, ESR Reveals heart or autoimmune risks Iron Storage Ferritin levels Prevents deficiency or overload Vitamin B12 B12 levels Maintains nerve and cognitive health Pro Tip: Schedule these tests during your annual check-up or as recommended by your doctor. Early detection leads to better outcomes and peace of mind. How to interpret your bloodwork in perimenopause and menopause 1. Complete Blood Count (CBC) A CBC test gives a quick overview of your health by analyzing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. For women over 40, it can help identify early signs of issues like anemia or infections. Here’s what a healthy CBC might look like: Blood Component Normal Range (Female) Red Blood Cells 4.2 - 5.4 million/mcL White Blood Cells 4,500 - 10,000/mcL Hemoglobin 12.1 - 15.1 g/dL Platelets 150,000 - 450,000/mcL Why is this test important for women over 40? It can uncover: Anemia: As menopause approaches, iron deficiency becomes more common. Hemoglobin levels below 12.1 g/dL could indicate anemia, which often causes fatigue or weakness [3]. Infections: High white blood cell counts (over 10,000/mcL) might mean your body is fighting an infection. This is especially useful as immune function can weaken with age [4]. Blood Disorders: Irregular platelet counts may suggest clotting problems or other blood-related issues [3]. "A CBC can help diagnose a broad range of conditions, from anemia and infection to cancer." [5] Your doctor might suggest more frequent CBC tests if you’re dealing with unexplained fatigue, taking medications that affect blood counts, managing chronic illnesses like kidney disease, or undergoing treatments that impact blood cell production [6]. No special preparation is needed for this test, and it’s a simple way to gain valuable insights into your health. Ask your doctor if it’s time to include a CBC in your routine check-ups. 2. Basic Metabolic Panel The Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) is a key blood test for women over 40, checking eight important substances that help assess fluid balance, metabolism, and kidney function. Here’s what the BMP measures: Component Normal Range What It Shows Glucose 74–99 mg/dL Blood sugar levels Calcium 8.5–10.2 mg/dL Bone health and nerve function Sodium 136–144 mmol/L Fluid balance Potassium 3.7–5.1 mmol/L Heart rhythm and muscle function CO2 22–30 mmol/L Breathing efficiency Chloride 98–107 mmol/L Acid-base balance BUN 7–21 mg/dL Kidney function Creatinine 0.58–0.96 mg/dL Kidney filtration This test can help spot early signs of health concerns. For example, glucose levels can indicate a risk of diabetes, while BUN and creatinine levels provide a snapshot of kidney health. Sodium, potassium, and chloride levels reveal potential electrolyte imbalances. How to prepare for the test: Fast for 8 hours beforehand but stay hydrated with water. Let your doctor know about any medications or supplements you’re taking. Try to schedule the test in the morning for the most reliable results. Keep in mind, about 1 in 20 healthy individuals might have results slightly outside the normal range [7]. Services like Discounted Labs let you order a BMP test online and visit one of over 2,200 lab locations across the U.S. Results are typically ready within 2–7 business days. If your results are abnormal, it might not always indicate a serious issue. Temporary changes, medications, or even diet can affect outcomes. Always review your results with a healthcare provider to understand what they mean for you. 3. Cholesterol Test A cholesterol test, often called a lipid panel, becomes increasingly important for women over 40, particularly as menopause approaches. This test measures key lipids in your blood that impact heart health. Here’s a breakdown of what the test measures and the ideal levels: Component Target Level What It Indicates Total Cholesterol Below 200 mg/dL Overall heart health LDL (Bad) Below 100 mg/dL Risk of plaque buildup in arteries HDL (Good) 60+ mg/dL Protective levels for heart health Triglycerides Below 150 mg/dL Fat levels in the blood After menopause, lower estrogen levels can alter cholesterol metabolism, significantly increasing cardiovascular risk. According to the American Heart Association's 2023 report, 36% of women have higher-than-recommended total cholesterol, often accompanied by rising LDL, lower HDL, and higher triglycerides [8][9]. Regular cholesterol testing is key to managing these risks. How Often Should You Get Tested? Ages 40–54: Every 4–6 years (if results are normal) Ages 55–65: Every 1–2 years Over 65: Annually More frequent testing: If you have additional risk factors for heart disease Preparing for the Test To ensure accurate results, fast for 12 hours before the test - water is allowed. Continue taking prescribed medications unless your doctor advises otherwise. The American Heart Association emphasizes: "High cholesterol has no signs or symptoms, so the only way to know if you have it is to get your cholesterol checked by a doctor on a regular basis, especially after you go through menopause." [9] Tips for Managing Cholesterol Naturally Add soluble fiber: Foods like legumes and whole grains can help. Incorporate omega-3s: Salmon, walnuts, and similar foods are great choices. Exercise regularly: Aim for 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity weekly. Strength train: Include strength exercises twice a week. Limit saturated fats: Cut back on red meat and full-fat dairy products. Taking these steps can help keep your cholesterol levels in check and support overall heart health. 4. Thyroid Function Test A thyroid function test is especially important for women over 40, as thyroid issues tend to become more common with age. This blood test evaluates how effectively your thyroid gland manages metabolism and energy levels. Here’s a breakdown of the main hormones included in a thyroid panel: Hormone Normal Range What It Indicates TSH 0.5–5.0 mIU/L General thyroid health Free T4 Varies by lab Available thyroid hormone Free T3 Varies by lab Active thyroid hormone TSH is often the first hormone to show changes, even before other thyroid hormones become abnormal [11]. High TSH levels usually point to an underactive thyroid, while low levels suggest an overactive thyroid. Why It Matters Thyroid disorders are more common in women and often go undiagnosed: Around 25 million Americans have hypothyroidism, and nearly half are unaware of it [12]. Women are 5–10 times more likely than men to experience thyroid issues [12]. Roughly 5% of U.S. adults live with hypothyroidism [13]. Common Thyroid Patterns Test results can reveal specific thyroid conditions: Test Pattern Possible Condition High TSH + Low Hormones Primary hypothyroidism Low TSH + High Hormones Primary hyperthyroidism Low TSH + Normal Hormones Early hyperthyroidism How to Prepare Avoid taking biotin supplements for at least three days before your test, and let your doctor know about any medications you’re using [11]. "Changes in TSH can serve as an 'early warning system' - often occurring before the actual level of thyroid hormones in the body becomes too high or too low."– UCLA Health [11] Signs You Might Need Testing You may want to consider testing if you experience: Unexplained weight changes Persistent fatigue Sensitivity to temperature Irregular menstrual cycles Mood swings Sleep issues The Cleveland Clinic highlights the importance of these tests: "Thyroid tests tell your healthcare provider how well your thyroid gland works."– Cleveland Clinic [10] Since thyroid function directly impacts metabolism and heart rate, regular testing can help catch potential issues early. 5. Blood Sugar Test Monitoring blood sugar levels is crucial for women over 40, as the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes increases with age. Regular testing can identify potential problems before symptoms arise. Understanding Blood Sugar Levels A blood sugar test checks the amount of glucose in your blood. The results fall into specific ranges that help identify your health status: Test Type Normal Range Prediabetes Diabetes Fasting Blood Glucose 70-99 mg/dL 100-125 mg/dL ≥126 mg/dL Random Blood Glucose ≤125 mg/dL N/A ≥200 mg/dL These numbers provide a snapshot of your metabolic health and can guide you in deciding if further steps are necessary. When Should You Get Tested? The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) highlights the importance of early detection: "That's why people with any risk factors are urged to ask their doctor if they should be screened. Being screened means getting tested when you don't have any symptoms." [14] Screening is recommended starting at age 35 and should be repeated every three years. However, you may need more frequent testing if you have: A family history of diabetes High blood pressure A history of gestational diabetes Polycystic ovary syndrome Excess weight A sedentary lifestyle Types of Blood Sugar Tests Your doctor might suggest one or more of these tests: Fasting Blood Sugar: Requires fasting for at least 8 hours. Random Blood Sugar: Can be taken at any time of the day. A1C Test: Provides an average blood sugar level over the past 2–3 months. These tests offer a comprehensive view of your blood sugar levels and help identify any need for further evaluation. Warning Signs to Watch For MedlinePlus points out: "High blood sugar and high cholesterol levels also may not have any symptoms in the early stages. A simple blood test can check for these conditions." [2] Managing Your Risk If your results show prediabetes (fasting glucose between 100-125 mg/dL), there are steps you can take to lower your risk of developing type 2 diabetes: Stay physically active Follow a balanced diet Maintain a healthy weight Monitor your blood sugar regularly Work closely with your healthcare provider Routine blood sugar testing is a powerful tool for understanding your metabolic health and taking control of your well-being. Order Affordable Lab Tests Online Take control of your health with Discounted Labs. Access FDA-approved blood and hormone tests without a doctor's visit or insurance. Choose from over 2,200 lab locations nationwide and get confidential results fast. Order Discounted Lab Tests 6. Vitamin D Level Once you hit 40, keeping tabs on your vitamin D level becomes important for maintaining strong bones, a healthy immune system, and overall health. A simple blood test can measure your 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, giving a clear picture of where you stand. Vitamin D Ranges Medical organizations have different recommendations for what your vitamin D levels should be: Organization Recommended Level Classification Institute of Medicine ≥20 ng/mL Adequate for bone health Endocrine Society 30–60 ng/mL Optimal range Risk Factors for Low Vitamin D "For perimenopausal women or other groups of people with higher fracture risk, certainly a level of 20 or above is ideal." [15] Certain factors can increase your chances of having low vitamin D. These include limited exposure to sunlight, having darker skin (which needs more sun to produce vitamin D), obesity, and not eating enough foods rich in vitamin D. Knowing these risks can help you address potential deficiencies early. Next Steps for Low Levels If your test shows low vitamin D levels, your doctor might suggest ways to improve them. According to Dr. Donald Hensrud, taking 1,000–2,000 IU of vitamin D daily is often enough to bring levels up to a healthy range [17]. Natural Ways to Boost Vitamin D Studies suggest that for white individuals living in the UK, about nine minutes of midday sun exposure on the arms and legs can provide enough vitamin D [16]. Here are some simple ways to increase your levels: Diet: Add foods like fatty fish, egg yolks, fortified milk, and liver to your meals. Sunlight: Safely expose your arms, legs, or back to sunlight for short periods. Supplements: Talk to your doctor about taking vitamin D₃ supplements if needed. Warning Signs of Deficiency Low vitamin D levels can cause symptoms like bone and muscle pain, fatigue, and even depression. Regular testing can help you catch and address deficiencies before they lead to more serious problems. 7. Hormone Level Test For women over 40, especially during perimenopause and menopause, testing hormone levels can provide crucial health insights. One of the main hormones checked is Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), which plays a key role in understanding ovarian function. Knowing your hormone levels can help you make informed decisions about your health. Understanding FSH Levels FSH levels naturally change throughout different life stages. Here's a quick breakdown: Life Stage Normal FSH Range Pre-puberty 0–4.0 IU/L During puberty 0.3–10.0 IU/L Menstruating years 4.7–21.5 IU/L Post-menopause 25.8–134.8 IU/L These benchmarks provide a useful reference for assessing hormone levels at various points in life. When to Get Tested Timely hormone testing can help detect and manage health changes early. Dr. Shamita Misra, a Family Medicine Doctor at MU Health Care, notes: "Between ages 40 to 45, we can assume your symptoms signify perimenopause and that your estrogen is low, as long as other causes have been excluded. In most cases, we can manage symptoms without further hormone testing. Before age 40, there's more need for estrogen testing. Your ovaries could be going through a change early or losing their function, and estrogen testing can guide our treatment." [20] Testing Guidelines For accurate results, FSH testing should be done on day 2 or 3 of your menstrual cycle [18]. An FSH level above 30 IU/L often signals perimenopause, while levels in postmenopausal women usually range between 70–90 IU/L [19]. Symptoms That May Indicate Testing Is Needed If you're experiencing any of the following, it may be time to consider hormone testing: Irregular menstrual cycles Hot flashes or night sweats Unexplained weight changes Mood swings Decreased libido Persistent fatigue Testing Process Hormone tests are accessible at more than 2,200 lab locations across the U.S. Results are typically available within 2–7 business days. While you can order these tests without visiting a doctor, it's a good idea to review the results with your healthcare provider for personalized advice. Clinical Insights A regular menstrual cycle often reflects balanced hormone levels. By monitoring these levels, you can track changes over time and take action if needed. Regular testing ensures you stay on top of potential shifts in your health. 8. Inflammation Test Inflammation tests are an important tool for monitoring health, especially for women over 40. These tests help identify markers linked to heart disease and autoimmune conditions, offering insights into potential health risks. Key Markers Measured Inflammation tests focus on three main markers: Marker What It Measures Risk Levels C-reactive protein (CRP) Acute inflammation Below 1 mg/dL: Low risk     1-3 mg/dL: Moderate risk     Above 3 mg/dL: High risk Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Long-term inflammation Varies by age and condition Plasma viscosity (PV) Blood thickness Increases with inflammation These markers provide a clearer picture of how inflammation impacts heart health. Cardiovascular Connection Dr. Paul M. Ridker, director of the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention at Brigham and Women's Hospital, explains: "We can't treat what we don't measure, and we hope these findings move the field closer to identifying even earlier ways to detect and prevent heart disease." [21] Research shows that elevated CRP levels can increase heart disease risk by 70% [21]. When to Get Tested Your doctor may suggest inflammation testing if you experience: Unexplained joint pain or swelling Persistent fatigue Frequent fever Unexpected weight changes A family history of autoimmune disorders Managing Inflammation Naturally Dr. Robert H. Shmerling from Harvard Health Publishing emphasizes: "A better approach is to adopt healthy habits and get routine medical care that can identify and treat the conditions that contribute to harmful inflammation." [22] Simple lifestyle changes can help reduce inflammation: Follow a Mediterranean diet Exercise for at least 150 minutes each week Maintain a healthy weight Get 7–9 hours of sleep daily Include omega-3-rich foods like salmon Practice stress management techniques like meditation or yoga Medical Implications Dr. Ahmed A.K. Hasan from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute highlights: "In recent years, we've learned more about how increased levels of inflammation can interact with lipids to compound cardiovascular disease risks. This helps explain why lower levels are often better." [21] Testing for inflammation plays an important role in identifying risks and guiding both treatment options and lifestyle changes, especially when cardiovascular health is a concern. 9. Iron Storage Test Iron storage testing becomes especially important for women over 40, particularly during and after menopause. This test measures ferritin levels, which show how much iron your body has stored for future use. How Iron Levels Change After 40 Menopause can cause a noticeable shift in iron levels. Research highlights that serum ferritin levels often increase two- to threefold after menopause[23]. Before menopause, menstruation helps regulate iron by depleting it each month. Once menstruation stops, iron starts to build up in the body. Typical Iron Levels by Age Age Group (Women) Normal Ferritin Range 18–39 years 10–120 ng/mL 40+ years 12–263 ng/mL Post-menopausal Up to 3× pre-menopausal levels Why This Matters for Your Health "Serum ferritin is the most sensitive test for iron deficiency as ferritin represents the 'stores' or reserve supply of iron in the body."[24] Iron imbalances can have serious effects. Iron deficiency affects 20% of nonpregnant women in developed countries and over 40% in developing regions[23]. On the other hand, iron overload affects more than 1 million Americans[25], potentially leading to organ damage. Signs You Should Get Tested Talk to your doctor about testing if you notice symptoms like unexplained fatigue, dizziness, weakness, joint pain, changes in skin color, or abdominal discomfort. How to Manage Iron Levels For Low Iron: Eat more iron-rich foods (like spinach and red meat) paired with vitamin C to improve absorption. Consider iron supplements, but only under medical guidance. Address underlying issues, such as heavy menstrual bleeding[26]. For High Iron: Cut back on iron-rich foods. Avoid pairing meals with vitamin C, which can increase iron absorption. If recommended by your doctor, therapeutic phlebotomy (removing blood) may help[26]. Long-term Health Monitoring By age 60, post-menopausal women typically store around 12 mg of iron per kilogram of body weight, compared to just 4.8 mg/kg at age 45[23]. This rise in iron levels can affect your risk of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative conditions[23]. Regular testing can help you stay ahead of potential complications caused by either too little or too much iron. Next, we’ll look at why testing for B12 is essential for maintaining overall health. 10. B12 Blood Test Testing for vitamin B12 is particularly important for women over 40, as deficiencies become more common with age. Studies reveal that 4% of individuals aged 40–59 are deficient in B12. This figure increases to 5% for those aged 65–74 and jumps to 10% for individuals over 75 [27][28]. Understanding B12 Levels Here’s a quick guide to interpreting B12 levels: B12 Level Range What It Means Next Steps Below 160 pg/mL Deficient Consult your doctor immediately 160–407 pg/mL Insufficient Further testing advised 407–950 pg/mL Normal Routine monitoring Above 950 pg/mL High Discuss with your healthcare provider Symptoms to Look Out For B12 deficiency often develops without obvious signs at first. However, symptoms can include: Physical issues like severe fatigue, unexplained weakness, and pale or yellowish skin Neurological symptoms such as numbness, tingling in extremities, or balance problems Cognitive challenges, including memory loss, confusion, or trouble focusing [27] "Vitamin B12 is a nutrient that plays a vital role in some of the body's most important functions. These include the development and performance of the central nervous system, the formation of healthy red blood cells and the synthesis of DNA." Ask the Doctors [30] Potential Long-term Effects If left untreated, a B12 deficiency can lead to nerve damage, reduced physical ability, and complications with conditions like Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, heart disease, and autoimmune disorders [29][31]. When to Get Tested Routine B12 testing is recommended for women over 40, especially if you have risk factors or notice symptoms. If your results fall under 407 pg/mL, your doctor may order additional tests, such as a methylmalonic acid test, to confirm the deficiency [32]. Staying proactive helps ensure better long-term health. Keeping Your B12 Levels in Check Women over 40 should aim for 2.4 micrograms of vitamin B12 daily [31]. To maintain healthy levels: Diet: Add B12-rich foods like meat, fish, eggs, or fortified cereals to your meals. Supplements: Consider taking B12 supplements, especially as your absorption may decrease with age. Monitoring: Regular blood tests can help track and manage your levels effectively. It’s estimated that up to 60% of people have insufficient B12 levels (below 407 pg/mL) [33]. Early detection and treatment are key, as severe deficiencies can cause permanent nerve damage [28]. Conclusion Blood testing plays a crucial role in women’s health after 40. Heart disease, for example, is responsible for about 22% of deaths in women - more than all cancers combined [35]. This highlights the importance of a personalized approach to testing based on individual risk factors. Creating Your Testing Schedule The types and frequency of blood tests depend on several factors: Risk Factor Testing Consideration Recommended Frequency Family History Extra screenings for hereditary risks Based on specific risk level Existing Health Issues Focused monitoring of relevant markers As required by condition Age-Related Changes Hormone and bone density evaluations Annually Lifestyle Factors Metabolic and nutritional assessments Every 6–12 months Dr. Mia Finkelston explains: "As you get older, there is an increased incidence in many diseases, including heart disease, cancer, and arthritis. Starting to see your doctor a little more regularly can help prevent, predict, and treat diseases before they become significant problems" [35]. Taking Action Having a clear testing schedule helps you act quickly on your health results. For example, it’s estimated that 13% of women aged 35–65 live with undiagnosed hypothyroidism [35]. Understanding your results is key to addressing issues early. Dr. Anna Cabeca adds: "Equally important, it gives my patients peace of mind knowing they can reduce their risk for specific health issues like diabetes or cancer when we use these tests" [34]. Essential Screening Timeline Medical guidelines suggest the following screenings: Annual physical exam [35] Cholesterol screening starting at age 45 (or earlier if risk factors exist) [2] Diabetes screening beginning at age 35, repeated every 3 years if overweight [2] Bone density test starting at age 65 [1] These blood tests work together to provide a clear picture of your health, enabling early detection when treatment is most effective. Regular monitoring and consultations with your doctor are key to staying healthy as you age. For added convenience, consider using FDA-approved testing through local labs. Many facilities now offer online ordering and quick results, making it easier than ever to keep track of your health.

The Cystatin C Blood Test The cystatin C blood test is used to monitor kidney function in people experiencing or suspected to have, kidney disease (1). If a physician suspects that you’re suffering from impaired kidney function they will likely order a cystatin C blood test. The cystatin C test can be done instead of the creatinine or creatinine clearance test in cases where those tests aren’t appropriate (2), such as: In patients with cirrhosis Cases of morbid obesity Malnourishment Reduced or more than "normal" amount of muscle mass Patients taking creatine supplements that are increasing their creatinine and decreasing their estimated creatinine clearance (eGFR) Since the concentration of cystatin C in the blood will not change due to infection or inflammation and isn’t affected by body weight, lean mass, drugs or diet - cystatin C level could be a more reliable indicator of kidney health than creatinine (2). On the other hand, creatinine has been shown to be affected by higher body weight and lean mass. Testing for cystatin may also be useful to detect kidney disease early when the affected person isn’t experiencing many (if any) symptoms, and other test results are normal. What is Cystatin C? Cystatin C is a protein found in almost all the cells in the body. Cystatin C helps to regulate the activity of enzymes needed to break down bigger molecules both inside of and around those cells (3). Cystatin C level in the blood can be measured to determine how well the kidneys are functioning (3). The kidneys, liver, and spleen all work to filter the blood and excrete any waste substances as urine. This filtration process happens in a microscopic structure in the kidneys; the glomerulus (4). Each kidney contains approximately one-million glomeruli that function as tiny sieves to extract waste. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) rate is a measure of how well the glomeruli are filtering blood (4). If the kidneys and glomeruli are impaired, the GFR could decrease. A decreased GFR can cause certain proteins to accumulate (like cystatin C and creatinine) in the blood. So, the Cystatin C blood test is used to measure circulating levels of cystatin C. The levels of cystatin C in the blood can be used to assess the glomerular filtration rate to indirectly provide an assessment of kidney function. Risk factors for Kidney Disease Over 30 million American adults have kidney disease, but most of them aren’t aware of it (5). This lack of awareness is because people who have kidney disease tend to not experience any symptoms until kidney disease is in its latest stages. This happens when the kidneys are failing or when there are already large amounts of protein present in the urine. If your risk for kidney problems is already high due to hypertension (high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney failure runs in your family or you’re over 60 years of age (6), it’s crucial that you get tested yearly for kidney disease. Symptoms that May Mean a Cystatin C Test is Needed Although the only way to find out if you have kidney disease is to get tested, some symptoms indicate you may be experiencing kidney problems. These are five symptoms that could indicate impaired kidney function (7): 1) You need to urinate more frequently than normal. If you need to urinate more frequently, particularly at night, it can be a sign of kidney disease. When the kidney’s filters aren’t functioning well, it can result in an increased need to urinate. 2) Swollen ankles and feet. A decrease in kidney function may cause sodium retention which can make feet and ankles swell. Lower extremity swelling can also indicate heart or liver disease and circulatory problems. 3) Foamy urine. The presence of bubbles in your urine, especially persistent ones that require several flushes before they go away, could indicate excess protein is present in the urine. This foam may resemble the foam seen when scrambling eggs, since a protein found in urine is the same protein found in eggs: Albumin. 4) Dry and itchy skin. Healthy kidneys perform many critical functions. From removing waste and excess fluid from the body and helping to make blood cells to helping keep bones healthy by maintaining the correct amount of minerals in the blood. When skin becomes dry and itchy, it can be a symptom of mineral or bone disease that can accompany late-stage kidney disease because the kidneys can no longer maintain the correct balance of minerals in your blood. 5) Fatigue. A severe impairment of kidney function may lead to an excess of toxins and impurities in your blood. This accumulation of toxins can result in fatigue and can make it difficult to concentrate. Tiredness and weakness may also be the result of anemia, which is another complication of kidney disease. What Else Can Cause High Cystatin C Levels? While abnormally high cystatin C levels may indicate that you have a potentially serious kidney condition, it’s not the only medical issue that can cause this. Elevated levels of cystatin C could also be caused by conditions like (8,9,10) : Diabetes Cancer HIV Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism It’s best to speak to your doctor to understand precisely what the results of a cystatin C test mean for your health.   BUY THE CYSTATIN-C TEST HERE   References Mayo Clinic. Cystatin C with Estimated GFR, Serum. Mayo Clinic Staff. (N.D.) Baxmann, Alessandra Calábria et al. "Influence of Muscle Mass and Physical Activity on Serum and Urinary Creatinine and Serum Cystatin C." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 3.2 (2008): 348–354. PMC. Web. 25 Nov. 2017. National Kidney Foundation. Cystatin C. NKF Staff. (N.D.) De Martino C., Allen D.J., Accinni L. (1985) Microscopic structure of the kidney. In: Didio L.J.A., Motta P.M. (eds) Basic, Clinical, and Surgical Nephrology. Developments in Nephrology, vol 8. Springer, Boston, MA National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Kidney Disease Statistics for the United States. NIDDK Staff. (N.D.) Kazancioğlu, Rumeyza. "Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease: An Update." Kidney International Supplements 3.4 (2013): 368–371. PMC. Web. 25 Nov. 2017. Mayo Clinic. Chronic Kidney Disease. Mayo Clinic Staff. (N.D.) Inker, Lesley A et al. "Performance of Creatinine and Cystatin C GFR Estimating Equations in an HIV-Positive Population on Antiretrovirals." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) 61.3 (2012): 302–309. PMC. Web. 25 Nov. 2017. Yaffe, Kristine et al. "Higher Levels of Cystatin C Are Associated with Worse Cognitive Function Among Older Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease: The CRIC COG Study." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 62.9 (2014): 1623–1629. PMC. Web. 25 Nov. 2017. Madero, Magdalena, and Mark J. Sarnak. "Association of Cystatin C with Adverse Outcomes." Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 18.3 (2009): 258–263. Print.

High AST and ALT in Bodybuilding: How Weight Training Can Affect Liver Function Understanding Liver Function Tests Liver function tests (LFTs) are essential tools in assessing an individual’s overall health. These tests evaluate the liver’s ability to perform its vital functions, such as detoxification, metabolism, and the production of essential proteins. By measuring specific enzymes and proteins in the blood, LFTs can detect liver damage or disease, allowing for early intervention and treatment. In the context of exercise and muscle damage, LFTs are particularly valuable as they help differentiate between liver damage and muscle damage, which can both cause elevated liver enzymes. Importance of Liver Function Tests in Monitoring Health Liver function tests play a crucial role in monitoring an individual’s health. They provide insights into the liver’s performance and can detect early signs of liver damage or disease. Elevated liver enzymes, such as ALT and AST, can indicate liver inflammation or damage. However, these enzymes can also be released into the bloodstream due to muscle damage from strenuous exercise. By conducting LFTs, healthcare professionals can determine whether elevated liver enzymes are due to liver damage or muscle damage, ensuring accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. What Liver Function Tests Measure Liver function tests measure the levels of various enzymes and proteins produced by the liver. The most common LFTs include: Alanine transaminase (ALT): An enzyme that helps convert proteins into energy for liver cells. Elevated levels can indicate liver damage. Aspartate transaminase (AST): An enzyme found in the liver and other tissues, such as the heart and muscles. Elevated levels can indicate liver or muscle damage. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): An enzyme related to the bile ducts; often increased when they are blocked or inflamed. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): An enzyme involved in the metabolism of drugs and toxins. Elevated levels can indicate liver or bile duct damage. Bilirubin: A waste product from the breakdown of red blood cells. Elevated levels can indicate liver dysfunction or bile duct problems. These tests help identify liver damage or disease and monitor the effectiveness of treatment, providing a comprehensive picture of liver health. Normal Ranges for Liver Enzymes The normal ranges for liver enzymes can vary slightly depending on the laboratory and the individual’s age, sex, and other factors. Generally, the normal ranges are: ALT: 0-40 U/L AST: 0-40 U/L ALP: 30-120 U/L GGT: 0-60 U/L Bilirubin: 0.1-1.2 mg/dL It’s important to note that these ranges can vary, and a healthcare professional should interpret the results in the context of the individual’s overall health and medical history. Understanding these normal ranges is crucial for accurately interpreting liver function tests and diagnosing potential liver issues. High AST and ALT in Bodybuilding: How Weight Training Can Affect Liver Function Understanding Liver Function Tests Liver function tests (LFTs) are essential tools in assessing an individual’s overall health. These tests evaluate the liver’s ability to perform its vital functions, such as detoxification, metabolism, and the production of essential proteins. By measuring specific enzymes and proteins in the blood, LFTs can detect liver damage or disease, allowing for early intervention and treatment. In the context of exercise and muscle damage, LFTs are particularly valuable as they help differentiate between liver damage and muscle damage, which can both cause elevated liver enzymes. Importance of Liver Function Tests in Monitoring Health Liver function tests play a crucial role in monitoring an individual’s health. They provide insights into the liver’s performance and can detect early signs of liver damage or disease. Elevated liver enzymes, such as ALT and AST, can indicate liver inflammation or damage. However, these enzymes can also be released into the bloodstream due to muscle damage from strenuous exercise. By conducting LFTs, healthcare professionals can determine whether elevated liver enzymes are due to liver damage or muscle damage, ensuring accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. What Liver Function Tests Measure Liver function tests measure the levels of various enzymes and proteins produced by the liver. The most common LFTs include: Alanine transaminase (ALT): An enzyme that helps convert proteins into energy for liver cells. Elevated levels can indicate liver damage. Aspartate transaminase (AST): An enzyme found in the liver and other tissues, such as the heart and muscles. Elevated levels can indicate liver or muscle damage. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): An enzyme related to the bile ducts; often increased when they are blocked or inflamed. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): An enzyme involved in the metabolism of drugs and toxins. Elevated levels can indicate liver or bile duct damage. Bilirubin: A waste product from the breakdown of red blood cells. Elevated levels can indicate liver dysfunction or bile duct problems. These tests help identify liver damage or disease and monitor the effectiveness of treatment, providing a comprehensive picture of liver health. Normal Ranges for Liver Enzymes The normal ranges for liver enzymes can vary slightly depending on the laboratory and the individual’s age, sex, and other factors. Generally, the normal ranges are: ALT: 0-40 U/L AST: 0-40 U/L ALP: 30-120 U/L GGT: 0-60 U/L Bilirubin: 0.1-1.2 mg/dL It’s important to note that these ranges can vary, and a healthcare professional should interpret the results in the context of the individual’s overall health and medical history. Understanding these normal ranges is crucial for accurately interpreting liver function tests and diagnosing potential liver issues. The Impact of Weight Training on Elevated Liver Enzymes If you have high levels of transaminases, especially alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), it could mean that your liver is damaged or even has cancer, or it could mean that you are hitting the gym hard. Vigorous exercise, such as intense weightlifting, can also cause a temporary increase in liver enzyme levels. The liver has transaminases, such as ALT levels, to synthesize and break down amino acids and to convert energy storage molecules. The concentrations of these transaminases in the serum (the non-cellular portion of blood) are normally low. However, if the liver is damaged, the liver cell (hepatocyte) membrane becomes more permeable, and some of the enzymes leak out into the blood circulation. A blood test can show elevated liver enzymes. The blood test checks for raised levels of AST and ALT, which are enzymes that the liver releases when it becomes inflamed or damaged. If a doctor finds that a person has raised AST or ALT levels, they are likely to carry out further tests to determine the underlying cause of liver damage, such as acute viral hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis, or cirrhosis of the liver. Other medical conditions can increase liver enzymes, like hepatitis B or C and a condition that runs in families called hemochromatosis. Chronic liver disease, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), can also lead to elevated liver enzymes. Liver Enzyme Tests and Exercise The two transaminases commonly measured as part of a liver function panel are alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST). These levels were previously called serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT). Elevated levels are sensitive to liver injury, meaning that they are likely to be present if there is an injury. However, they may also be elevated in other conditions such as thyroid disorders, celiac disease, and muscle disorders. Elevated liver enzymes can also be a result of drug-induced liver injury, which requires careful interpretation of liver function tests to distinguish from exercise-induced elevations. Additionally, several studies have described enzyme elevations in response to running, whereas only a few have dealt with the effects of weight training. The effects of muscular exercise on clinical chemistry parameters may also vary depending on gender and the fitness level of the individual. But before 2008, no research looked at how weightlifting might affect lab tests that are often used to check how well the liver is working, how long that effect might last, or whether people with weightlifting had yellow eyes or skin, which is a common sign of jaundice. The gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) test is another liver enzyme test that can provide valuable insights into liver and bile duct damage. The Effect of Weight Training on Liver Enzyme Tests: Study The Swedish study, which was published in the February 2008 issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, looked at what happened to liver enzymes in healthy men who did heavy weightlifting just once. The men were not used to doing heavy weightlifting regularly. A second goal was to look into what effect a single bout of intense muscle exercise (weightlifting) had on creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin, two clinical chemistry markers that show muscle damage. Fifteen healthy men, used to moderate physical activity, not including weightlifting, performed a 1-hour-long weight training program. The following clinical chemistry parameters were measured in the blood: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin. These tests were done several times during the first week after exercise and again 10–12 days later. Five out of eight studied clinical chemistry parameters (AST, ALT, LD, CK, and myoglobin) increased significantly after exercise (P < 0.01) and remained increased for at least 7 days post-exercise. Bilirubin, γGT, and ALP remained within the normal range. The liver function parameters, AST and ALT, were significantly increased for at least 7 days after the exercise. In addition, LD and, in particular, CK and myoglobin showed highly elevated levels. These results show how important it is to limit weightlifting before and during clinical studies so that wrong assumptions are not made about how study drugs might hurt the liver. This is particularly important in patients with pre-existing liver disease, where elevated enzyme levels could be misinterpreted. Intensive muscular exercise, e.g., weightlifting, should also be considered as a cause of asymptomatic elevations of liver function tests in daily clinical practice. Muscle Damage and Liver Enzymes Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Liver Enzyme Release Exercise-induced muscle damage can lead to the release of liver enzymes, such as AST and ALT, into the bloodstream. This occurs because muscle tissue contains these enzymes, and when muscle damage happens, they are released into the blood. Strenuous exercise, like weightlifting, can cause significant muscle damage, leading to a temporary increase in liver enzymes. This increase can sometimes be misinterpreted as liver damage, but it usually resolves on its own once the muscle damage heals. It’s essential to recognize that muscle damage can also result from other factors, such as muscle conditions, medication use, or other medical conditions. A healthcare professional should evaluate the individual’s overall health and medical history to determine the cause of elevated liver enzymes. In the context of exercise, it’s important to consider the type and intensity of the activity, as well as the individual’s fitness level and medical history. High-intensity exercises, such as weightlifting, can cause more significant muscle damage compared to low-intensity activities like yoga. Understanding this distinction helps in accurately interpreting liver function tests and avoiding misdiagnosis. In conclusion, liver function tests are vital in monitoring an individual’s overall health. Understanding the normal ranges for liver enzymes is crucial for interpreting the results accurately. Exercise-induced muscle damage can lead to the release of liver enzymes, but this increase is usually temporary and resolves once the muscle damage heals. A healthcare professional should evaluate the individual’s overall health and medical history to determine the cause of elevated liver enzymes, ensuring accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Doctors Need to Know that Exercise Can Increase Liver Enzymes Liver function tests are significantly increased for at least 7 days after weight training among men used to moderate physical activity but not used to performing weight training on a regular basis. In line with these findings and to rule out any possible exercise-related effects on liver function tests, it is important to limit weight training for at least one week before the start of clinical trials. The study also shows how important it is to think about weight training and probably other types of intense muscle training as possible causes of liver function tests that are elevated without any symptoms in everyday clinical practice. This will reduce the risk of erroneously attributing changes in liver function tests to a drug effect. Recognizing liver enzyme alteration due to exercise is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. This is especially important for men on testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) who usually work out, and that may have led physicians to wrongly assume that TRT is causing liver abnormalities. Additionally, individuals with high blood pressure should also be cautious when engaging in weight training to avoid any potential impact on liver function. People can work with their doctor to treat NAFLD with weight loss. The doctor may advise a person to make lifestyle changes to lose weight, such as exercising more, eating a healthy, balanced diet, and trying to burn more calories than they consume. Speaking with a nutritionist or even a personal trainer can help someone stay on track with their weight-loss plan. Alcohol consumption can exacerbate the effects of weight training on liver function and should be avoided to maintain liver health. Reference: Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Feb; 65(2): 253–259.  

 Exercise has long been praised for its role in hormonal regulation, especially when it comes to improving testosterone levels. While that is undoubtedly a significant benefit, the realm of exercise extends much farther than hormones alone. A commitment to regular physical activity can impact virtually every aspect of your well-being—from your muscular strength to your emotional health. At DiscountedLabs.com, we believe that an informed individual is an empowered one, and understanding the multi-faceted advantages of exercise can guide you towards a more holistic approach to health. So let's dive deeper into the transformative power of exercise beyond its hormonal benefits. We will delve into how exercise can transform you into a more positive version of yourself, both physically and mentally. We will also help you prepare for this life-changing journey by providing you with essential tips and safety guidelines. Whether you're new to the fitness world or looking to enhance your current routine, this comprehensive guide has something for everyone. So gear up, because your journey towards a healthier, happier, and more robust you starts now!  The Benefits of Exercise  Why Exercise Matters Beyond Hormones What's more important to know is that exercise does a lot more than affect your testosterone levels. It helps you in many ways:  Strengthening Muscles Makes your muscles work better. Burning Belly Fat Gets rid of fat in your stomach area. Building Muscle Mass Makes your muscles bigger. Lowering Bad Cholesterol Reduces bad cholesterol in your blood. Reducing Triglycerides This can happen especially if you have high levels of triglycerides to begin with. Improving Mood Helps you feel happier and less stressed. Strengthening Bones Good for both men and women. Improving Lung Function Makes your lungs work better. Getting Started with Exercise Preparing for Your Fitness Journey Here's what you need to think about before you start working out: Before You Start Check your blood pressure, heart rate, weight, body size, cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood sugar with your doctor to make sure you're ready to exercise without any health problems (3). If You Are Tired If you feel weak, start with walking. Walking can help you feel better and get ready for harder workouts. A simple step counter can help you track your progress. Cardiovascular/Aerobics Exercise Exercises like walking, biking, or using a treadmill can help your heart and lungs. But be careful if you're losing weight without trying or if you're feeling really tired.  Weight Training (Resistance Exercise) Lifting weights can help build your muscles. But remember not to overdo it. Too much exercise can actually be bad for you. Other Important Tips From learning the right way to exercise to finding the right weight and taking safety precautions, here's a comprehensive guide. Safety First! Always prioritize safety to prevent injuries. Do not exercise a body part if it is hurting. Commit Yourself Joining a gym or finding a workout buddy can help you stick with it. Do Not Overtrain! Overtraining can hinder your progress and even be detrimental to your health. Recommended – A Workout Log Keeping track of your workouts can help you avoid overtraining and monitor your progress. Food and Hydration 1- Drink at least 8 glasses of water a day to keep hydrated. Dehydration can rob you on energy for your workouts. Drink plenty of water while working out and avoid drinking drinks containing sugars since they will cause fatigue after an initial rise in energy.2- Do not work out after eating a regular meal. Wait at least two hours. If you need a snack, have some fruit and a slice of toast with peanut butter 1 hour or more before working out. Do not consume protein shakes before working out (leave it for after the work out). Digestion will slow down your workouts and bring your energy down.3- Within 30 minutes to an hour after the workout, feed your muscles with a balanced meal containing protein, good fats (olive oil, flaxseed oil), and complex carbohydrates like fruits and whole grains.4- Supplements like glutamine, creatine, and whey protein may be a good thing to consider. A shake containing 1 heaping tablespoon of glutamine, two tablespoons of flaxseed oil, one or two scoops of whey protein, milk (if you are not lactose intolerant, otherwise almond or rice milk—not soy since it has shown to increase estrogen in men), and fruit provides a good balanced meal after a workout. For Beginners: Once-A-Week Training “Warm-up set” (wu) weight means a set where you use a weight that is about 50-60% of the heavyweight set that you use. “Heavy” (hvy) means a weight that you are only capable of lifting 6-12 times before complete muscular failure.1. Barbell flat bench press – 2 wu and 1 hvy set2. Curl-grip pulldowns – 2 wu and 1 hvy set3. Squat or seated leg press – 2 wu and 1 hvy set. Squats are a “best” exercise, but some people have to substitute the leg press because their back won’t tolerate squats.Warm-up sets employ poundage that you know you can easilyhandle for 12 repetitions (reps). Rest for about one minute between sets or longer – until you feel like you have enough energy to go again. Two warm-up sets should be enough to warm all the joints involved without tiring you too much. Then do the heavy set. You want to lift the weight until you can’t lift it again. This is called “momentary muscular failure”.Important: It’s important to go to failure to trigger the muscles to grow, but challenge yourself to the best of your ability. Your level of intensity, in the beginning, won’t be as much as it can be later after you’ve been at it for a while.Do this workout on a day when you feel relatively good.If you find that you feel exhausted during the beginning efforts, pace yourself more carefully and make sure your nutrition is good. You should be getting balanced nutrition (like food!) three to six times a day and be sure to get plenty of rest and recovery. Protein drinks can fill in between meals. (I.e. three meals with two or three drinks.) Continue with once-a-week workouts until you find that you feel good enough to work out on a second non-consecutive day of the week. Then do this same workout twice a week. When you feel good enough to work out three days a week, it’s time to start splitting the workout up to separate the body parts. You will also be starting to train your heavy sets with more intensity — so you’ll see an acceleration of the muscular gains. THE THREE DAY SPLIT Day #1 Chest, Shoulders, TricepsBarbell flat bench press - 2 wu and 1 hvy setBarbell military press - 2 wu and 1 hvy setTriceps pushdowns - 2 wu and 1 hvy setDay 2: Back, Biceps, AbsCurl grip pulldowns – 2 wu & 1 hvy setBarbell biceps curl - 2 wu & 1 hvy setCrunches – 3 sets of 10-20Day 3: Quadriceps, Hamstrings, and Calves (Legs)Squat or leg press - 2 wu and 1 hvy setAgain, the squat is a better overall exercise, but some people cannot do it because of back problems, so they do the leg press.Lying leg curls - 2 wu and 2 heavy setsStanding calf raises – 2 wu & 1 heavy setWorkout LogKeep a record of your workouts and when you can lift a weight for 12 reps, raise the weight 5-10 lbs. so that you can only lift 6 reps. Then try to increase the number of reps you can lift each time you workout to arrive at 12 reps again, and repeat the progression so that you keep increasing the weight you lift. As you grow stronger, you will grow bigger muscles. You’ll probably be pretty sore during your recovery days. Let yourself heal so that the soreness goes away for best recovery and growth, even if this means you put several days between workouts.Keep in mind that the goal is to gain strength and lean body mass. Usually, strength precedes size, so you get stronger and then notice that you’re getting more muscular.Descriptions of the Exercises:One of the best web sites that show video clips of exercises and explain anatomy isExercise videos: Click on the body part you want to exerciseExRx.net : Exercise Directory Effect of Exercise of Lab Test Values Please read about the effect of exercise or supplements like creatine on liver enzymes and creatinine (kidney function). Weight Training Can Increase Liver Enzymes Is the Cystatin C Test Better than Creatinine for Muscular Men?   References​ Smith, A. et al. (2018). Effects of Exercise on Testosterone Levels. PubMed Central. Johnson, B. et al. (2019). Intensity and Duration: The Exercise-Testosterone Link. PubMed Central. American Heart Association. (2021). Medical Guidelines for Exercise. American Heart Association.          

Testosterone is typically thought of as a hormone for men. Still, it is also essential for women as it influences sexual functioning, mood, the development of lean muscle mass, and even memory and cognition. Women who are in their 40s have about half the level of testosterone that was present in their 20s. We see a significant decline in testosterone levels over time. Women with low or suboptimal testosterone levels can experience many symptoms, including sexual dysfunction and a decrease in sexual drive or desire, known as low sex drive (hypogonadism). They can also notice that they have increased fatigue. They're tired. Also, it's more challenging to develop lean muscle mass. It can have a significant impact even on mood, an overall sense of well-being, motivation, a feeling of confidence, and assertiveness. Also, it can affect memory and cognitive function. A low libido: As testosterone helps fuel a healthy sex drive, a decline in sexual interest or inability to achieve orgasm may be a symptom of lower testosterone levels in both sexes. A study published in the journal of the American Medical Association showed that approximately 43% of postmenopausal women suffer from some form of sexual dysfunction. Surprisingly, we don't hear a lot about this condition in women. We certainly don't hear about options for treatment, including testosterone. This condition can often go undiagnosed and undertreated. NO FDA-APPROVED TREATMENTS FOR LOW TESTOSTERONE ON WOMEN Currently, there is no FDA-approved testosterone replacement therapy for women, even though providers have been prescribing it in an off-label manner, which is when a medication is prescribed for something other than its official FDA-approved indication. Providers have been doing this for over 50 years now. Testosterone can be replaced in various forms. It can be given in a shallow-dose injection once a week. It can also be given sublingually in a troche form, which dissolves in the mouth. Also, it can be administered through a minor surgical procedure. It's known as subcutaneous pellet insertion. And then it can also be given in topical form as a cream or a gel. The most common form of replacement we see is topical gel or cream, which can be supplied by compounding pharmacies. The benefit of doing it this way is that the provider can adjust the dose based on the individual patient's needs and response to therapy. It's more than just one standard dose, and it better work for you, or there's no other option.  Testosterone creams can be customized for the needs of the individual patient. When you replace any hormone in this manner at low daily doses, it is very similar to the way the body naturally produces hormones. After starting testosterone replacement therapy, women typically notice a significant improvement in all symptoms, including increased sexual functioning, desire, and drive. They can also see an increase in energy levels and an increased ability to develop lean muscle mass. Additionally, they can notice a significant improvement in mood, motivation, overall sense of well-being, and confidence. In addition, they may see improved memory and cognitive functioning. Another critical point is that when testosterone is given to a woman, a portion of it will convert to estrogen. The postmenopausal woman with low estrogen levels can see improvement in those symptoms typically associated with low estrogens, such as hot flashes, night sweats, moodiness, irritability, and vaginal dryness. So, women may experience improvements in the classic symptoms of low testosterone and the typical menopausal symptoms associated with low estrogen. Several studies support the use of hormone replacement therapy, specifically testosterone replacement therapy, in women. A Cochrane review of the literature found that over 35 trials have been performed, which included over 4500 women. They found a significant improvement in sexual functioning in women on hormone replacement therapy. Also, a more recent study published in 2014 showed that women on a transdermal or topical form of hormone replacement therapy had an improvement in memory and cognitive functioning. Several studies support the use of this vital hormone in women. POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE IN WOMEN In terms of safety, there are potential side effects with the use of any medication. In testosterone therapy, if doses are too high, women can notice adverse effects, such as acne and an increase in hair growth, known as hirsutism. Also, with extremely high doses, they may see a deepened voice or enlargement of the labia or clitoris. That would typically be something that's dose-dependent. If a physician was a little bit aggressive with their starting dose, they might notice some side effects of testosterone treatment, such as disturbed breathing while sleeping, breast swelling or tenderness, swelling in the ankles, or too much testosterone. Doctors also watch out for high red blood cell counts, which could increase the risk of clotting. By decreasing and backing off on the dosage, those symptoms will resolve. One important fact to mention for premenopausal women who are still menstruating is that providers need to discuss the use of birth control with them because testosterone is considered category X, meaning it will cause fetal harm if a woman becomes pregnant while she's on testosterone replacement. That's just a discussion that the patient needs to have with their provider, “What is your reliable form of birth control?" before prescribing it to them. Testosterone replacement therapy is very safe for premenopausal women on birth control and postmenopausal women. It has a low risk of side effects when used at appropriate doses, and many studies support its use in this population. SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION AND LOW TESTOSTERONE IN WOMEN We are all aware that if we watch TV for more than an hour each day, we will constantly see advertisements for medications to treat erectile dysfunction in men. But we hardly hear anything about sexual dysfunction in women. There are many reasons why women’s sexual desire and other hormone-related quality-of-life issues are so misunderstood, underdiagnosed, and undertreated. Sexual dysfunction in pre and post-menopausal women has been a very controversial topic that has been poorly researched, even though a February 1999 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, titled “Sexual Dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and Predictors,” found that approximately 43% of postmenopausal women suffer from some form of female sexual dysfunction. It wasn’t until June 2011 that an FDA advisory committee to the division of Reproductive and Urologic Drug Products stated that HSDD (Hypoactive Sexual Desire Syndrome) is a significant medical condition for women. This may open the door for companies to apply for new drug applications for that indication. It is important to note that unlike erectile dysfunction drugs approved for men, like Viagra, which increase blood flow to the genitals as long as a man is aroused, testosterone therapy is systemic and needs to be applied over weeks to have a noticeable effect on sex drive in men and women. Some companies have tried to enter the female sexual dysfunction market in the past. In December 2004, the United States FDA rejected Procter & Gamble's fast-track request for Intrinsa (a testosterone patch for women) for HSDD, citing concerns about potential off-label use of the product. In Canada, post-menopausal women have been able to obtain government-approved testosterone treatment since 2002. In 2007, Intrinsa was granted a license from the European Medicines Agency in July and was available on Britain's National Health Service. According to P&G's survey on female health, 30 million women in the U.S. are naturally menopausal, 3 million are distressed by their lack of sexual desire, and 20% of 25 million surgically menopausal women are distressed. Other companies that attempted to get their drugs approved for this indication (Boehringer Ingelheim and Warner Chilcott) have pulled the plug on their competing HSDD treatments for menopausal and pre-menopausal women. BioSante Pharmaceuticals also got their testosterone gel for women, LibiGel, rejected by the FDA. HORMONE THERAPY IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN Menopause can cause symptoms such as hot flashes that might result from the changing hormone levels during the menopause transition. After a woman's last menstrual period, when her ovaries make much less estrogen and progesterone, some symptoms of menopause might disappear, but others may continue. To help relieve these symptoms, some women use hormones. This is called hormone therapy (HT), which includes estrogen alone or in combination with progesterone. HT is available orally or in gel formulations made by specialized compounding pharmacies. Estrogen is a hormone used to relieve the symptoms of menopause. A woman who had her uterus removed could use only estrogen (E). But a woman with a uterus must add progesterone, or progestin (synthetic progesterone), and estrogen (E+P). This combination lowers the chance of an unwanted thickening of the uterus lining and reduces the risk of cancer of the uterus, an uncommon but possible result of using estrogen alone. CONTROVERSIES IN HORMONE TREATMENTS FOR WOMEN But the use of hormone therapy in women has been subject to much controversy in the recent past. The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) was a landmark clinical trial that looked at the effects of combination hormone therapy (estrogen + progestin) in 16,608 postmenopausal women with an intact uterus. The women were aged 50 to 79 (average age of 63) when they joined the study. This study did not include the use of testosterone. In this study, 8,506 participants were randomly assigned to receive a combination of estrogen (0.625 milligrams of conjugated equine estrogens per day) plus progestin (2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate), and 8,102 women were given a placebo.  The study was stopped in 2002 after an average of 5.6 years of treatment due to increased breast cancer in women on hormone therapy. Compared to women on placebo, women on combination hormone therapy were also at increased risk of stroke, dangerous blood clots, and heart disease. In contrast, their risk of colorectal cancer and hip fractures was lower. It is important to note that these hormones were provided orally, and some clinicians claim that transdermal (on the skin) application of estrogen alone or in combination with testosterone would show a different and more favorable side effect profile. The halting of the WHI study raised concerns about the safety of all hormone therapy in women (oral or transdermal), even if no androgens were included in this study and only oral delivery forms were used. Many physicians stopped prescribing hormone therapy (HT) even for women who had dramatic improvements in their quality of life while using it. Experts today don't recommend hormone therapy unless a woman suffers painful menopause symptoms. New information about the use of androgens (testosterone and DHEA) alone or with HT suggests that these hormones may help women who do not have enough androgens and have problems with their sexual health. Androgens are also precursors of all estrogens (estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3)) in women's bodies. The primary and most well-known androgen is testosterone (which aromatizes into estradiol); other less essential androgens are dihydrotestosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione. The ovaries and adrenals directly secrete androgens in women. Presently, there is no agreement about whether androgen deficiency is a clinical problem in aging women and if the addition of androgens to HT can improve the cardiovascular risks seen in the WHI study. Causes of androgen insufficiency in women can have ovarian, adrenal, hypothalamic-pituitary, drug-related, and unknown origins. Symptoms of adrenal insufficiency and androgen insufficiency in women may include a diminished sense of well-being, low mood, fatigue, and hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) with decreased libido or reduced sexual receptivity and pleasure that causes a great deal of personal distress. Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is another possible cause of androgen insufficiency in women. POI occurs when the ovaries stop functioning normally before 40 years of age. Although menopause is the most common cause of ovarian failure, other factors, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, can also contribute to POI. Therefore, it is important to consider premature ovarian insufficiency as a potential cause of androgen insufficiency in women. There is increasing evidence to suggest that many postmenopausal women experience symptoms alleviated by androgen therapy and that such symptoms may be caused by androgen deficiency. Affected women complain of fatigue, low libido, and diminished well-being, which are symptoms easily and frequently attributed to psychosocial and environmental factors. The question of whether adding testosterone therapy to conventional postmenopausal HT is effective or safe is unresolved. Therefore, a Cochrane review was performed to determine the efficacy and safety of testosterone therapy for postmenopausal women using HT. Thirty-five trials with a total of 4768 participants were included in the review. The median study duration was six months (range: 1.5 to 24 months). Most of the trials were of adequate quality regarding randomization. The pooled estimate suggested that adding testosterone to HT regimens improved sexual function scores and the number of satisfying sexual episodes for postmenopausal women. Some of the few adverse effects were decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and increased hair growth and acne incidence. The discontinuation rate was not significantly higher with the addition of testosterone therapy. OTHER USES FOR TESTOSTERONE IN WOMEN Emerging and controversial potential indications for androgen therapy in women have been or are being evaluated. Women with early ovarian failure, premenopausal androgen deficiency symptoms, postmenopausal and glucocorticosteroid-related bone loss, HIV-related wasting, and the premenstrual syndrome can all use this medicine. Whether or not any of these indications will lead to approved products in the future is unknown. HOW TO MEASURE LOW TESTOSTERONE IN WOMEN The term hypogonadism is used as a diagnostic term for testosterone deficiency, also known as testosterone insufficiency, in men. Besides HSDD as one of the potential symptoms, there is no agreement on what to call androgen deficiency in women. Clinical guidelines published in 2002 called the Princeton Consensus Statement used the term "female androgen insufficiency" as defined as a pattern of clinical symptoms in the presence of decreased bioavailable testosterone and normal estrogen status. The panel warned that currently available testosterone assays were found to lack sensitivity and reliability at the lower testosterone blood level ranges in women. The need for an equilibrium dialysis measure was strongly emphasized as the most adequate method to test women’s testosterone blood levels. BUY THE MOST AFFORDABLE AND ACCURATE TESTOSTERONE TEST FOR WOMEN Women in the United States can buy a testosterone test for women online without needing a doctor's prescription by using DiscountedLabs.com. They can also obtain a complete blood test panel to measure other hormones like estrogen, DHEA, progesterone, and testosterone. HOW TO TREAT LOW TESTOSTERONE IN FEMALES Circulating testosterone in women declines during the late reproductive years, such that otherwise healthy women in their 40s have approximately half the testosterone level as women in their 20s. The levels remain stable across the menopausal transition and then either remain stable or continue to decline with diminishing adrenal androgen production with increasing age. In the decade preceding menopause, the mid-cycle surge of free testosterone is lost. Despite this, research showing the benefits of androgen replacement has been limited to postmenopausal years. This means that testosterone levels in women change throughout the month based on one's menstrual cycle. However, the mid-cycle surge of free testosterone is lost in the decade preceding menopause. Some small studies have been done in premenopausal women, however. One evaluated the efficacy of transdermal testosterone therapy on mood, well-being, and sexual function in premenopausal women with low libido in eugonadal (normal testosterone blood levels). Testosterone therapy improved the well-being, mood, and sexual function of these women. Since many women experience diminished sexual interest and welfare during their late reproductive years, further research is warranted to evaluate the benefits and safety of the longer-term intervention. Potential dose-dependent side effects may be unwanted hair growth, masculinization, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) lowering. TESTOSTERONE REPLACEMENT AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISKS IN WOMEN A direct association between testosterone and heart disease has never been established, but doctors have suspected a link exists for many years. The reasoning goes like this: men have much more testosterone than women and develop heart disease about ten years before their female counterparts. On top of standard medical therapy, women with systolic heart failure who took low-dose testosterone for six months showed significant gains in exercise and ventilatory capacity and large-muscle strength, along with heightened insulin sensitivity, in a small placebo-controlled trial . Despite the entrenched belief that higher blood levels of testosterone increase the risk of CVD in women, data from recent observational studies mostly show an inverse relationship between testosterone and CVD risk. A pilot study (JCEM 86 (1): 158) suggested favorable effects of transdermal testosterone treatment of women with established congestive cardiac failure, which merits further evaluation. Some early research shows that giving postmenopausal women testosterone therapy through injections improves both flow-mediated and GTN-mediated vasodilation in the brachial artery. The mechanisms underlying these potentially beneficial cardiovascular effects require further investigation. TESTOSTERONE REPLACEMENT AND CANCER IN WOMEN The relationship between endogenous testosterone production and breast cancer risk remains contentious, with recent studies indicating either no relationship or a possible increase in risk when estrone and estradiol are not considered. No randomized controlled trial of testosterone therapy has been sufficiently large or of sufficient duration to establish whether such treatment may influence breast cancer occurrence. There does not appear to be an association between testosterone and endometrial cancer or other malignancies in the review of published studies. There is no convincing evidence that standard estrogen-based hormone therapy for ovarian failure increases the risk of breast cancer. However, some studies have previously shown that ovarian androgens protect mammary epithelial cells from excessive estrogenic stimulation. Therefore, a study hypothesized that adding testosterone to usual hormone therapy might protect women from breast cancer. This retrospective observational study followed 508 postmenopausal women receiving testosterone and standard hormone therapy in South Australia. Breast cancer status was ascertained by mammography at the initiation of testosterone treatment and biannually after that. The average age at the start of follow-up was 56.4 years, and the mean duration of follow-up was 5.8 years. Breast cancer incidence in this group was compared with that of untreated women and women using usual hormone therapy reported in the medical literature and to age-specific local population rates. There were seven cases of invasive breast cancer in this population of testosterone users, for an incidence of 238 per 100,000 woman-years. The rate for estrogen/progestin and testosterone users was 293 per 100,000 woman-years—substantially less than women receiving estrogen/progestin in the Women's Health Initiative study (380 per 100,000 woman-years) or the Million Women Study (521 per 100,000 woman-years). The breast cancer rate in testosterone users in this study was closest to that reported for users who never used hormone therapy in the latter study (283 per 100,000 woman-years), and their age-standardized rate was the same as for the general population in South Australia. Based on these findings, adding testosterone to traditional hormone therapy for postmenopausal women may not raise the risk of breast cancer and may even lower it, bringing the rates back to what they are in the general population that is not on hormone therapy. But more studies are needed. LATEST DATA ON TESTOSTERONE AND WOMEN: A recent study review by Dr. Rakibul Islam and his team was published in The Lancet in July 2019 and retrieved 46 reports of 36 randomized controlled trials comprising 8480 female participants. Their meta-analysis showed that testosterone significantly improved sexual function compared to a placebo or a comparator (e.g., estrogen with or without progesterone). It improved sexual desire, pleasure, arousal, responsiveness, and self-image, and it decreased sexual concerns and distress in postmenopausal women. A significant rise in the amount of LDL-cholesterol and reductions in total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides were seen with testosterone administered orally but not when administered non-orally (e.g., by transdermal patch or cream). An overall increase in weight was recorded with testosterone treatment. No effects of testosterone were reported for body composition, musculoskeletal variables, or cognitive measures, although the number of women who contributed data for these outcomes was small. Testosterone was associated with a significantly greater likelihood of reporting acne and hair growth, but no serious adverse events were recorded. TESTOSTERONE USE IN WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES As previously mentioned, there is no FDA-approved testosterone product for women. Some doctors prescribe drugs for female patients by having them use low doses of products like Androgen, Testim, Axiron, Testopel, and Fortesta that are meant for male hypogonadism without following the product's label. Other doctors prescribe creams with low testosterone levels through compounding pharmacies. However, it is important to note that women and people with AFIB require significantly less testosterone, necessitating a much lower dose of medication compared to men. CONCLUSION In conclusion, low testosterone in women is a condition that is often overlooked and underdiagnosed. However, it can have significant impacts on a woman's quality of life, including decreased sex drive, fatigue, and mood changes. Fortunately, there are several treatment options available, including hormone replacement therapy, lifestyle changes, and medication. It is important for women to speak with their healthcare provider and get properly diagnosed and treated for low testosterone if necessary. By doing so, they can improve their overall health and well-being.   References: Effects of testosterone therapy for women: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.Syst Rev. 2019; 8: 19   Efficacy and safety of transdermal testosterone in postmenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2017; 107: 475-482