CMP blood test

The Cystatin C Blood Test The cystatin C blood test is used to monitor kidney function in people experiencing or suspected to have, kidney disease (1). If a physician suspects that you’re suffering from impaired kidney function they will likely order a cystatin C blood test. The cystatin C test can be done instead of the creatinine or creatinine clearance test in cases where those tests aren’t appropriate (2), such as: In patients with cirrhosis Cases of morbid obesity Malnourishment Reduced or more than "normal" amount of muscle mass Patients taking creatine supplements that are increasing their creatinine and decreasing their estimated creatinine clearance (eGFR) Since the concentration of cystatin C in the blood will not change due to infection or inflammation and isn’t affected by body weight, lean mass, drugs or diet - cystatin C level could be a more reliable indicator of kidney health than creatinine (2). On the other hand, creatinine has been shown to be affected by higher body weight and lean mass. Testing for cystatin may also be useful to detect kidney disease early when the affected person isn’t experiencing many (if any) symptoms, and other test results are normal. What is Cystatin C? Cystatin C is a protein found in almost all the cells in the body. Cystatin C helps to regulate the activity of enzymes needed to break down bigger molecules both inside of and around those cells (3). Cystatin C level in the blood can be measured to determine how well the kidneys are functioning (3). The kidneys, liver, and spleen all work to filter the blood and excrete any waste substances as urine. This filtration process happens in a microscopic structure in the kidneys; the glomerulus (4). Each kidney contains approximately one-million glomeruli that function as tiny sieves to extract waste. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) rate is a measure of how well the glomeruli are filtering blood (4). If the kidneys and glomeruli are impaired, the GFR could decrease. A decreased GFR can cause certain proteins to accumulate (like cystatin C and creatinine) in the blood. So, the Cystatin C blood test is used to measure circulating levels of cystatin C. The levels of cystatin C in the blood can be used to assess the glomerular filtration rate to indirectly provide an assessment of kidney function. Risk factors for Kidney Disease Over 30 million American adults have kidney disease, but most of them aren’t aware of it (5). This lack of awareness is because people who have kidney disease tend to not experience any symptoms until kidney disease is in its latest stages. This happens when the kidneys are failing or when there are already large amounts of protein present in the urine. If your risk for kidney problems is already high due to hypertension (high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney failure runs in your family or you’re over 60 years of age (6), it’s crucial that you get tested yearly for kidney disease. Symptoms that May Mean a Cystatin C Test is Needed Although the only way to find out if you have kidney disease is to get tested, some symptoms indicate you may be experiencing kidney problems. These are five symptoms that could indicate impaired kidney function (7): 1) You need to urinate more frequently than normal. If you need to urinate more frequently, particularly at night, it can be a sign of kidney disease. When the kidney’s filters aren’t functioning well, it can result in an increased need to urinate. 2) Swollen ankles and feet. A decrease in kidney function may cause sodium retention which can make feet and ankles swell. Lower extremity swelling can also indicate heart or liver disease and circulatory problems. 3) Foamy urine. The presence of bubbles in your urine, especially persistent ones that require several flushes before they go away, could indicate excess protein is present in the urine. This foam may resemble the foam seen when scrambling eggs, since a protein found in urine is the same protein found in eggs: Albumin. 4) Dry and itchy skin. Healthy kidneys perform many critical functions. From removing waste and excess fluid from the body and helping to make blood cells to helping keep bones healthy by maintaining the correct amount of minerals in the blood. When skin becomes dry and itchy, it can be a symptom of mineral or bone disease that can accompany late-stage kidney disease because the kidneys can no longer maintain the correct balance of minerals in your blood. 5) Fatigue. A severe impairment of kidney function may lead to an excess of toxins and impurities in your blood. This accumulation of toxins can result in fatigue and can make it difficult to concentrate. Tiredness and weakness may also be the result of anemia, which is another complication of kidney disease. What Else Can Cause High Cystatin C Levels? While abnormally high cystatin C levels may indicate that you have a potentially serious kidney condition, it’s not the only medical issue that can cause this. Elevated levels of cystatin C could also be caused by conditions like (8,9,10) : Diabetes Cancer HIV Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism It’s best to speak to your doctor to understand precisely what the results of a cystatin C test mean for your health.   BUY THE CYSTATIN-C TEST HERE   References Mayo Clinic. Cystatin C with Estimated GFR, Serum. Mayo Clinic Staff. (N.D.) Baxmann, Alessandra Calábria et al. "Influence of Muscle Mass and Physical Activity on Serum and Urinary Creatinine and Serum Cystatin C." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 3.2 (2008): 348–354. PMC. Web. 25 Nov. 2017. National Kidney Foundation. Cystatin C. NKF Staff. (N.D.) De Martino C., Allen D.J., Accinni L. (1985) Microscopic structure of the kidney. In: Didio L.J.A., Motta P.M. (eds) Basic, Clinical, and Surgical Nephrology. Developments in Nephrology, vol 8. Springer, Boston, MA National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Kidney Disease Statistics for the United States. NIDDK Staff. (N.D.) Kazancioğlu, Rumeyza. "Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease: An Update." Kidney International Supplements 3.4 (2013): 368–371. PMC. Web. 25 Nov. 2017. Mayo Clinic. Chronic Kidney Disease. Mayo Clinic Staff. (N.D.) Inker, Lesley A et al. "Performance of Creatinine and Cystatin C GFR Estimating Equations in an HIV-Positive Population on Antiretrovirals." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) 61.3 (2012): 302–309. PMC. Web. 25 Nov. 2017. Yaffe, Kristine et al. "Higher Levels of Cystatin C Are Associated with Worse Cognitive Function Among Older Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease: The CRIC COG Study." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 62.9 (2014): 1623–1629. PMC. Web. 25 Nov. 2017. Madero, Magdalena, and Mark J. Sarnak. "Association of Cystatin C with Adverse Outcomes." Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 18.3 (2009): 258–263. Print.

Understanding Alt and Ast Normal Range: Key Information   Key Highlights ALT and AST are enzymes in your liver that show how healthy it is. High levels might mean there is damage or disease in the liver. Many things can affect ALT and AST levels. These include alcohol consumption, certain medications, and some medical conditions. A healthy lifestyle is key for good liver function. This means you should eat a balanced diet and exercise regularly. If you notice signs like jaundice, tiredness, or stomach pain, it's important to see a healthcare professional. Knowing your ALT and AST levels can help find and manage any liver problems early. Introduction Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are key enzymes that show how well your liver works. A liver function test checks the levels of these enzymes in your blood. This test can tell you about the health of your liver. It is important to know what a normal range is for ALT and AST levels. By knowing this, you can find possible problems and get medical help when needed. The Basics of ALT and AST Both ALT and AST enzymes are mainly found in your liver cells. When these liver cells are damaged, the enzymes can leak into your blood. This increases their levels, which can be seen in a simple blood test. Although higher levels may seem concerning, remember that small changes can occur for many reasons and may not indicate a serious problem. What Are ALT and AST? ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase) are enzymes in the liver. ALT is mostly in the liver. AST is found in the liver, heart, muscles, and other areas of the body. If ALT and AST levels rise, it could indicate liver damage or other health problems. The Role of Liver Enzymes in Your Health Liver enzymes play a key role in the body. They assist in several processes, such as: Changing food into energy Removing harmful substances from your blood Creating proteins needed for blood clotting and other important jobs. If your liver is damaged, it may not function properly. This can cause big health issues. Getting regular blood tests to check your liver enzymes can help find early signs of liver problems, even before you feel any symptoms. ALT and AST Normal Range A normal range for ALT is between 7 and 56 units per liter (U/L). For AST, the usual range is 10 to 40 U/L. Keep in mind that these ranges can vary slightly depending on the lab and the methods they use for testing. It is a good idea to discuss your test results with your doctor to understand them properly. Understanding the Numbers ALT and AST normal ranges show that your liver is healthy. If these levels are high, it may mean there is liver damage or disease. Checking liver enzymes with blood tests is important. It helps identify problems like fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, or alcoholic liver disease. The highest safe limit for ALT and AST levels may vary. This is why it's important to talk to a healthcare provider to understand your results. Knowing your ALT and AST numbers from your liver function test can give you useful information about the health of your liver. Factors Influencing Normal Levels A person's age Their sex Health conditions Medications they are using A specific lab's testing methods Age: Liver enzyme levels are often higher in babies and young kids. Causes for High ALT and AST Levels High ALT and AST levels often signal a liver issue or damage. Some common causes of liver problems are viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease, alcohol misuse, and certain medications. However, other reasons unrelated to the liver can also lead to high levels. These include muscle injuries or thyroid disease. Common Hepatic Causes Here are some common reasons why ALT and AST levels can be high related to the liver: Fatty Liver: This occurs when too much fat collects in the liver. It is often linked to obesity and diabetes. This can cause liver swelling and higher enzyme levels. Viral Hepatitis: Infections like hepatitis B and C can damage the liver. This damage can lead to swelling and increased ALT and AST levels. Alcoholic Liver Disease: Drinking too much alcohol can harm the liver. This damage can lead to several liver diseases and raise liver enzyme levels significantly. Liver Cancer: When cancer cells grow in the liver, they can affect how the liver works. This can cause higher liver enzyme levels along with other symptoms. Non-Hepatic Reasons for Elevations ALT and AST are often related to the liver. However, there are other things that can lead to high levels. Celiac Disease: This is an autoimmune problem with gluten. It can cause swelling in the small intestine and sometimes raise liver enzymes. Myopathy: This means issues with muscles. A lot of exercise or injuries can release AST into the blood, raising its levels. Hemolysis: This happens when red blood cells break down. This process can raise AST levels because these cells contain the enzyme. Interpreting Your Test Results Understanding ALT and AST test results requires a healthcare expert. They will review several factors. These factors include your health history, your lifestyle, and the levels of the enzymes. They will also look at other important blood tests. This careful process helps discover the underlying cause and leads to the best steps to follow. When to Be Concerned About Your Levels Slightly high levels of ALT and AST might not be a big issue. However, if these levels become very high or stay high for a long time, you should take notice. It’s important to visit a doctor soon if you notice symptoms like: Yellow skin or eyes (Jaundice) Dark urine Light-colored stools Stomach ache Feeling sick or throwing up Feeling extremely tired These symptoms, along with high liver enzymes, may indicate serious liver damage or a liver disease. The Importance of Ratios and Patterns The ALT to AST ratio is important for doctors when diagnosing. If the AST/ALT ratio is more than 2, it could mean alcoholic liver disease. A lower ratio usually shows other types of liver injuries. Other liver function tests, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin, can provide a clearer picture of your liver health. These tests look at different parts of liver function. They can also help find the underlying cause of any issues. Lifestyle and Its Impact on ALT and AST Levels Lifestyle choices have a big impact on ALT and AST levels. Eating a lot of processed foods, saturated fats, and sugar can cause fatty liver disease. Drinking too much alcohol can directly harm the liver. However, living a healthy life can improve liver health. It can also help return enzyme levels to normal. Dietary Influences on Liver Health Lots of fruits and vegetables Whole grains like brown rice and whole wheat Lean proteins such as chicken and fish Healthy fats from sources like avocados and nuts Plenty of water to stay hydrated Fruits and vegetables: These foods are rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. They help protect the liver from damage. Whole grains: These foods are high in fiber. They aid digestion and help the liver get rid of toxins. Lean proteins: Pick lean types like fish, chicken, beans, and lentils. They offer important amino acids without too much fat. Limit how much alcohol you drink. Too much can seriously hurt your liver. If you have diabetes, it's very important to keep your blood sugar steady. This helps prevent liver damage. Exercise and Its Effects on Liver Enzymes Regular exercise is good for your health, including your liver! It helps to reduce extra fat in your liver. It can also improve how your body responds to insulin and lower the risk of fatty liver disease. Aim for about 150 minutes of moderate workouts or 75 minutes of intense workouts each week. Also, do strength exercises two times a week. If you have high liver enzymes, talk to your doctor before beginning any new workout plan.   BUY AST and ALT Tests as Part of CMP   Managing and Monitoring ALT and AST Levels   When to Seek Further Medical Evaluation If your ALT and AST levels are high, you should be careful. It's good to talk to a healthcare professional. They can help figure out why this is happening and suggest the right steps to take. Sometimes, you may need other tests like a liver ultrasound, a CT scan, or a liver biopsy to make a final diagnosis. Getting medical help is important if you have high enzyme levels or signs of liver issues. Finding problems early and acting quickly can really help your health. It can also prevent serious issues in the future. Strategies for Maintaining Healthy Liver Enzymes Keeping your ALT and AST levels healthy is important for your liver. Here are some key tips to follow: Limit alcohol intake: Drinking a lot of alcohol can hurt your liver. It's key to drink moderately. Maintain a healthy weight: Losing even a small amount of weight can help your liver if you are overweight. Manage underlying conditions: Control health problems like diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure. This practice will help keep your liver safe. Get vaccinated: You can have vaccines for hepatitis A and B. These vaccines work well to prevent these infections. Conclusion In conclusion, it's important to understand ALT and AST levels for liver health. Keeping these enzymes in a normal range is key to your well-being. Your lifestyle choices, like your diet and exercise habits, can greatly affect ALT and AST levels. Regularly checking these levels is essential, and seeking medical help when necessary will help keep your liver function at its best. If you are concerned about your ALT and AST levels, discuss it with a healthcare professional for advice on evaluation and how to support healthy liver enzymes. Take care of your liver health to improve your overall wellness. Frequently Asked Questions What is considered a dangerous level for ALT and AST? If ALT levels and AST levels are two to three times higher than normal, we need to look into it more. This could show liver injury or disease. Also, remember that the level of liver damage does not always match the enzyme levels. Can exercise temporarily elevate ALT and AST levels? Yes, doing a lot of exercise can raise your ALT levels and AST levels a little, especially the AST. This happens due to stress on the muscles. Usually, these levels return to normal in a few days. If you are still concerned, please talk to your doctor. How often should I test for ALT and AST levels? The number of times you should have liver function tests depends on your health and risk factors. Your doctor may recommend that you get tested once a year. If you have liver disease or are at risk for chronic liver disease, you might need to get tested more often. Are elevated ALT and AST levels reversible? In many cases, high ALT levels and AST levels can return to normal. This is true, especially when we find problems early and fix the main issue. Changing our lifestyle and getting the right medical care can really help our liver health. Do medications affect ALT and AST levels? Some medicines can affect liver transaminase levels. This includes pain relievers, antibiotics, and drugs that lower cholesterol. It is very important to inform your doctor about all the medicines and supplements you use. Further Reading [1] Alanine Transaminase (ALT) Test—Cleveland Clinic [2] Aspartate Transferase (AST) Test—Cleveland Clinic [3] ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase) Blood Test—Healthline [4] Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Blood Test—UCSF Health

How to Treat Low Carbon Dioxide in Blood: Master CO2 Blood Test Results - A Complete Guide The CO2 blood test is important to have. It checks the CO2 levels in your body. This is vital for your health. In this guide, we will explain why CO2 levels are important. We will see how they connect to kidney and lung function. We will explain how to take blood samples. A needle is usually put in the elbow for this test. The samples are then sent to the lab for arterial blood gas analysis. Lastly, we will talk about what normal CO2 levels are. We will also look at what can affect the test results. As you read, you will learn about venipuncture. This is the process used to take a small amount of blood for a CO2 test. We will explain how labs analyze these samples. You will read about normal CO2 levels. We will also discuss things that can affect the test results, like certain medications. We will explore the signs that show if your CO2 levels in the blood are too high or too low. We will also share tips on how to deal with abnormal blood test results. This includes learning the reasons behind it and creating personal treatment plans. This way, you can better understand your body and make good choices for your well-being. What is the CO2 Blood Test? The CO2 blood test, known as the bicarbonate test, checks the level of CO2 in your blood. It looks at how well your kidneys and lungs work. This test helps keep the acid levels balanced in your blood. It's a simple blood test often done along with an electrolyte panel or a basic metabolic panel. This test can find problems with your kidneys or lungs. Knowing about the CO2 blood test will help you take care of yourself. It will also help you read your test results better. Why Measure Carbon Dioxide Levels Carbon dioxide (CO2) plays a key role in how our body works. It helps control pH levels and gets rid of waste gas from cells. The kidneys and lungs help keep CO2 levels in check. They do this by removing extra CO2 through urine and by exhaling. If these processes get out of balance, it can lead to health issues like trouble breathing or problems with electrolytes. That’s why it’s important to check your bicarbonate level, which is a form of carbon dioxide (CO2), in your blood. This check can show how well your body is functioning. Kidney Function: High CO2 levels show your kidneys are not filtering waste well. This might be caused by kidney disease. Lung Function: Low CO2 levels indicate your lungs are not working properly. This can happen with asthma, emphysema, or COPD. pH Balance: Unusual CO2 levels can upset the acid-base balance in our body. This may lead to symptoms like tiredness, confusion, and trouble breathing, among others. CO2 and Kidney and Lung Function Understanding how our organs work together helps doctors make better treatment plans for us. For instance, if a blood gas test shows low CO2 levels, it suggests that the lungs are not working well. In this case, healthcare professionals may suggest more tests or treatments to improve lung function. High levels of CO2 in the blood suggest that your kidneys are not doing a good job of getting rid of waste. This can lead to kidney disease. If this occurs, you will need to see a doctor. In summary, the CO2 blood test checks the amount of CO2 in your blood. It tells you how well your kidneys and lungs are working. This test also looks at the acid balance in your body. It involves a simple blood draw. The results can give you important information about your health. It can help find breathing problems or imbalances in electrolytes, like chloride levels. If you are worried about your CO2 levels, talk to your healthcare provider. Consider asking for a CMP or an electrolyte test. You need to know about the CO2 blood test. This test looks at the amount of CO2 in your blood. When you learn how this test works, you will understand more about yourself. The CO2 blood test checks the level of carbon dioxide in your blood. This test shows how well your kidneys and lungs are working. When CO2 levels are not right, it can affect the acid-base balance in your body. A change in this balance can lead to health problems, like trouble breathing or issues with your electrolytes. If you are worried about your CO2 levels, talk to your healthcare provider about a carbon dioxide test. Knowing your blood test results can help you understand your lung function and overall health better. CO2 Normal Ranges and Factors that Affect Results The CO2 blood test checks the level of carbon dioxide in your blood. This test is key to keeping the right acid balance in your body. A healthcare provider may use this test, which is also known as a carbon dioxide blood test, to find out if you have certain health conditions, diseases, or disorders. Different labs might have various normal ranges for the CO2 test. What you eat and your medications can also change your results. That's why it's very important to discuss your results with your doctor and find out the next steps. Lab Variability in Normal Ranges Total CO2 levels normally range from 23 to 29 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). This is about 22 to 29 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). These levels can change based on age or different lab standards. For example, the Mayo Clinic shows a range of 20 to 31 mEq/L. To better understand your test results and CO2 levels, speak with a medical professional. They can help explain the lab’s reference ranges. Medications that affect CO2 levels Medications can change your blood test results for CO2. It is important to tell your doctor about any medications you are using before the test. Here are some examples: Diuretics: These make you urinate more. They can also change your electrolytes. Corticosteroids: These help with swelling or conditions like asthma or lupus. They can also change electrolytes. Blood pressure meds: Some blood pressure medications, like ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, may affect how your kidneys work. They can change serum bicarbonate levels too. Antacids: Many antacid tablets, such as sodium bicarbonate or calcium carbonate, can influence CO2 levels in your blood. Your results can change for several reasons, not just due to medications. Being dehydrated or breathing quickly can lower your CO2 levels in the blood. Kidney disease or some lung problems can make your CO2 levels go up beyond normal. Talk to your healthcare provider about your worries. This will help you understand your blood test results better. What to Do with Test Results If your blood test results show that CO2 levels are too high or too low, don’t worry. It’s important to talk to a doctor. They will help figure out what is causing the results. They will guide you on what to do next. This could mean more tests or treatment, if necessary. In some cases, fixing health issues such as kidney problems or lung issues can help balance the acids and bases in your body. You might need further tests, like a complete metabolic panel, based on your needs. It's a good idea to talk with your health care provider for personalized advice. Keep in mind that normal ranges can change from one lab to another. Medications can also change test results if you are having a CO2 blood test. It’s also helpful to know the signs of high or low CO2 levels. The CO2 blood test checks the amount of bicarbonate and carbon dioxide in your blood. This test is important for keeping the pH balance in your body just right. If this balance changes, it could mean you have a health issue. Normal ranges can be different from one lab to another. Your age and the medications you take can also change the results. It is a good idea to talk to a doctor to understand your results and decide what to do next if necessary. Symptoms of High or Low CO2 Blood Levels Abnormal CO2 levels in the blood can be connected to the lungs, kidneys, or other organs. It is important to know the signs of having too much or too little CO2. By recognizing these signs, you can find health issues early. This helps you get medical help when you really need it. Symptoms of High CO2 in the Blood Obesity, hypoventilation syndrome, certain medications, and lung diseases such as COPD can lead to hypercapnia. Hypercapnia is when there is too much CO2 in the blood. Here are some usual symptoms of high CO2: Having trouble breathing Feeling very tired or confused Getting headaches often Breathing quickly Finding it hard to focus Experiencing muscle shakes or cramps If you feel any of these symptoms for a long time, you should see a doctor. A fast checkup is important. Treatment can help stop issues caused by low CO2 levels. Low CO2 in Blood A low CO2 level in a blood test can mean several health problems. Addison’s disease happens when the adrenal glands do not make enough hormones. This can lead to low CO2 levels. Diarrhea can cause you to lose a lot of fluids and electrolytes, which may result in low CO2. Poisoning from things like ethylene glycol or salicylate can disturb the body’s acid-base balance, leading to low CO2. Ketoacidosis is a serious problem for diabetics. It occurs when the body makes too many blood acids and causes low CO2. Kidney disease can affect how the body controls CO2 when the kidneys are not working well. Lactic acidosis comes from having too much lactic acid in the blood. This often happens when there is not enough oxygen, leading to low CO2. Respiratory alkalosis occurs when the lungs take out too much CO2, which reduces CO2 in the blood. Respiratory acidosis happens when the lungs cannot get rid of enough CO2. This leads to a buildup of CO2 in the blood. A low CO2 blood test result can show a health issue with the lungs, kidneys, or metabolism. More tests will be important to find out the exact reason. Symptoms of Low CO2 in the Blood Low carbon dioxide (CO2) in your blood can indicate an issue with the oxygen you breathe in and the CO2 your body makes. This situation is known as hypocapnia. Hypocapnia often happens when people have panic attacks and breathe too quickly. However, it can also point to more serious health issues like sepsis or kidney failure. A common sign of low blood test results is having too much acid in the blood, which can lead to metabolic acidosis. Symptoms of this condition include confusion, tiredness, and trouble breathing. Feeling dizzy Tingling or weakness in your hands and feet Trouble breathing A rapid heartbeat Chest pain or discomfort If you feel any of these symptoms, visit a doctor. A doctor can help you understand what is happening and suggest the best way to treat it. How to Treat Low CO2 in Blood If your blood test results show unusual CO2 levels, you should talk to your doctor. Together, you can find out why this is happening. Then, you can work on a treatment plan. This plan may include changes to your lifestyle, adjusting your medications, or doing more tests. Finding the Underlying Cause of Abnormal Results Your doctor will check to find out why your CO2 levels are not normal. They might look at your medical history and do a physical exam. Your doctor may ask for extra tests too. If you have trouble breathing, they may do lung function tests. If there are problems with your metabolism, they might check your kidney function. Personalized Treatment Plan Treatment is based on the reason CO2 levels are not normal. Here are some examples: If being overweight causes high CO2 levels, consider joining a weight loss program. Breathing exercises can help with anxiety that leads to fast breathing. People with chronic lung problems may feel better with oxygen therapy. Dialysis is required if kidney failure causes low total CO2 levels. Medications that change the balance of electrolytes might need adjustments. Knowing the signs of too much or too little CO2 is important for your health. When you understand what causes unusual results, you can make a plan that fits your needs. This helps you manage your condition better. Abnormal CO2 levels in the blood suggest an issue with breathing or how the body works. This could be due to congestive heart failure. When CO2 levels are high, you may feel short of breath, confused, or have muscle cramps. On the other hand, low CO2 levels might make you feel dizzy, numb, or lead to a fast heart rate. You need to make a plan for CO2 levels and health issues connected to them. Treatment can include lifestyle changes. Breathing exercises can help with anxiety. Oxygen therapy can assist with chronic lung problems. Dialysis may be necessary if low CO2 is due to kidney failure. We might also need to change medicines that impact electrolyte balance. Summary CO2 blood tests are key for your health. It’s important to understand why CO2 testing matters. You should know what can change test results, signs of too much or too little CO2, and what treatments are available for these problems. This knowledge can help you spot issues early. Early detection can prevent problems from becoming worse. Don’t delay. Start taking care of your health today. Book your CMP test, which has the CO2 blood test, at Discounted Labs. CO2 Blood Test Results FAQs What is a normal CO2 level? Normal levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) are about 23-29 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). These levels can change a bit based on the lab and the method they use. It is best to talk to a healthcare provider. They can help you understand your carbon dioxide levels and what the results mean for your health. Is low CO2 acidosis or alkalosis? Low carbon dioxide levels in the blood are known as respiratory alkalosis. This condition can happen from breathing too fast, or it may result from other health issues. When someone has this, the carbon dioxide levels fall. This change can also upset the body's balance of acids and bases. How is a low CO2 blood test result diagnosed and treated? Low carbon dioxide levels in the blood are known as hypocapnia. A blood test can measure the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. This condition can happen due to hyperventilation, metabolic alkalosis, and several other medical issues. Treatment for low CO2 levels varies based on the cause. If a person is hyperventilating, fixing their breathing can help raise CO2 levels to normal. If a medical condition causes low CO2, the main goal will be to manage that condition. Talk to a healthcare provider. They can help you find the right diagnosis. They will also set up a plan for you. Can I make lifestyle changes to treat low CO2 in the blood? Low CO2 in the blood can happen because of breathing too fast, health issues, or certain lifestyle choices. If you want to boost your CO2 levels, you can try: Breathing exercises can help you. Pursed-lip breathing is helpful. Diaphragmatic breathing is good too. These exercises can help you control your breathing. They may also raise CO2 in your blood. Reduce stress. Feeling tense or anxious can make you breathe faster and lower your CO2 levels. Do things that lower stress, and you’ll feel better. Try yoga, meditation, or mindfulness exercises to feel good. Stay hydrated by drinking enough water. Good hydration is important for healthy breathing. Not drinking enough can hurt your breathing and drop CO2 levels. Drink water every day to stay hydrated. Don’t push yourself too hard during exercise. Intense workouts can make you breathe quickly and drop your CO2. Exercise slowly and focus on your breathing techniques. If your CO2 levels don’t get better, talk to a healthcare provider. If you worry about your breathing, reach out to a healthcare provider. They can check you and provide options for improving your health. You can feel better and be healthier by changing your lifestyle. It is also important to see a doctor if your blood has low CO2 levels. Sources Everything you need to know about a CO2 blood test - Medical News Today Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in Blood - MedlinePlus CO2 Blood Test - Mount Sinai CO2 Blood Test: What You Need to Know - Healthline Bicarbonate (HCO3) Blood Test Overview - WebMD

A chloride blood test, which is also called a serum chloride test, is often part of a routine blood test to check how much chloride is in your blood. Chloride is an important electrolyte. It helps keep the balance of fluids and acids in your body. Chloride Blood Test: What You Need to Know Many people do not think about electrolyte balance when looking at someone’s overall health. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium are very important, and an electrolyte imbalance can lead to various health issues. They help manage several functions in the body. This includes pH balance and fluid regulation, among other things. Chloride is an important electrolyte in your body. Your kidneys manage it. When you have the right amount, chloride is good for your health. However, if there is too much or too little, it can lead to several issues. Keep reading to learn more. What Is Chloride? Chloride is an important electrolyte that keeps the acid-base balance in your body. This balance is called pH, and it prevents your blood from being too acidic or too alkaline. Chloride also plays a role in sending nerve signals. These signals control the many muscles in your body. Chloride is commonly ingested through sodium chloride, which is table salt, and plays a crucial role in maintaining electrolyte balance. Normal chloride levels in adults range from 98 to 107 mEq/L in the blood. Having chloride levels above that can cause symptoms and health problems. Why Do I Need a Chloride Blood Test? A chloride blood test is typically ordered by your healthcare provider as part of a routine blood screening to check your general health. This test is crucial for monitoring and diagnosing conditions related to an imbalance of acids or fluids in your body. If you experience symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, muscle weakness, fatigue, confusion, or disorientation, your healthcare provider may order a chloride blood test to determine the underlying cause. Additionally, if you have a medical condition like kidney disease, heart failure, or liver disease, your healthcare provider may use this test to monitor your condition and adjust your treatment plan as needed. Monitoring your chloride levels can aid in the effective management of these conditions and help prevent any potential complications. What Are the Symptoms of High Chloride Levels? This condition, known as hyperchloremia, occurs when there are high blood chloride levels. It happens when there is too much chloride in the blood. This can cause different symptoms, including: A lot of muscle weakness and tiredness Feeling thirsty most of the time High blood pressure Confusion and low energy Hyperchloremia usually makes you feel tired and not interested in doing things. But these symptoms often happen with other health issues too. The best way to check if your chloride levels are high is through a blood test. Some people may not feel any symptoms at all. If they do feel symptoms, these can be different for each person. Factors such as age, sex, fitness level, and others can affect how symptoms show up. What Are the Causes of Hyperchloremia? Your kidneys help control the level of chloride in your body. They keep a fine balance with your electrolytes. Problems with your kidneys can make it hard to manage chloride properly. This often leads to having too much chloride in your system. Acute kidney injury can also lead to elevated chloride levels, as the kidneys are unable to properly filter and balance electrolytes. Here are other potential causes: Frequent diarrhea. Eating too much salt, saltwater, or saline in a hospital. Renal acidosis: This occurs when your kidneys cannot remove acid well, leading to too much acid in your blood. Using drugs like carbonic anhydrase inhibitors—these treat glaucoma but may lower bases in your body. Respiratory alkalosis: this usually happens when someone breathes fast and has low carbon dioxide in their blood. In some situations, a person may experience hyperchloremic acidosis. This happens when the body loses something that is alkaline or keeps too much that is acidic. Issues like severe diarrhea, certain medicines, or kidney damage can lead to this condition. What Do High Chloride Levels Mean? The best way to find out if there is too much chloride in your blood is through a blood test. You can request a specific test just for this electrolyte. This test is often known as a chloride blood test. It is a good idea to test other electrolytes and related substances in your body. This can help you understand more about your pH balance. It also gives insights into your kidney function. Plus, you can learn how your body processes electrolytes like chloride. You can order a Comprehensive Metabolic Panel. This set of blood tests checks several levels in your body. It looks at sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and carbon dioxide. It may also check for other things like albumin, bilirubin, and blood urea nitrogen. This helps doctors check for other health issues. It also helps them find out why you have too much chloride in your blood. This test is crucial for monitoring and diagnosing conditions related to an acid or fluid imbalance in your body. The results from this blood test usually come back in a few business days. You can expect to have an accurate answer in about a week. What Are the Complications of High Chloride Blood Test Levels? A set of kidneys that do not work well can lead to high blood chloride levels. This problem could cause issues related to these important organs. It is important to act quickly and get a comprehensive metabolic blood test. For example, some problems caused by hyperchloremia are: Kidney stones Complete kidney failure Poorly working kidneys that may need a transplant in the future Heart and muscle issues Bone problems and diseases If you have too much chloride in your body, your blood can become very acidic. When the blood is too acidic, it flows through your heart and muscles. Over time, this can cause damage. This is how problems with these organs can happen. Too much chloride can cause problems with calcium levels. Over time, this might lead to bone diseases or other health issues if your body can’t handle calcium well. Calcium is very important for keeping your bones healthy. How Is High Chloride Treated? Having too much chlorine in the blood is treated with the right care. The treatment for hyperchloremia depends on what is causing the electrolyte imbalance and other factors. For example, if you have high chloride due to dehydration, make sure to drink a lot of water. Your doctor might tell you to stop drinking caffeine and alcohol. These drinks can make your body lose more fluids. This could make your dehydration problem worse. Another way to help is by stopping the drugs that increase chlorides in your blood. If your kidneys do not work well, a nephrologist could offer the right treatment for you. Dietary Recommendations for Chloride Levels Maintaining a healthy diet is essential to keep your chloride levels in check. Here are some dietary recommendations to help you manage your chloride levels: Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of water is crucial for maintaining a healthy balance of fluids and electrolytes, including chloride. Proper hydration supports overall bodily functions and helps prevent electrolyte imbalances. Limit Sodium Intake: Consuming high amounts of sodium can lead to an imbalance of chloride in your body. To avoid this, limit your sodium intake by steering clear of processed and packaged foods, and opting for fresh fruits and vegetables instead. Eat Chloride-Rich Foods: Incorporate foods rich in chloride into your diet, such as celery, olives, and seaweed. These foods can help maintain your chloride levels within the normal range. Avoid Excessive Salt Intake: Excessive salt intake can disrupt the balance of chloride in your body. Be mindful of your salt consumption by avoiding overly salty foods and choosing healthier, low-sodium alternatives. By following these dietary tips, you can help ensure your chloride levels remain balanced, supporting your overall health. When to Seek Medical Attention If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention immediately: Severe Vomiting or Diarrhea: These symptoms can lead to dehydration, which may cause an imbalance of chloride in your body. Prompt medical attention is necessary to address the underlying issue and restore balance. Muscle Weakness or Fatigue: Persistent muscle weakness or fatigue could indicate an underlying medical condition that needs to be addressed. It’s important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the cause and receive appropriate treatment. Confusion or Disorientation: Experiencing confusion or disorientation can be a sign of a serious health issue. Seek medical attention to identify the cause and receive the necessary care. Severe Abdominal Pain: Severe abdominal pain may signal an underlying medical condition that requires immediate attention. Don’t ignore this symptom; consult with a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and treatment. If you have any concerns about your chloride levels or experience any of the above symptoms, consult with your healthcare provider for proper evaluation and treatment. Monitoring and managing your chloride levels is essential for maintaining your overall health and well-being. Treatment Options The treatment for hyperchloremia depends on what is causing it. Hydration: If someone has high chloride levels due to not drinking enough, drinking more water or getting fluids through an IV can help. Medication Adjustment: A healthcare provider may change or stop medications that are raising chloride levels. Dietary Changes: Consuming high amounts of sodium chloride can lead to an imbalance of chloride in your body. Eating less salt can help keep chloride levels in check. Addressing Kidney Issues: If high chloride levels are related to kidneys, treating the kidney problem is important. In serious cases, dialysis might be needed. Treating Metabolic Acidosis: Giving sodium bicarbonate can help balance excess acid in the blood. Stopping Excessive Saline: If high chloride levels are caused by too much saline intake, it’s important to stop or cut back on it. Prevention and Management Preventive measures include: Drink enough water. Cut down on salt. Keep track of and change medications that impact electrolyte imbalance. Have regular doctor visits to find and treat any hidden health issues. Order the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel Today! Many people may not feel any symptoms of having too much chloride in their bodies. However, they could still have this health problem. The best way to check if chloride is making you feel tired or confused is by getting a routine blood test, such as a comprehensive metabolic panel. You can order this test today. It helps monitor health issues like high blood pressure, heart failure, kidney disease, and liver disease, which can cause an imbalance in electrolytes. If you feel very tired or have weak muscles, this might mean there is a fluid imbalance from high chloride levels or too much base. This can lead to metabolic alkalosis. Overusing antacids can also play a role in this. You can get the complete metabolic CMP panel blood test from Discountedlabs.com today! This company offers you the lowest prices on blood tests. You will receive your results by email in a few business days. Frequently Asked Questions Should I be concerned if I have a low or high chloride blood test result? It is important to talk to a healthcare professional if you have worries about your chloride blood test results. A low or high chloride level can show an electrolyte imbalance or an underlying cause of a health issue. For example, renal tubular acidosis happens when your kidneys do not remove enough acids from your blood into your urine. Low chloride levels can have several other possible causes. These include temporary issues like vomiting and dehydration. High serum creatinine levels can point to metabolic acidosis, which is a more serious cause. It is necessary to remember that the amount of fluid you drink before the test can change the results. So, ask your doctor if you need to adjust your fluid intake. A healthcare professional can accurately read your test results and help you with the next steps or treatments related to table salt. What treatments are prescribed to affect chloride levels? I’m sorry, but I cannot give medical advice or details about treatments for chloride levels. For instance, treatments may vary if the high chloride levels are due to acute kidney injury. It is best to talk to a healthcare professional. They can offer personalized guidance based on your needs and situation. What is a chloride blood test, and why is it done? A chloride blood test, or “Cl test,” is often part of a routine blood test to measure the level of chloride in your blood. Chloride is an electrolyte that helps keep the balance of fluids in your body. This test is often part of a comprehensive metabolic panel or an electrolyte panel. It helps check your overall health and can assist in finding issues like dehydration, kidney disease, respiratory alkalosis, acidosis, or certain metabolic disorders. The results from the chloride blood test, together with other electrolyte test results, give important information to your healthcare provider about your electrolyte balance and health. Abnormal levels of chloride can happen due to several factors, like dehydration, vomiting, or other medical conditions. It’s important to talk to a healthcare professional about your results. The level of chloride in your blood can really affect your health. A basic metabolic panel is a common test that also measures chloride and other essential electrolytes to check how your body is working. What are the normal levels of chloride in the blood? The normal levels of chloride in the blood usually range from 96 to 106 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). This range is considered typical. However, different laboratories may have slightly different reference ranges. If you are worried about your chloride levels, it’s a good idea to talk to a healthcare professional. A low chloride level means you do not have enough chloride in your blood, which is known as hypochloremia. Doctors often find this condition through a chloride blood test, which can indicate high blood chloride levels. This test is part of a normal blood screening to check or diagnose electrolyte levels. How should I prepare for a chloride blood test? To get ready for a routine blood test, including a chloride blood test, follow some simple steps. This will help you get the right results. Here is what you can do: Follow any fasting instructions. Sometimes, your healthcare provider may ask you to fast for a while before the test. This means you should not eat or drink anything, except for water, for a set period. It is important to carefully follow these instructions. Tell your healthcare provider about any medications or supplements you are using. Some medications and supplements can change the chloride levels in your blood. It’s important to share this information so your healthcare provider can consider it when looking at your test results. Stay hydrated: Drinking enough water before the test can help give accurate results. However, do not drink too much water just before the test. This can make the blood sample less clear. Talk to your healthcare provider about any worries you have. If you have questions about the chloride blood test, feel free to ask your healthcare provider. They can give you more information and help you with any concerns. Remember, these are general rules. Your healthcare provider may give you special instructions based on your situation. It is always a good idea to follow their advice to get the best results. Is there anything specific I need to do after the test, such as follow-up appointments or lifestyle changes? It really depends on the test you took and the results you got. Usually, it’s helpful to speak with your health care provider about your test results, especially if they indicate an electrolyte imbalance. They can suggest what to do next, like getting a urine test. Your health care provider will help you with any visits, more tests, or changes in your life that you might need based on the results. It is very important to talk to your health care provider and follow their advice for your situation. Sources: [1 ] Hyperchloremia [2] What to know about high chloride levels in blood [3] Causes and symptoms of hyperchloremia

The bun/creatinine ratio helps to check how your kidneys are working. It looks at the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels in your blood. A high bun creatinine ratio may show that you are dehydrated or have kidney disease. A low ratio might mean that you have liver disease or are not getting enough nutrition. BUN Creatinine Ratio and Kidney Health The health of our kidneys is very important for our overall well-being. Healthcare providers use several tests to check how well our kidneys work. One of these tests is the BUN creatinine ratio test. This test is an important marker for kidney health. In this blog, we will explore why the BUN creatinine ratio matters, how it works in the body, and what it means for kidney health. Understanding BUN/Creatinine Ratio The BUN creatinine ratio test is key for kidney health. This test checks the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. Both are waste products that the body makes. By looking at this ratio, healthcare providers can evaluate kidney function. They can also identify any problems with the kidneys. Role of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) in the Body BUN, which stands for blood urea nitrogen, is a waste product made when our body breaks down protein. The liver produces BUN, and the kidneys help remove it through urine. High BUN levels may suggest kidney disease or damage since kidneys are meant to filter urea nitrogen from the blood. A BUN test measures how much urea nitrogen is in the blood. This test is a common way to check kidney function. What you eat can affect BUN levels. A high protein intake can raise BUN levels, while eating less protein may lower them. Because of this, healthcare providers consider protein intake when they review BUN levels. Role of Creatinine in the Body Creatinine is a waste product made when muscles use energy. It forms at a steady pace from creatine, which is used during muscle movement. The kidneys are the only organs that remove creatinine from the body. This means that the levels of creatinine can show how well the kidneys are functioning. If creatinine levels are high, it may indicate kidney damage or disease because the kidneys should filter out creatinine from the blood. Monitoring creatinine levels is important. It helps healthcare providers assess kidney function and spot any kidney-related issues. What does the BUN/creatinine ratio indicate? The BUN to creatinine ratio is important for understanding kidney health. This ratio helps doctors check how well the kidneys are working. It can find kidney disease and identify urinary tract blockages. If the ratio is not in the normal range, it may suggest kidney damage, renal failure, or issues with urea nitrogen metabolism. It could also indicate congestive heart failure. By looking at the BUN creatinine ratio, doctors can tell if the kidneys filter waste properly and maintain good kidney function. This test is useful for measuring glomerular filtration rate, which shows how well the kidneys remove waste from the blood. Significance of BUN/Creatinine Ratio Test The BUN creatinine ratio test is an important tool for checking kidney health. It helps doctors find signs of kidney damage. It also helps monitor kidney disease and detect any blockages in the urinary system. Let’s look at when this test is recommended, how it is performed, and what the results mean. When is the test recommended? The BUN creatinine ratio test checks your kidney health. Doctors use this test to see how well your kidneys work. It can also find kidney disease or damage, such as acute kidney injury (AKI). Healthcare providers often recommend this test if they suspect a kidney issue. It is also part of regular check-ups or to see if treatments, like dialysis, are helping. How is the test performed? The BUN creatinine ratio test is a simple blood test. A doctor or nurse takes blood from a vein in your arm. They send the blood sample to a lab in Boston for testing. In the lab, they look at the levels of BUN and serum creatinine. The test results help healthcare providers see how well your kidneys are working and assess kidney health. Interpreting BUN/Creatinine Ratio Test Results Understanding the normal creatinine BUN creatinine ratio test results is essential for doctors to check kidney health. When the results are normal, between 6 to 24 mg/dL in the US or 2.1 to 8.5 mmol/L in other regions, it shows the kidneys are healthy and working well. If the results are outside this range, it could indicate that the kidneys are damaged or not functioning correctly with urea nitrogen. Healthcare providers look at this ratio to see if the kidneys filter waste properly and keep urea nitrogen levels normal in mg/dL. If the ratio does not meet the normal range, doctors may need to perform more tests to find any kidney health issues. The CMP panel includes the BUN/Creatinine Ratio. You can get your own CMP without seeing a doctor. Just locate a lab close to you to have it done. Implications of High and Low BUN/Creatinine Ratio Understanding the BUN creatinine ratio is key for checking your kidney health. A low or high ratio can show different things about your health. Let’s explore what a low or high ratio means and what health conditions could be related to these changes. What does it mean if you have a low BUN/creatinine ratio? A low BUN-creatinine ratio can show several health problems. This can include malnutrition or poor liver function. When someone is malnourished, they eat less protein. This causes lower urea nitrogen levels and a low ratio. A liver that does not work well can also affect how the body handles protein. This leads to less urea nitrogen, which shows a low ratio. It is important to know about the BUN-creatinine ratio. It helps us check kidney health and identify possible health issues. What does it mean if you have a high BUN/creatinine ratio? A high BUN-creatinine ratio can point to several health problems. These problems could be dehydration, kidney disease, urinary tract obstruction, renal failure, or liver disease. When you are dehydrated, your levels of urea nitrogen can increase. This rise changes the ratio and affects blood flow. Kidney disease, urinary tract obstruction, renal failure, and liver diseases, like acute renal failure, can also lead to high urea nitrogen levels. This causes the BUN-creatinine ratio to go up. Symptoms Associated with Altered BUN/Creatinine Ratio Changes in the BUN creatinine ratio can show different signs. These signs can give us more about kidney health. Let's look at the symptoms that come with high and low BUN levels. This can help us find possible kidney health issues. Symptoms of High BUN Level High levels of BUN can lead to several symptoms. You may feel very thirsty, tired, or notice changes in your urine. You might feel itchy, have muscle cramps, or struggle to focus. Other signs may include dehydration, nausea, lack of appetite, pale skin, confusion, and swelling in your hands and feet. In severe cases, high BUN levels can cause shortness of breath, chest pain, and high blood pressure. Symptoms of Low BUN Level Low levels of BUN can lead to several issues. These problems may include feeling tired and weak in your muscles. You might also notice low blood pressure. Additionally, there can be liver damage, bad nutrition, and muscle loss. Some people may have diarrhea or feel sick to their stomach. Not getting enough protein can slow down healing from wounds and cause an irregular heartbeat. It can also affect kidney function, which may result in cramps, seizures, and anemia. Factors Affecting BUN/Creatinine Ratio Many things can change the BUN creatinine ratio. What you eat, how you live, and your overall health all play a part. Let’s see how these factors affect the ratio and kidney health. Diet and BUN/Creatinine Ratio Diet plays a big role in kidney health. It can change the BUN creatinine ratio. Eating a lot of protein, from foods like meat, fish, and dairy, can increase BUN levels. This affects the ratio. Low-carb diets can also lead to more protein breakdown. This increase urea nitrogen levels and impacts the ratio, too. A diet that is low in protein and high in carbohydrates might help lower the BUN creatinine ratio. Lifestyle and BUN/Creatinine Ratio Lifestyle choices, like exercising often, can impact muscle mass. This, in turn, can change BUN levels and their ratio. Staying hydrated by drinking enough water is important. Good hydration helps control BUN levels, which supports the ratio. However, drinking too much alcohol can increase BUN levels. This affects the ratio and harms kidney health. Other Health Conditions and BUN/Creatinine Ratio Many health issues can impact the BUN creatinine ratio. Liver disease, heart failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, chronic kidney disease, urinary obstruction, and renal failure can all alter urea nitrogen levels. Medications and dehydration can also affect this. These factors can change the ratio and affect the health of your kidneys. Strategies to Maintain Healthy BUN/Creatinine Ratio Maintaining a healthy BUN-creatinine ratio is key for good kidney health. Here are some tips to help you keep this ratio right and support your kidney function. Dietary Adjustments for Healthy Kidney Function To keep your kidneys healthy, eat foods that are low in protein, potassium, and phosphorus. This will help maintain a good BUN-creatinine ratio. Cut down on sodium, potassium, and phosphorus. This can help your kidneys work better. High amounts of these minerals can put stress on your kidneys and may lead to kidney stones. Balancing how much protein and potassium you eat, as well as the amount of fluid you drink, is important for good kidney function. A kidney-friendly diet, monitoring your blood pressure, and drinking enough water are essential for kidney health. It is helpful to speak with healthcare providers and dietitians about dietary changes to support your kidney function. Importance of Regular Check-Ups Regular check-ups are very important. They help monitor kidney function and general health. This is especially true for people with long-term conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure. These visits allow healthcare providers to catch early signs of kidney problems or other health issues. It is important to regularly check the BUN creatinine ratio. Blood tests like the comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) or basic metabolic panel (BMP) can do this. These tests measure urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. Finding kidney health issues early can help prevent kidney damage. It also helps support overall kidney health. FAQ: Managing BUN/Creatinine Ratio Managing the creatinine ratio is key for keeping your kidneys in good shape. Many people wonder how to keep this ratio balanced. Here are some answers to common questions about managing the ratio and supporting overall kidney health. How can one maintain a healthy BUN/creatinine ratio? Maintaining a good ratio is important. There are several strategies to do this. You should take care of kidney function and make good lifestyle choices. A diet change can help too. Regular exercise is beneficial. Eating less sodium and balancing protein intake can help keep the BUN creatinine ratio stable. This supports waste excretion and promotes kidney health. It is also important to not eat too much protein and to stay hydrated. Regular check-ups with a doctor about kidney health are essential for keeping a good ratio. Conclusion In conclusion, it is important to watch your BUN/creatinine ratio for good kidney health. This test helps you see how well your kidneys are working and can find any problems. Knowing what the BUN/creatinine ratio means is key. It allows for early detection and support. If you notice any changes in your BUN/creatinine ratio, or feel worried about your kidney health, always talk to your healthcare professional. A healthy lifestyle, including a good diet and regular health check-ups, can help you maintain a good BUN/creatinine ratio. This also supports your kidney function. Taking care of your kidney health is a great way to improve your overall well-being. Sources Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Test for blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Mayo Clinic. 1 Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Test for creatinine. Mayo Clinic. 2 SelfDecode Labs. (2022, December 15). BUN/Creatinine Ratio: Levels that are high & low + normal range. SelfDecode Labs. 3

Are you due for a blood test and have heard about the anion gap test but are unsure of what it is? The anion gap blood test, also known as the serum anion gap test, is a common medical test that measures the levels of electrolytes in the blood. It helps identify any imbalances in electrolyte levels, including acid levels, which can indicate various health conditions such as kidney disease, diabetes, or metabolic acidosis. In this blog post, we’ll discuss everything you need to know about the anion gap blood test, including its importance, common causes of abnormal results, and how to prepare for it. We’ll also cover how to interpret the results and where you can buy the test at discounted prices. So if you’re curious about your health and want to learn more about this important diagnostic tool, keep reading! Anion Gap Blood Test: Overview The anion gap blood test measures the difference in electrical charge between positively charged cations and negatively charged anions found in the blood. It is used to evaluate the acid-base balance and help detect certain medical conditions. Typically, the test is included in a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) or basic metabolic panel (BMP). Healthcare providers rely on the results of this test to diagnose and monitor electrolyte imbalances. Understanding the anion gap, including the role of chloride as a negatively charged anion, can provide valuable insights into overall health. Other factors, such as lithium, can also affect the calculation of the anion gap. For example, in high concentrations, lithium can lower the anion gap. What is the Anion Gap? The anion gap is a calculation that measures the difference between cations and anions in the blood. It gives insight into the presence of unmeasured ions or substances. The normal range for anion gap is 8 to 16 mEq/L, and abnormal levels may indicate underlying health conditions. Symptoms of an Electrolyte Imbalance Anion gap blood test is used to measure the levels of electrolytes in the blood. Electrolytes are minerals that help regulate various functions in the body, such as muscle and nerve function, hydration, and blood pH levels. An imbalance in electrolytes can cause several symptoms like muscle weakness, fatigue, an irregular heartbeat, confusion, seizures, and nausea. The anion gap blood test can help diagnose these imbalances so that appropriate treatment can be given to restore normal electrolyte levels and prevent further complications. Finding an Electrolyte Panel Test The anion gap blood test is a type of electrolyte panel test that can help diagnose certain medical conditions. Electrolytes are minerals in your body that help regulate important bodily functions like muscle contractions and nerve impulses. An electrolyte panel test measures the levels of different electrolytes in your blood, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. The anion gap specifically measures the balance between positively charged ions (like sodium and positive electric charge) and negatively charged ions (like chloride and bicarbonate) in your blood, which is crucial for maintaining proper electrolyte balance. This anion gap measurement is based on the results of individual electrolyte blood tests, which are commonly included in routine bloodwork panels. By analyzing these levels, doctors can identify imbalances that may be indicative of medical issues such as kidney disease, diabetes, or poisoning. How to Calculate the Anion Gap from a CMP test The anion gap is the difference between the amounts of cations (ions with a positive charge, like Na+ and K+) and anions (ions with a negative charge, like Cl- and HCO3-). This information comes from the comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). There are three types: serum, plasma, and urine anion gaps. The most common application of the anion gap is classifying cases of metabolic acidosis, states of lower than normal blood pH. Specifically, classifying into either those that do or those that do not have unmeasured anions in the plasma. The human body is electrically neutral; therefore, in reality, it does not have a true anion gap. However, the madias ne anion gap calculator, a useful tool in clinical medicine, can be used to calculate the difference and identify potential imbalances. The calculation then finds utility in exposing variations in that balance. Calculation relies on measuring specific cations, Na+ and K+ and specific anions, Cl- and HCO3-. The equation is as follows: (Na+ + K+) – (Cl- + HCO3-) = Anion Gap. The anion gap formula can be manipulated to expose the presence of unmeasured cations and anions, as shown below. Click here for formula Why is the Anion Gap Important in a Blood Test? The anion gap plays a crucial role in blood tests as it helps assess acid-base balance. It can indicate the presence of metabolic acidosis, offering insight into conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis. Monitoring the anion gap is vital for evaluating treatment effectiveness and managing various health conditions. What are the Common Causes of a Low Anion Gap? An abnormal anion gap can be attributed to various factors, including conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, kidney disease, heart disease, and certain types of cancer. On the other hand, hypoalbuminemia or certain medications may be the cause, including ethylene glycol (antifreeze) poisoning. Understanding the root cause of an abnormal anion gap is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Restoring normal anion gap levels involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause. A low anion gap is a rare condition that can be caused by a variety of factors [1] [2] [3]. Some of the most common causes of low anion gap include: Hypoalbuminemia: This involves having too little of an essential protein called albumin in the blood. Hypoalbuminemia usually occurs because of inflammation throughout the body. Specific causes of hypoalbuminemia include sepsis, recent surgery, malnutrition, severe burns, liver or kidney disease, hyperkalemia, which is high potassium, and hypercalcemia, which is high calcium [2]. Lab error: A low anion gap value is very rare and may be due to laboratory error. If your test indicates a low anion gap value, your doctor may order a second test to account for laboratory error [3]. Multiple myeloma: A low anion gap level is rare and indicates an abnormally high level of positively charged molecules. The most common cause of this is multiple myeloma, a cancer of a class of white blood cells called plasma cells. Typically, plasma cells help our bodies fight infections. In multiple myeloma, cancerous plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow and crowd out healthy blood cells. The cancerous cells then produce abnormal proteins that cause kidney problems. Hypoalbuminemia: This involves having too little of an essential protein called albumin in the blood. Hypoalbuminemia usually occurs because of inflammation throughout the body. Specific causes of hypoalbuminemia include sepsis, recent surgery, malnutrition, severe burns, liver or kidney disease, hyperkalemia, which is high potassium, and hypercalcemia, which is high calcium [2]. Lab error: A low anion gap value is very rare and may be due to laboratory error. If your test indicates a low anion gap value, your doctor may order a second test to account for laboratory error [3]. Multiple myeloma: A low anion gap level is rare and indicates an abnormally high level of positively charged molecules. The most common cause of this is multiple myeloma, a cancer of a class of white blood cells called plasma cells. Typically, plasma cells help our bodies fight infections. In multiple myeloma, cancerous plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow and crowd out healthy blood cells. The cancerous cells then produce abnormal proteins that cause kidney problems. If you have a low anion gap, your doctor will use the results of the anion gap test, your medical history, and other tests to make a diagnosis. A low anion gap test result may indicate alkalosis or a low level of albumin, a protein in the blood. However, this result is rare and your provider may have you tested again to confirm its accuracy. It is important to talk to your healthcare provider if you have any concerns about your anion gap test results [1] or [3]. Additionally, understanding laboratory tests, reference ranges, and interpreting results can provide valuable insight into the potential causes of a low anion gap. Hypoalbuminemia The anion gap blood test is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate the acid-base balance in the body. One of the conditions that can be detected through this test is hypoalbuminemia, which is a low level of albumin in the blood. The liver produces albumin, a protein that is in charge of carrying fatty acids, hormones, and medications throughout the body. A low level of albumin, also known as low albumin, can indicate underlying health conditions such as liver disease or malnutrition and can lead to complications such as edema or impaired wound healing. If your blood results reveal a low anion gap, it may mean you have a lower-than-normal level of albumin (hypoalbuminemia). Albumin is an essential protein in your blood and understanding your results is crucial to developing an appropriate treatment plan for your individual health needs. Lithium Can Increase Anion Gap The anion gap blood test is a common diagnostic tool used to measure the balance of electrolytes in the body. Lithium, a medication commonly used to treat bipolar disorder, can affect the results of this test. Lithium can increase the anion gap by decreasing chloride levels and increasing bicarbonate levels. Therefore, it is important to notify your healthcare provider if you are taking lithium before undergoing an anion gap blood test to ensure accurate results, as a reduced anion gap may be falsely reported due to the interference of lithium. Anion Gap Blood Test vs. Other Tests The anion gap blood test differs from comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) or basic metabolic panel (BMP) by providing specific information about electrolytes and acid-base balance. While CMP and BMP offer a broader overview of overall health, the anion gap test hones in on these specific parameters. It complements other tests and aids in diagnosing certain medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare provider can help determine which tests are necessary based on individual health needs. How is the Anion Gap Blood Test Different from Other Blood Tests? The anion gap blood test stands apart from other blood tests by specifically measuring the difference between positively and negatively charged ions. Unlike comprehensive metabolic panels (CMP) or basic metabolic panels (BMP), which include additional parameters, the anion gap focuses on electrolyte levels to provide a more targeted analysis. This understanding helps healthcare providers tailor diagnostic approaches for individual patients by calculating the anion gap from the results of an electrolyte panel, another type of blood test. A note from the Cleveland Clinic: If your anion gap test is part of a routine bloodwork panel, such as a basic metabolic panel, it could take one to two business days before you get the results. Seeing an abnormal test result can be stressful. Know that having a high or low anion gap doesn’t necessarily mean you have a medical condition and need treatment. When is the Anion Gap Blood Test Recommended? The anion gap blood test is recommended in various clinical situations, such as suspected metabolic acidosis or toxicities. It may be ordered for individuals with symptoms like nausea, vomiting, or altered mental status. Healthcare providers determine the appropriateness based on individual circumstances and routine monitoring of electrolyte imbalances. Preparing for the Anion Gap Blood Test To ensure accurate and reliable results from the anion gap blood test, it is important to follow specific preparation instructions provided by your healthcare provider. This may include fasting for a certain period of time before the test and informing your healthcare provider about any medications or supplements you are taking, as well as any underlying health conditions or symptoms that may impact the results. It is also important to note that during the test, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube for analysis, also known as a blood sample. Adhering to these guidelines, including any special instructions, will help ensure that you receive accurate and reliable test results. What Should You Do Before Taking the Anion Gap Blood Test? Before undergoing the anion gap blood test, it's important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions regarding fasting. Avoid consuming food or beverages for the specified duration, but do stay hydrated by drinking water unless instructed otherwise. Inform your healthcare provider about any medications or supplements you're taking, and reach out to them if you have any questions or concerns. What Should You Avoid Before Taking the Anion Gap Blood Test? During the fasting period before the test, avoid consuming anything except water. Steer clear of alcohol or caffeine, as they can affect the accuracy of the results. Follow your healthcare provider's instructions regarding medications and supplements that may interfere with the test. For specific guidance, consult your healthcare provider. Adhering to these guidelines ensures accurate test results. Interpreting the Results of the Anion Gap Blood Test The anion gap blood test provides important information about the balance of electrolytes in your body, specifically in your plasma. A normal anion gap ranges from 3 to 11 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L), depending on the reference ranges used by the laboratory. If the anion gap is high, it may indicate metabolic acidosis, which is a condition where there is too much acid in the blood. On the other hand, a low anion gap could suggest an underlying health condition. It is crucial to have the results interpreted by a healthcare professional, as further tests may be needed to determine the cause and understand the clinical picture, especially if there is a high anion gap test result. Electrolytes are elements and compounds that occur naturally in the body and control important physiological functions. Calcium, chloride, magnesium, and sodium, among others, are electrolytes. How to Buy the Anion Gap Blood Test on DiscountedLabs.com To purchase the Anion Gap Blood Test on DiscountedLabs.com, simply visit their website and navigate to the menu where you can choose the test. Provide the required information and make the payment. Afterward, you will receive a lab order form via email. Take this form to a participating lab for sample collection. It's a straightforward process that allows you to conveniently order the Anion Gap Blood Test, which is included in a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). Frequently Asked Questions Does high anion gap mean diabetes? A high anion gap does not necessarily indicate diabetes. It can be a sign of metabolic acidosis or kidney disease. While diabetes is associated with a higher risk of metabolic acidosis, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and an appropriate treatment plan. What does it mean when your anion gap is high? A high anion gap in a blood test may be a sign of metabolic acidosis, which can result from conditions like kidney disease, diabetes, or lactic acidosis. Further tests are usually needed to determine the underlying cause, and treatment will depend on that cause. What does it mean when your anion gap is low? When your anion gap is low, it could indicate an electrolyte imbalance or metabolic acidosis. The normal range for anion gap varies between labs, but generally, a low level is below 7 mEq/L. Consult with your healthcare provider to understand your individual results and treatment options. What are the normal ranges for anion gap levels in a blood test? The normal range for anion gap levels in a blood test is typically between 3 and 10 mEq/L. However, there is a wide range of normal values, often between 8 to 10 mEq/L, which means an increase in anion concentration can be present even in the absence of an increased anion gap. Abnormal levels may suggest conditions like metabolic acidosis, kidney disease, or diabetes. Interpretation should be done alongside other tests and clinical evaluation by a healthcare professional. Regular monitoring of albumin concentration may be necessary for certain medical conditions. What conditions or diseases can cause abnormal results in an anion gap blood test? Abnormal anion gap results in a blood test can be indicative of various conditions or diseases. These may include diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease, certain medications, and toxins. Consultation with a healthcare professional is necessary to determine the underlying cause of abnormal anion gap levels. Is fasting necessary before taking this blood test? Fasting is not required for the Anion Gap blood test. However, it's advisable to avoid food and drink, except water, a few hours before the test. Inform your healthcare provider about any medications you're taking, as they may impact the test results. The test measures electrolyte levels and aids in diagnosing metabolic acidosis. Can medications or supplements affect the results of an anion gap blood test? Certain medications and supplements have the potential to affect the results of an anion gap blood test. It is important to inform your healthcare provider about any medications or supplements you are taking before undergoing the test to ensure accurate results. What is the normal pH level of blood? The anion gap blood test measures the levels of different electrolytes in the blood, including bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride. One important aspect of this test is to determine the pH level of the blood. The normal pH range for blood is between 7.35 and 7.45, which is crucial for maintaining proper pH balance. If the pH level falls below this range, it can indicate acidosis, a condition where there is too little acid in the blood. Conversely, if the pH level rises above this range, it can indicate alkalosis, a condition where there is too much base in the blood. Monitoring the pH level through the anion gap blood test can help diagnose and manage these conditions, and in some cases, your doctor may order additional testing to ensure an accurate diagnosis and proper treatment. What are hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis? Hyperkalemia is a condition characterized by elevated levels of potassium in the blood, while metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces excessive acid or loses too much bicarbonate in urine. The anion gap blood test can help diagnose these conditions in critically ill patients, and treatment may involve medication, dietary changes, or other interventions based on the underlying cause. Certain poisons, such as methanol (wood alcohol), too much aspirin, or antifreeze, can also cause acidosis, as well as proximal renal tubular acidosis, a condition where the kidneys do not take in enough bicarbonate and it is lost in urine. How can doctors use the results of an anion gap blood test to diagnose and treat medical conditions? Doctors can utilize the results of an anion gap blood test to diagnose and treat life-threatening metabolic acidosis, a condition characterized by excessive acid in the blood. Treatment for metabolic acidosis may involve medications or lifestyle changes, depending on the underlying cause. If diabetes is the cause of the condition, regular monitoring of anion gap levels aids in tracking treatment effectiveness, including the use of insulin to manage blood sugar levels. Additionally, anion gap levels can aid in the diagnosis and treatment of salicylate poisoning, a condition brought on by a salicylate overdose that can be fatal if not treated right away. Conclusion In conclusion, the anion gap blood test is a valuable diagnostic tool that helps healthcare professionals assess the balance of electrolytes in your body. By measuring the levels of positively and negatively charged ions, this test provides insights into various health conditions and helps guide treatment decisions. It is important to follow the necessary preparations before taking the test and communicate any medications or supplements you may be taking. Your healthcare provider will analyze the test results after you have taken them to look for any abnormalities or imbalances. If you are interested in purchasing the anion gap blood test at a discounted price, visit DiscountedLabs.com for more information. Remember, regular monitoring of your electrolyte levels can help ensure optimal health and well-being. Buy a CMP test on DiscountedLabs.com Citations: [1] Anion Gap Blood Test [2] What to Know About the Anion Gap Blood Test [3] Anion Gap Blood Test  

Understanding the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel Test What is Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - CMP Test? Did you know that you can find information about 14 different blood tests in your body using a simple and economical blood test panel called Comp Metabolic or CMP? That’s what a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) does. This panel is an expanded version of the basic metabolic panel and it checks the levels of various substances in the bloodstream, such as glucose, calcium, sodium, liver enzymes, creatinine, and others. Why would you need to do a CMP blood test panel? Physicians order this lab test panel because they want to know more about the health of your various organs, such as the liver, pancreas, and kidneys, or whether their bodies are maintaining proper electrolyte balance. Electrolytes are positively or negatively charged molecules (ions) that play important roles in cellular activity and heart and nerve function. Normally, electrolyte levels are regulated by the kidneys, and any excess is excreted in the urine. Most healthy people can get all the electrolytes and other minerals they need by eating a balanced diet. Electrolyte imbalances may be a sign of malnutrition, kidney issues, or dehydration (which can result from persistent vomiting or diarrhea). Such imbalances, which can affect the pH balance of the blood, are not uncommon in people with acute or chronic illnesses. Liver function tests, also known as the hepatic panel, are laboratory tests that help measure how well the liver is working. The liver carries out many vital bodily functions; when it is not working properly, levels of various enzymes, proteins, and other substances in the blood may rise or fall. Increased liver enzyme levels may be a sign of liver damage from conditions like viral hepatitis, excessive alcohol consumption, or drug toxicity. One important enzyme that is measured in a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) test is alanine aminotransferase (ALT), which is primarily found in the liver. A CMP may also be ordered by your healthcare provider to evaluate liver and kidney function, as well as nutrient levels, to get a more complete picture of your overall health and/or to help diagnose or monitor liver disease or other specific conditions, as indicated by abnormal CMP test results. Keep reading this article to find out more about the comprehensive metabolic panel and how it can benefit you. What Are the Substances Tested by the Complete Metabolic Panel? The difference between a CMP test and a basic metabolic panel is that the comprehensive one includes liver tests as well. Here are the 14 substances tested by the CMP lab: 1. Sodium Sodium is a vital electrolyte in the bloodstream and is useful for a wide variety of bodily functions. You get sodium in your body by eating salty food products. Sodium is usually excreted through sweating. This substance needs to be present in adequate amounts in the bloodstream. Otherwise, health issues might occur. For example, too much sodium in the body can make the blood more acidic. As a result, a wide variety of health conditions can appear, such as heart problems, digestive issues, etc. Too little sodium in the body can lead to lethargy and confusion, especially in seniors. Sodium retention can cause edema and bloating. 2. Potassium Potassium is another vital electrolyte in the human body. It helps to regulate muscle contractions and maintain a healthy nervous system. Similar to sodium, potassium can also be eliminated through sweating. You can get more potassium in your body by eating beans, bananas, and spinach. If you don’t have enough potassium in the bloodstream, then different symptoms can occur, such as muscle aches, fatigue, confusion, mood changes, and even breathing difficulties. When kidneys fail, they cannot remove excess potassium from the body. This allows the extra potassium to build up and cause problems. Having high levels of potassium in the blood is called hyperkalemia, which is common in people with advanced CKD. High-potassium levels usually develop gradually. Too much potassium in your blood can lead to dangerous, and possibly deadly, changes in heart rhythm. 3. Chloride This electrolyte is also essential in the human body because it maintains adequate levels of fluids inside and outside of cells. It performs other functions such as keeping the blood pressure in normal ranges, balance pH levels, etc. People who have a deficiency in chloride usually experience specific symptoms such as headaches and fatigue. They can also get dehydrated and lose fluids through diarrhea and vomiting. A lot of chlorides can be lost through sweating as well. 4. Carbon Dioxide You have heard of carbon dioxide before, and you know that's an important element in respiration. Pure carbon cannot be stored or transported in the bloodstream, so the body creates carbon dioxide, which is water-soluble. This substance is necessary to inform the body when the oxygen levels are low. When there is too little carbon dioxide in tissues and blood, this can signify certain health problems such as kidney disease, acidosis, etc. When too much carbon dioxide is present in the body, it can damage the internal organs and cause a wide variety of health complications. 5. Albumin Albumin is one of the most essential proteins in the human body. Its main function is to regulate blood pressure. This substance binds to other hormones such as bilirubin, thyroxine, and others. Too little albumin in the body can signify malnutrition, heart failure, or a different type of serious health problem. Symptoms include fatigue, appetite changes, and a rapid heartbeat. Too much albumin can be a sign of kidney damage or a different issue. High albumin levels might be caused by acute infections or burns. 6. Alkaline Phosphatase This substance is responsible for breaking down proteins in the human body. It plays a vital role in the development and maintenance of bones. Having abnormal levels of alkaline phosphatase in the bloodstream can be linked to bone disorders and even liver problems. That’s why it’s essential to do a comprehensive metabolic panel test to verify the levels of this hormone in your body. 7. Bilirubin The comprehensive metabolic panel also tests for bilirubin, a substance that helps to remove waste products from the system and is responsible for breaking down heme in all vertebrates. It is produced when old red blood cells are broken down and processed by the liver. Bilirubin levels in the blood can indicate how well the liver is functioning and the health of your blood vessels and immune system. A deficiency of bilirubin can signify liver problems. People who have severe liver issues tend to develop jaundice, which is characterized by a yellowing of the eyes and skin. This happens because bilirubin is yellow and tends to float around in the bloodstream, causing jaundice and other medical problems. Having too much bilirubin is also a bad thing because it leads to the development of gallstones. A liver that produces too much cholesterol can be the cause of too much bilirubin. 8. Aspartate Transaminase Aspartate Transaminase is also known as Aspartate aminotransferase. This enzyme is important when it comes to the metabolism of amino acids, and it can be a good indicator of your liver’s health. Your liver is primarily responsible for producing the enzyme that the comprehensive metabolic panel tested, but other organs also produce small amounts of AST. Having too much or too little AST can signify problems with your liver, especially when this is accompanied by other symptoms such as tiredness, jaundice, dark-colored urine, bruises, etc. 9. Alanine Transaminase The liver produces an enzyme known as alanine transaminase, which is the "brother" of aspartate transaminase. It too plays an important role in the metabolism of amino acids. In healthy individuals, the amount of ALT in the bloodstream is low. If these levels are elevated, they can indicate liver disease. Very high levels of ALT in the bloodstream (usually ten times more than normal) can also indicate hepatitis, serious liver damage, congestive heart failure, or diabetes. People might experience high levels of ALT as a result of various underlying causes, such as muscle disease, taking certain drugs, etc. 10. Blood Urea Nitrogen This substance is measured to determine the health of your kidneys. Your kidneys' filtering of the blood results in the waste product urea nitrogen. This substance is eliminated from the body through urine. Healthy levels of blood urea nitrogen are between 7 and 21 mg/dL. Having higher than normal urea nitrogen levels can signify a problem with your kidneys, which needs to be investigated as soon as possible. Symptoms of having too much urea nitrogen in the bloodstream include nausea, vomiting, confusion, high blood pressure, and acidosis. 11. Total Protein The amount of protein in your body is also important to measure. Protein is responsible with a wide variety of bodily functions and processes, including building cells, repairing muscle tissue, transporting hemoglobin, etc. Although it's rare for people nowadays to have a protein deficiency, this can be an issue which results in muscle wasting. This process involves breaking down muscle tissue until the health of the individual is seriously deteriorates. Having too much protein in the bloodstream is also quite unusual, and it can cause indigestion, abdominal discomfort, bloating, and other similar issues. Protein is taken from foods and beverages, and its typical ranges vary from individual to individual. Active people require more protein to repair their muscles and maintain muscle tone. Sedentary people might have smaller protein requirements. The total protein in the body indicates the overall health and wellbeing of the patient. 12. Calcium Calcium is another important element in your body. It's responsible for numerous functions and processes, including maintaining proper bone density and teeth health. Calcium can be taken mostly from dairy products as well as certain foods such as beans, spinach, and almonds. Having too little calcium in your bloodstream can predispose you to different bone disorders, including osteoporosis. The health of your teeth will also be affected. Having too much calcium is not a good thing, either. High levels of calcium in the bloodstream can cause kidney stones, brittle bones, and a multitude of other health complications. 13. Creatinine Creatinine results from the breakdown of muscle tissue. The kidneys filter this substance, and urine regularly eliminates it. The amount of creatinine in the body is a good indicator of the health of your kidneys. Many metabolic panels also include an eGFR test along with the creatinine test. eGFR stands for estimated glomerular filtration rate, and it’s another test for renal function. Having too much creatinine in the bloodstream might indicate that your kidneys are not very efficient at filtering it, which can indicate a renal problem. Additionally, abnormal BMP results, including high levels of creatinine, can also indicate conditions such as kidney disease, breathing problems, and complications related to diabetes. If any of these results are abnormal, further testing may be necessary to confirm or rule out a specific diagnosis. eGFR over 60 is recommended. 14. Glucose The last substance tested in the CMP lab is glucose, otherwise known as blood sugar. Anything you eat or drink is converted into glucose in the bloodstream, whether it’s iceberg salad or a burger. The brain primarily uses glucose for proper function, but cells also use it as an energy source. When too much glucose is detected in the blood, the pancreas secretes insulin to open up the cells and absorb some of this glucose. When the pancreas doesn't secrete enough insulin or the cells become resistant to it, diabetes can develop. Having too much glucose in the blood regularly is not a good thing and that's why you should test its levels regularly. Too little glucose is also detrimental to your health. Remember that glucose is used as a form of energy, so having low blood sugar levels predisposes you to rapid heartbeats, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. CMP Test FAQ Now that you know what a CMP panel contains, let’s find out some answers to some of the questions you might have about it. 1. How Can I Do the CMP Panel Test? The test is done using a single blood sample. You go to a clinic and draw blood, which will be analyzed in a medical laboratory. The doctors will perform the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel Procedure, using a small needle, to take a blood sample from a vein in your arm. They’ll collect the blood in test tubes or vials. You may feel a little sting or slight pain when they put the needle in or pull it out, and a small amount of blood will be collected for testing. A trained health care professional performs this quick and straightforward procedure, which typically takes less than five minutes. You get the results back in a few business days, and you can compare them against standard reference values. 2. Is the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel Test Painful? In most cases, it's not, but it depends on whether you have a fear of needles or not. Today's doctors are very efficient at drawing blood, so you might not even feel the sting when the needle enters your vein. 3. What If Some Variables or Enzymes Are Out of Normal Ranges? Once the results are back and you see that some substances are off the charts, you can go to your healthcare provider for recommendations. If you have high glucose levels, your doctor might recommend starting an exercise regimen, as this is known to increase insulin sensitivity and prevent diabetes. If your calcium levels are low, you might need to eat more dairy products. If your sodium levels are high, you might want to avoid salty foods. These recommendations are based on the specific results of each, so there’s no one-size-fits-all here. 4. Do I Need to Fast Before Doing the Test? Yes, fasting is mandatory. You should avoid eating and drinking anything else but water for 10–12 hours before doing this test. Fasting is necessary to let the hormonal values return to baseline, so the diagnosis is more accurate. 5. Why Should I Do This Test? It’s important to do the test to get a broad overview of the hormones and enzymes in your body. If some substances are not in the comprehensive metabolic panel blood test normal ranges, you can take action and prevent more serious health complications related to a medical condition, such as maintaining proper fluid balance. Plus, the test is affordable, quick, and easy to do, making it a convenient way to check for any imbalances in your body's different substances. So why not take advantage of it? 6. How Can I Read and Interpret My Results? The comprehensive metabolic panel normal ranges are published on the internet, and you can find them with a simple Google search. You can also ask your doctor to interpret the results for you, as well as check out this interesting CMP guide on reading your comp metabolic panel. Ready to Take the Test? The comp metabolic panel provides one of the best ways to take control of your health. You can order the CMP test online from DiscountedLabs.com and find out how healthy you are in just a few business days, so why not give it a try?  

A Complete Blood Count (CBC) and a Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) are both common blood tests used to assess overall health, but they measure different components and provide distinct information. Here's a comparison of cbc vs cmp: Purpose and Components CBC Panel: Focus: Blood cell counts and characteristics Measures: Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Includes: Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels Provides: Information about blood cell production and function CMP Panel: Assesses: Metabolic and chemical balance in the body Measures: Electrolytes, proteins, and enzymes Includes: Glucose levels and kidney/liver function tests Provides: A broader overview of organ function and metabolism Specific Tests Red blood cell count White blood cell count and differential Platelet count Hemoglobin Hematocrit Red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW) Glucose Calcium Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide) Proteins (albumin, total protein) Kidney function (BUN, creatinine) Liver function (ALP, ALT, AST, bilirubin) Primary Uses Diagnosing blood disorders (e.g., anemia, leukemia) Detecting infections Monitoring overall health and immune system function Assessing blood loss or clotting issues Evaluating kidney and liver function Checking electrolyte and fluid balance Screening for diabetes Assessing overall metabolic health Preparation Generally no special preparation required Often requires fasting for 10-12 hours before the test, especially for accurate glucose measurement [5] Number of Tests Typically includes about 10-12 measurements Consists of 14 specific tests[5] Interpretation Abnormalities may indicate blood disorders, infections, or other health issues Results are often interpreted alongside other tests for a comprehensive health assessment Provides insights into organ function, particularly the liver and kidneys Abnormal results may suggest metabolic disorders, electrolyte imbalances, or organ dysfunction In summary, while both tests are valuable for assessing overall health, the CBC focuses on blood cell components and related disorders, while the CMP provides a broader view of metabolic function and organ health. Healthcare providers often use these tests in combination for a more comprehensive evaluation of a patient's health status. Diagnostic Focus Focuses on: Metabolic and organ function[1] Assesses: Liver and kidney health Evaluates: Electrolyte balance and blood sugar levels Provides: Insight into overall metabolism Concentrates on: Blood cell components and characteristics[2] Assesses: Bone marrow function Evaluates: Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood Provides: Information about the immune system and clotting ability Specific Diagnostic Capabilities Diabetes screening and monitoring (glucose levels) Liver function assessment (ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin) Kidney function evaluation (BUN, creatinine) Electrolyte imbalances (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate) Protein levels and nutritional status (albumin, total protein) Anemia diagnosis and classification Infection detection (elevated white blood cell count) Blood disorders like leukemia or lymphoma Platelet abnormalities and clotting disorders Bone marrow function assessment Organ Systems Evaluated Primarily assesses liver, kidney, and pancreas function Provides insight into overall metabolic health Primarily evaluates the hematological system Indirectly reflects bone marrow function and immune system status Number of Components Measures 14 different substances in the blood [1] Typically includes 5-7 main components, with additional calculated values [4] Preparation and Procedure Often requires fasting for accurate glucose measurement [1] Generally does not require fasting [4] CBC vs CMP: Complementary Nature While the CMP and CBC panels differ in their focus, they are often ordered together to provide a more comprehensive picture of a patient's health. The CMP offers insight into metabolic processes and organ function, while the CBC provides crucial information about blood cell production and function. Together, they offer a broader view of overall health status and can help identify a wide range of medical conditions. In summary, the CMP panel is better suited for assessing metabolic health, liver and kidney function, and electrolyte balance, while the CBC panel excels in diagnosing blood disorders, infections, and evaluating overall blood cell health. Both tests are valuable tools in medical diagnostics, often used in conjunction to provide a more complete health assessment. Citations Complete Blood Count - Wikipedia Complete Blood Count - Mayo Clinic Complete Blood Count - Labcorp Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - Wikipedia Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - Cleveland Clinic How to Read Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - Kidney Foundation Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - MedlinePlus Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - Testing.com Complete Blood Count - Testing.com Complete Blood Count - WebMD

Essential Guide: How to Read Blood Test Results As patient self-education grows with access to information online, more people are taking charge of their health by buying their own blood tests that they can access online without visiting a doctor. Large blood testing networks located all over the United States make it easy for empowered and educated patients to find a lab location near them where they can have their blood drawn or provide a blood sample, urine sample, or saliva sample. Discounted Labs makes it easy for those consumers to buy and learn how to read blood test results, including the results of conventional blood tests, which can provide valuable insights into human health, including the effects of drugs and environmental contaminants, so that they can have more educated discussions with their physicians. After people buy their own blood tests and receive their results, it is sometimes difficult to make sense of what high or low blood test values mean when compared with the “normal” ranges provided by blood testing companies. Searching on the Internet may only give people a limited explanation of the health consequences of these high or low blood test values. We will attempt to include the most common blood tests, their normal ranges, and the meaning of high or low values, including the lower limits, as well as individual tests or collections of related tests called panels, to help people understand and monitor their ongoing health conditions. It is important to note that when interpreting blood test results, your clinician will likely focus on test trends relative to their normal ranges and not just the numerical results themselves. This means that if you have results for a given test from different labs, your clinician will look at how your results compare to the normal ranges for that specific test, rather than just the numerical values listed on your lab report. Additionally, these normal ranges are based on statistical analyses of tests from a large number of patients, providing a more accurate understanding of what is considered a healthy range for each test. Table of Contents Essential Guide: How to Read Blood Test Results How can one interpret the various values presented in blood test results? Consult Your Health Care Provider to Discuss How to Read Blood Test Results 1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) 2. Albumin 3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (adults) 4. Androstenedione (adult) 5. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) 6. Bilirubin, direct 7. Bilirubin, total 8. Calcium 9. Carbon dioxide, C02 total 10. Chloride 11. Cholesterol 12. Creatinine 13. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Sulfate (Adult) 14. Estradiol (Ultra-Sensitive) 15. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 16. Globulin 17. Glucose, fasting 18. Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) 19. Growth Hormone, GH (resting) 20. Hemoglobin A1C 21. High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, HDL 22. Insulin 23. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) 24. Lipoprotein (a) Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol 25. Iron 26. Luteinizing hormone (LH) 27. Magnesium 28. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) 29. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) 28. Phosphorus, inorganic (adult) 29. Potassium 30. Progesterone 31. Prolactin 32. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 33. Protein, total 34. Sodium 35. Somatomedin C (insulin-like growth factor I , IGF-1) 36. Testosterone, total 37. Testosterone, Free 38. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 39. Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) 40. Thyroid Antibodies Sources: How can one interpret the various values presented in blood test results? Interpreting blood test results involves understanding values like cholesterol, blood sugar levels, and white blood cell count. Comparing these to standard ranges helps assess overall health. Consult a healthcare provider for detailed explanations and guidance on how to read blood test results accurately. Consult Your Health Care Provider to Discuss How to Read Blood Test Results Consult your health care provider to get explanations about your blood test results and how he or she uses them to diagnose and treat your condition. The information below is not meant to provide medical advice or guide any treatment decisions, and it is only intended as an educational tool to enable you to have an educated discussion with a health practitioner. In order to accurately interpret your blood test results and determine the cause of fatigue, your healthcare provider will consider numerous factors and disorders, such as anemia, an underactive thyroid, or diabetes, which occurs when there are excessive glucose molecules in the bloodstream, that can contribute to prolonged or chronic fatigue. One important factor that your healthcare provider will look at is the history of glucose levels in your bloodstream, which can be determined through a hemoglobin A1c test. This test measures the percentage of HbA1c present relative to the total amount of hemoglobin, providing a history of glucose levels in the bloodstream over a period of about three months prior to the test. We will review 40 of the most common lab tests that people buy through direct-to-consumer lab testing companies like DiscountedLabs.com. 1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) Your liver produces the enzyme alanine aminotransferase. It's important to test this substance to determine whether your liver is infected or not. This test is sold as part of a Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP test. Normal AST range: 10-55 U/liter for males 10-55 U/liter for females High ALT, SGPT The liver cells might be seriously damaged, to the point of necrosis It might be a sign of extensive trauma to the liver, left heart failure, cirrhosis, or jaundice It might also be a sign of muscular dystrophy, fatty liver, myocardial infarction, and liver tumors As a result of the breakdown of muscle fibers during exercise, ALT can rise in people who perform regular resistance exercises with weights and machines. Low ALT, SGPT Low values of ALT indicate pyridoxal phosphate deficiency, that can result in various health complications, including epilepsy 2. Albumin Albumin is one of the most important proteins in the human body. It helps to carry nutrients to various tissues and it prevents blood vessels from leaking fluids. Normal albumin range 1–4.3 g/dl for men and women When Albumin blood test is high It might signify severe dehydration. It's not possible to increase albumin levels naturally. The only way albumin concentration might get higher is if plasma water decreases significantly When Albumin blood test is low This is a sign of acute or chronic inflammation Albumin levels might drop if the liver has problems synthesizing this protein properly, so it might indicate liver damage The transportation of bile acids and metal ions might be affected if the albumin levels get too low 3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (adults) Alkaline phosphatase is also known as ALP, and it's found in different tissues in the body. This enzyme is mostly present in the bones and liver. It plays a vital role in bone formation and mineralization. Normal Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 45-115 U/liter for males 30-100 U/liter for females When ALP blood test is high It might be a sign of biliary obstruction or liver diseases such as hepatitis or cirrhosis sign of bone disorder or even renal problems In some cases, it might indicate thyroid issues When ALP blood test is low It might signify nutritional deficiencies such as a lack of vitamin D, B12, magnesium or zinc It might be caused by severe anemia 4. Androstenedione (adult) Normal Androstenedione ranges 50-250 ng/dl for men and women This is a precursor to major sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. Testing for this hormone is necessary in conjunction with other hormonal tests to determine the levels of testosterone or estrogen in the body. The gonads and adrenal glands are responsible for producing androstenedione. When Androstenedione blood test is high Elevated levels might indicate a gonadal tumor, especially when the levels exceed 500 ng/dl When Androstenedione blood test is low This might signify a dysfunction of the adrenal glands, such as adrenal insufficiency It might signify ovarian or testicular failure if the levels are too low 5. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) Aspartate aminotransferase is an enzyme found in most tissues in the human body, particularly in the liver and the heart. It has multiple functions in the human body and abnormal levels usually indicate a liver problem. Normal AST or SGOT ranges 10–40 U/liter for men 9–25 U/liter for women When AST or SGOT blood test is high This could be a sign of liver cell necrosis or obstructive jaundice It might also signify hepatitis or a liver problem caused by drugs and medications Since this enzyme is found in the muscles, it might be a sign of skeletal muscle, inflammatory disease or even heart failure Exercise that involves resistance may also raise AST or SGOT. Normally, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase should be low. Problems appear when these levels get very high due to organ failure or inflammation. 6. Bilirubin, direct Bilirubin is a yellow substance involved in the process of cleaning organic waste from the body, such as dead red blood cells, etc. It is excreted in the bile and urine, and it consists of direct and total bilirubin, as well as blood urea nitrogen and waste products. When doing a blood test, your results might indicate the levels of direct and total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, and waste products, as all of these are important to diagnose certain diseases. Normal direct bilirubin range 0-0.4 mg/dl for men and women When bilirubin blood test is high It might signify biliary tree obstruction, cholestasis, and damage to the hepatic cells The patient might have Dubin-Johnson syndrome, which is characterized by an increase of direct bilirubin in the liver The patient may be taking a liver-toxic medication or herb The patient may have hepatitis A, B, or C When bilirubin blood test is low Low levels of direct bilirubin are usually not a cause of concern. Barbiturates or caffeine consumption may temporarily lower these levels. 7. Bilirubin, total This is the total amount of bilirubin enzymes in your body, including direct and indirect ones. Low levels of total bilirubin are not a problem in most cases. You should see a doctor when these levels are elevated, as they can signify different types of damage to your organs. Normal total bilirubin range 0-1.0 mg/dl for men and women When total bilirubin blood test is high It might be a sign of neonatal physiological jaundice Toxins or inflammation may cause the hepatic cells to suffer damage, which would result in high levels. It might be a sign of biliary tree obstruction See item 4 for more 8. Calcium Calcium is one of the most important minerals in the body. It's directly involved in the mineralization and growth of bones and it ensures that teeth remain in good condition. Normal calcium range 5–10.5 mg/dl for men and women When calcium blood test is high This might be a sign of hyperparathyroidism, bone disorders, malignant disease such as metastatic carcinoma of breast and kidney, etc Your blood might contain too much vitamin D, which leads to intoxication Acromegaly or dehydration When calcium blood test is low It might be a sign of hypoparathyroidism or chronic kidney failure It might be due to a magnesium or vitamin D deficiency. The patient might have acute pancreatitis, anemia or problems with the pituitary gland 9. Carbon dioxide, C02 total Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of the food metabolization process. This gas is released into the bloodstream when cells are broken down in simpler substances. The blood full of carbon dioxide returns to the lungs, where it is eliminated through respiration. Normal carbon dioxide CO2 range 24–30 mmol/liter for men and women When carbon dioxide CO2 blood test is high It might be a sign of respiratory acidosis resulted from poor gas exchange in the body Additionally, metabolic acidosis may be the cause, especially if there are numerous episodes of vomiting. When it's too low It might signify tubular acidosis of the kidneys It might be a sign of loss of alkaline fluids through the intestines or compensated respiratory alkalosis 10. Chloride Chloride forms when the element chlorine gains an electron. This is an important electrolyte that helps to maintain cell homeostasis or balance. Normal chloride blood test range 100–108 mmol/liter for men and women When chloride blood test is high High chloride may be caused by metabolic acidosis, especially when it's accompanied by loss of fluids caused by diarrhea Additionally, severe dehydration or a kidney issue like renal tubular acidosis or acute renal failure can be the cause. Hyperparathyroidism can also cause chloride levels to increase When chloride blood test is low Too much vomiting or prolonged diarrhea episodes could be the cause. Gastric issues like gastric suction or gastric secretion can also be the cause of low levels. Excessive sweating or respiratory acidosis can also make the chloride levels drop significantly 11. Cholesterol Cholesterol is one of the most common substances tested by physicians all over the world. This substance lines up the interior of your blood vessels and arteries. It's necessary for making new cells and hormones, but too much of it can be a problem. The liver produces cholesterol, but you can also get it from food. Liver function studies are an important part of a chemistry panel, as they can indicate how well your liver is working and if there are any potential problems with body function. Additionally, within the blood are numerous molecules formed as byproducts of normal biochemical functions that can be measured through a blood test, serving numerous roles in maintaining your overall health. Normal cholesterol ranges The ideal level is less than 200 mg/dl The upper limit is 200–239 mg/dl High is anything above 239 mg/dl When cholesterol blood test is high, It might be a symptom of pancreatic dysfunction, but it can also be due to gout, hypothyroidism, chronic renal failure, or extrahepatic cholestasis. can result from acute intermittent porphyria as well as alcoholism or anorexia nervosa. Might facilitate the development of atherosclerosis, that can lead to various cardiovascular diseases When cholesterol blood test is low This might signify lipoprotein deficiency or the necrosis of liver cells Malnutrition and inadequate nutrient absorption are additional causes of it. It might be associated with mental retardation, rheumatoid arthritis or obstructive lung disease 12. Creatinine The muscles produce creatinine, which is a byproduct of creatine, particularly following a strenuous workout. The kidneys eliminate it from the body through urine. This test is part of the CMP panel. Normal creatinine range 6-1.5 mg/dl for men and women When creatinine blood test is high Too much creatinine in the body might be a sign of renal failure or kidney dysfunction Hyperthyroidism can also be a cause of too much creatinine building up in the body, as well as acromegaly Eating too many meals containing meat can increase the level of creatine in the body Certain supplements, like creatine, can increase creatinine blood levels When creatinine blood test is low This might be a symptom of excessive muscle loss, most likely due to muscular dystrophy. It can also be a sign of liver problems or a lack of protein in your diet 13. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Sulfate (Adult) DHEA sulfate is a steroid produced by the adrenal cortex in both males and females. It influences the activity of sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. Normal DHEA ranges 10-619 µg/dl for men 12–535 µg/dl for premenopausal women 30-260 µg/dl for postmenopausal women When DHEA blood test is high It might cause anxiety and depression in women during menopause When DHEA blood test is low It might be a sign of psoriasis or hyperlipidemia in men and women 14. Estradiol (Ultra-Sensitive) Estradiol is one of the most common female sex hormones. It's responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle in women and plays an important role in the libido of a man as well. It is responsible for maintaining healthy bone density in men and women. This hormone also starts the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as breasts, hip enlargement, etc. More information about: the role of estradiol in men Normal estradiol ranges Less than 50 pg/mL in men (however, men with high testosterone may have higher estradiol since 0.4% of T aromatizes to estradiol.) Less than 59 pg/mL in postmenopausal women 50–145 pg/mL in women during the Menstruating Follicular Phase 112-443 pg/mL during the midcycle peak 50–241 pg/mL during the luteal phase When estradiol blood test is high Gynecomastia might appear in men with too much estradiol and low testosterone. This means the development of breast tissue in males For young girls, it might be a sign of early puberty Different types of tumors in the testicles or ovaries could be the cause. Hyperthyroidism for both men and women High testosterone doses may increase estradiol in men. When estradiol blood test is low It might signify the onset of menopause in women It might signify hypopituitarism or hypogonadism in men Usually associated with the Turner syndrome, which happens when the woman has just one X chromosome instead of two Can be caused by polycystic ovarian syndrome, a condition that might lead to infertility in women The overuse of aromatase inhibitors like anastrozole can result in low estradiol. 15. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) The anterior pituitary gland is responsible for producing FSH. It's responsible for pubertal maturation, and it works together with the luteinizing hormone to ensure the optimal functioning of the reproductive system. Normal FSH ranges 0–12.0 U/liter for men 0–20.0 U/liter for women during the menstruating follicular phase 0–26.0 U/liter for women during the ovulatory phase 0–12.0 U/liter during the luteal phase 0-153.0 U/liter for postmenopausal women When FSH blood test is high In women, FSH might be a sign of menopause or having the polycystic ovarian syndrome It might also signify a chromosomal abnormality such as Klinefelter's syndrome in men or Turner syndrome in women High levels of FSH in men could also be a sign of damaged testicles from alcohol abuse. In children, excessive FSH might be a sign of starting puberty When FSH blood test is low It might be a sign that a tumor or trauma has harmed the pituitary gland and other crucial hormone control centers in the brain. The woman might not produce eggs and the man might not be able to produce sperm The patient lives a very stressful life, as stress can drastically alter FSH levels Men or women on hormone replacement therapy may have low FSH due to the shutdown of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPGA) axis. 16. Globulin Globulins are a category of proteins produced by the human body. The immune system makes some of them, while the liver produces others to combat various bacteria and viruses. Normal globulin range 6–4.1 g/dl for men and women When globulin blood test is high It might be a sign of cirrhosis, chronic liver disease, or hepatitis When globulin blood test is low This might indicate lymphoproliferative disorder or the onset of various autoimmune diseases 17. Glucose, fasting Glucose is basically the amount of sugar you have in your blood. The entire human body uses glucose as a fuel source, but too much of it can be a problem (diabetes). This test is part of the CMP panel. Normal fasting glucose range 70–110 mg/dl for men and women When glucose blood test is high This might be a sign of diabetes, increased insulin resistance, increased epinephrine, pancreatic disorders or endocrine problems Very high values are commonly associated with acute myocardial infarction, kidney disease or chronic liver disease When glucose blood test is low Although uncommon, a tumor that stimulates the pancreas to produce excessive amounts of insulin may be the cause of low glucose levels. It might also be a sign of serious liver disease or renal disorder 18. Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) GGT can be found in many tissues in the body, particularly in the liver. This is an enzyme that helps doctors diagnose liver diseases with better accuracy. Normal GGT ranges 1-94 U/liter for males 1-70 U/liter for females When GGT blood test is high High levels are associated with liver diseases such as alcohol-induced liver disorders, inflammation or even cirrhosis Very high levels of GGT might signify post-hepatic obstruction or obstructive liver disease When GGT blood test is low This can be a sign of hypothyroidism or hepatoma It might also indicate prostate or pancreatic cancer 19. Growth Hormone, GH (resting) The growth hormone stimulates cell production and regeneration in the human body. It is produced in a pulsatile fashion and most of it is secreted during periods of deep sleep. Normal growth hormone range 2–5 ng/mL for men and women When GH blood test is high Too much growth hormone can cause gigantism in children or acromegaly in middle-aged adults. Both these conditions are characterized by excessive growth of the bones in the hands and feet. Growth hormone therapy or a pituitary tumor that produces GH can be the cause of it. When GH blood test is low Growth hormone deficiency might be present at birth and caused by a poorly developed pituitary gland Later on in life, too little growth hormone might signify a tumor or serious disorder with the pituitary that prevents it from secreting growth hormone normally 20. Hemoglobin A1C Hemoglobin A1c is also known as glycated hemoglobin, and it measures your average blood sugar levels from the last 2 to 3 months. Although it's not an efficient indicator of diabetes, hemoglobin a1c can be used to monitor its evolution over time. Normal A1C range A normal A1C level is below 5.7%, a level of 5.7% to 6.4% indicates prediabetes, and a level of 6.5% or more indicates diabetes. Within the 5.7% to 6.4% prediabetes range, the higher your A1C, the greater your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. When A1c blood test is high Increased levels of this substance are associated with hyperglycemia in adults Having low levels of hemoglobin a1c is usually not a cause of concern. This can happen if the patient consumes little to no sugar over an extended period of time or fasts for more than 12 to 24 hours. 21. High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, HDL HDL cholesterol is also known as "good cholesterol". It is usually calculated and interpreted in combination with either total cholesterol values or LDL cholesterol. Studies indicate that for every 5% decrease in HDL, the risk of coronary artery disease increases by 25%. The HDL test is part of the lipid panel. Normal HDL ranges Over 40 mg/dl for men Over 50 mg/dl for women When HDL blood test is high Although too much HDL is a rare occurrence and shouldn't be a problem, it can increase the risk of serious heart disease in people who already had a heart attack When HDL blood test is low Especially if the triglycerides and LDL cholesterol levels are high, low HDL cholesterol can significantly increase the risk of heart disease such as arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, etc. The use of higher-dose testosterone or anabolic steroids can decrease HDL. Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are known to contribute to low HDL. Read about how to increase HDL. 22. Insulin The pancreas produces insulin, which aids in controlling blood sugar levels. This substance acts as a "key" that opens up the cells in your body, allowing them to absorb glucose and use it for energy production. Normal fasting insulin  range 2-20 U/ml for men and women When insulin blood test is high, A pancreatic tumor that increases secretion can be the cause of too much insulin. It might also be a sign of insulin resistance syndromes or endogenous hyperinsulinemia When insulin blood test is low, This can be a sign that diabetes type 1 was treated improperly 23. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) LDH is an enzyme found in all living cells and organisms. It can be used as a marker for tissue breakdown. Normal LDH range 110–210 U/liter in men and women When LDH blood test is high It might be a sign of myocardial or pulmonary infarction as well as cellular injury High LDH levels are also associated with nonviral hepatitis, lymphoma, sickle cell disease or hemolytic anemias Very high levels usually signify a host of conditions, such as megaloblastic anemia, hyperthermia, hypoxia, extreme shock or renal diseases Low levels of LDH are rare and usually not a cause of concern. 24. Lipoprotein (a) Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lipoprotein (a) has been called a powerful predictor of premature atherosclerotic vascular disease. Extra Lp(a) levels are linked to a higher risk of cardiac death in people with acute coronary syndromes and who have restenosis after angioplasty (PTCA) and coronary bypass procedures. This is because they are an independent risk factor for early coronary artery disease. In general, concentrations greater than or equal to 75 nmol/L of Lp(a) in serum are associated with a two- to sixfold increase in risk, depending on the presence of other risk factors. Lp(a) test is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease and cerebral infarction (in white populations) equal to high LDL cholesterol. Serum concentrations are genetically determined. Fifteen percent to 20% of the white population have Lp(a) levels ≥75 nmol/L and are presumed to be at risk. Race-dependent differences in Lp (a) concentrations are known. The significance of high Lp (a) in nonwhite populations must be evaluated with caution. The Lp(a) levels in different ethnic populations can vary widely. Africans, or people of African descent, generally have Lp(a) levels higher than Caucasians and Asians, while Native Americans generally have levels lower than Caucasians. This variability of Lp(a) levels by ethnic population requires careful interpretation of results based on knowledge of the patient and other cardiac risk factors that may be present. Normal Lipoprotein a ranges Risk: nmol/L Optimal | <75 Moderate: 75-125 High: >125 When lipoprotein a is high It might be a sign of premature coronary heart disease as well as hyperlipoproteinemia  It might lead to hypothyroidism, anorexia nervosa, hepatic obstruction or Cushing’s syndrome When lipoprotein a blood test is low Very low levels of LDL cholesterol occur rarely, but they might signify cancer or hemorrhagic stroke. Very high statin doses can also be the cause of it. 25. Iron Iron is an important element in the human body. It helps with the production of red blood cells and prevents the onset of anemia, a condition characterized by permanent fatigue and lack of energy. Iron also helps transport oxygen to the various cells and tissues in the body. Normal iron range 45–180 ug/dL for men and women When iron blood test is high This might indicate conditions such as hemolytic anemias, poisoning with lead, acute leukemia, hepatitis or a deficiency of vitamin B6 Too much iron can also be associated with hemochromatosis and nephritis Taking higher doses of iron supplements can also cause high iron When iron blood test is low This can signify severe anemia, acute or chronic infection in the body, carcinoma or hypothyroidism Low amounts of iron in the blood are also associated with nephrosis, shortness of breath, paleness, and heart palpitations Other causes of low iron are frequent blood donations or internal bleeding. 26. Luteinizing hormone (LH) The luteinizing hormone (LH) plays a vital role in the reproductive organs for both men and women. It affects the menstruation cycle of a woman and for men, the luteinizing hormone binds to the Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone. Normal LH ranges 0-12.0 in men 0–15.0 for the follicular phase of a menstruating female 22–105 for the ovulatory phase 6-19 for the luteal phase 16-64 for postmenopausal women When LH blood test is high In men, too much LH in the bloodstream might be a sign of testicular dysfunction or an LH-producing adenoma. In women, this can indicate ovarian failure or ovarian dysfunction. When LH blood test is low Very low levels of LH might indicate dysfunction of the pituitary gland in both men and women Hormone replacement therapy is another factor that can contribute to low LH in both men and women. 27. Magnesium Magnesium is an important element in the human body. It helps to process glucose in the bloodstream, it supports the immune system, it keeps neurological system function well, it keeps bones strong, and it also ensures a steady heartbeat. Normal magnesium range 4–2.0 meq/liter for men and women When magnesium blood test is high This can be a sign of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus as well as renal insufficiency or dehydration Too much magnesium can also be associated with Addison's disease, hypothyroidism or autoimmune diseases such as lupus When magnesium blood test is low A magnesium deficiency can be characterized by muscle cramps, excessive fatigue, and osteoporosis, among other conditions. Conditions and medications that increase the risk of magnesium deficiency include gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, advanced age, type 2 diabetes, use of loop diuretics (such as Lasix), treatment with certain chemotherapies, and alcohol dependence. 28. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) and MCH Concentration (MCHC): the amount or concentration, respectively, of hemoglobin in an average red blood cell. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is a calculation of the amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin inside your red blood cells (RBCs). A high MCHC indicates an increased level of hemoglobin in your RBCs, which can be further evaluated through a red blood cell count. These results are typically included in a complete blood count panel, which is crucial for monitoring overall health and detecting potential medical conditions. Normal MCH range 27.5 and 33.2 picograms (pg) per cell When MCH blood test is high A high MCH indicates an increased level of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein, in your RBCs. Increases can be associated with anemia. Often, increased MCH occurs in conjunction with a high mean corpuscular volume—or large red blood cells-which suggest macrocytic anemia. High MCH can also be linked to low blood levels of B-12 or folate, indicating a potential health condition. When MCH blood test is low A low MCH indicates that you have a decreased level of oxygen-carrying protein in your red blood cells, also known as anemia. This can result from either lower than normal levels of red blood cells or a decrease in the quantity or quality of hemoglobin, the protein that allows these cells to transport oxygen. Decreases can be associated with certain types of anemia, including chronic fatigue syndrome. Often, decreases occur in conjunction with low mean corpuscular volume—or small RBCs—which suggest microcytic anemia. Hypochromic anemia, resulting from hemoglobin deficiency, can be a possibility as well. Understanding your MCH levels is crucial to interpreting your blood test results and identifying any potential issues with your normal levels of red blood cells. Different ways of studying blood and interpreting results can also affect the reference range, making it important to consult with a healthcare professional for accurate analysis. 29. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) is the average size, or volume, of individual red blood cells. Normal MCV range 80–100 femtoliters When MCV blood test is high A high MCV indicates large, or macrocytic, RBCs. A high MCV is associated with specific varieties of anemia and can indicate a deficiency in vitamin B12 or folic acid. It can also be elevated in patients with sleep apnea. When MCV blood test is low A low MCV indicates small, or microcytic, red blood cells. A low MCV is associated with anemia and can indicate an iron deficiency, chronic illness, hereditary disease, or thalassemia. 28. Phosphorus, inorganic (adult) Phosphorus is the second-most common mineral in the body. It makes up for about 1% of a person's weight and its main role is to help in the formation of bones and teeth. The highest levels of phosphorus in the bloodstream usually occur in the morning and they gradually drop to lower levels in the evening. Normal phosphorus range 6-4.5 mg/dl for men and women When phosphorus blood test is high This can be a sign of intoxication with vitamin D, bone tumors or even leukemia Too much phosphorus might also be a sign that some bones are healing inside the body, as well as hypoparathyroidism or renal failure In some cases, it can be associated with respiratory acidosis or pulmonary embolism When phosphorus blood test is low You might experience severe fatigue, muscle weakness, and lack of energy It might contribute to the development of joint pain or bone disorders 29. Potassium Potassium is one of the most important electrolytes in the body. Electrolytes help to transport electrical impulses to and from organs and tissues. Potassium is not produced in the body, so it must be taken from various foods such as bananas, nuts, beans, whole grains, and lean meats. Normal potassium range 4–4.8 mmol/liter for men and women When potassium blood test is high This is also known as hyperkalemia and it's usually associated with a poor excretion of potassium through the kidneys It can also be a sign of anorexia nervosa, dehydration, tissue damage or hemolysis The most common cause of high potassium is kidney disease. Some blood pressure medications can increase serum potassium Uncontrolled diabetes Injuries that cause severe bleeding Some rare diseases can cause high potassium levels. When potassium blood test is low This might be a sign of an adrenal disorder such as Cushing syndrome Low potassium (hypokalemia) has many causes. The most common cause is excessive potassium loss in urine due to prescription medications that increase urination. Also known as water pills or diuretics, these types of medications are often prescribed for people who have high blood pressure or heart disease. 30. Progesterone Progesterone is produced in the ovary and it plays a vital role in maintaining a pregnancy. It also plays an important role in brain function in men and women and it can be used as a medication to treat different hormonal disorders. It's important to note that the levels of progesterone in a woman's body vary throughout the month, depending on her ovulation phase. The progesterone levels skyrocket if the woman is pregnant. Normal progesterone ranges Less than 1 ng/mL for men More than 1 ng/mL for a female during the follicular phase 3-20 ng/mL during the mid-luteal phase When progesterone blood test is high If the woman is not pregnant, this can be a sign of an ovarian problem, such as an ovarian cyst or ovarian cancer. If the woman is pregnant, high levels are normal Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can also be the cause of high progesterone. When progesterone blood test is low Low progesterone levels in women are usually associated with infertility problems and might lead to poor ovarian function testosterone or the use of anabolic steroids may be the cause of low progesterone levels in men. It can be linked to sleep issues and anxiety. 31. Prolactin The pituitary gland is responsible for producing the hormone prolactin. It influences the lactation process, but it also plays an important role in the functioning of the immune system. In some cases, it can also influence the behavior of the individual. Normal prolactin ranges 0–15 ng/mL for men 0–20 ng/mL for premenopausal women 0–15 ng/mL for postmenopausal women When prolactin blood test is high, In men, too much prolactin might lead to impotence, galactorrhea, low libido, and even infertility. Pituitary adenomas (tumors) can be the cause of it. High prolactin levels can decrease testosterone production and cause erectile dysfunction. It can also cause nipple discharge in some men. Caution: Blocking prolactin may cause heart issues. In women, too much prolactin might interfere with the ovulation process and reduce the secretion of estrogen and progesterone When prolactin blood test is low Although very rare, this might reduce the production of milk in women who just gave birth. It might also be a sign of a poorly functioning pituitary gland Higher doses of cabergoline or other prolactin antagonists can cause low prolactin levels in men. 32. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Both healthy and unhealthy prostate tissue produce the prostate-specific antigen, a type of protein. It acts as a marker for detecting prostate cancer as well as monitoring the recurrence of prostate-related diseases like prostatitis. It is suggested that you follow these recommendations to prepare for a PSA test. Normal PSA range 0-2.0 ng/ml for men under 40 years of age 0-4.0 ng/ml for 40-year-old men or older When PSA blood test is high It might be a sign of prostatitis or benign prostatic hyperplasia, so high PSA may not be prostate cancer. Strong exercise or surgery may also be the cause of a high PSA level. In some cases, high PSA levels are associated with prostate cancer When PSA blood test is low It might indicate prostate tumors, but usually more tests are required to confirm the diagnosis 33. Protein, total Protein is one of the most important nutrients in the human body, as it directly impacts cell regeneration and repair. Different types of proteins can be used as fuel and they help with the development of muscle tissue and new human cells. Normal protein range 0-8.0 g/dl for men and women When protein blood test is high Too much protein in the bloodstream might be associated with anabolic steroid use High serum protein can also be a sign of insulin progesterone, epinephrine or corticosteroids preparations When protein blood test is low This can signify malnutrition, malabsorption syndrome or a chronic liver disease 34. Sodium Sodium is another important electrolyte in the body. It helps to keep the cell fluid balance at normal levels and it performs other important body functions. Normal sodium range 135–145 mmol/liter for men and women When sodium blood test is high This can be a sign of Cushing's syndrome Too much sodium might also be a sign of increased renal sodium retention in hyperaldosteronism When sodium blood test is low Also known as hyponatremia, too little sodium in the blood might signify diuretic abuse, salt-losing nephropathy or excessive sweating Low sodium might also be caused by excessive vomiting or diarrhea 35. Somatomedin C (insulin-like growth factor I , IGF-1) IGF-1 plays a vital role during childhood and it can have anabolic effects in adults. This hormone acts like insulin as it helps control the blood sugar level. It's produced by the liver and it can be influenced by growth hormone. It increases with hunger as Ghrelin is produced by the stomach. Normal IGF-1 ranges 182–780 ng/mL for people between 16 and 24 years 114–492 ng/mL for people between 25 and 39 years 90-360 ng/mL for people between 40 and 54 years 71-290 ng/mL for people older than 54 years When it's too high This might be a sign of acromegaly, especially if the growth hormone levels are also high. A pituitary tumor might be the cause of this. High growth hormone therapy doses may be the cause of high IGF-1. Hypothyroidism, liver disease, or uncontrolled diabetes are possible causes of low IGF-1. It can slow down height in children. 36. Testosterone, total Testosterone is the most important male sex hormone. It starts the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics in pubertal boys and it helps to produce sperm in adult men. It is linked to libido, lean body mass, and motivation in men and women. You can find a cheap testosterone test on discountedlabs.com Normal testosterone ranges (depending on laboratory) 270–1070 ng/dl for men 6-86 ng/dl for women When testosterone blood test is high, This can be a sign of high testosterone doses. High testosterone doses or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women can be the cause of it. When testosterone blood test is low, It can lead to hypogonadism and low sex drive in men It may result from illness, head trauma, the use of opiates or anabolic steroids, exposure to environmental toxins, high prolactin from pituitary adenomas, testicular dysfunction, malnutrition, specific medications, or low LH produced by the pituitary gland. Low testosterone in women can result from a variety of causes, including illness, ovarian or adrenal dysfunction, the use of opiates or anabolic steroids, excessive exercise, and other factors. 37. Testosterone, Free Free or unbound testosterone makes up for about 1% to 2% of the total testosterone people have in their bodies. This type of testosterone is not bound to proteins such as albumin or sex hormone-binding globulin. It is responsible for most of the functions attributed to testosterone (libido, mood, etc.) Normal free testosterone ranges 0–40.0 pg/mL for males between 20 and 40 years 0–35.0 pg/mL for males between 41 and 60 years 0–28.0 pg/mL for males between 61 and 80 years 6–3.1 pg/mL for females between 20 and 40 years 4–2.5 pg/mL for females between 41 and 60 years 2–2.0 pg/mL for females between 61 and 80 years When free testosterone blood test is low, It's usually associated with hypogonadal symptoms in men and women. Low free testosterone is usually caused by low total testosterone or by high sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). When free testosterone blood test is high High free testosterone is usually caused by high total testosterone (high TRT doses), anabolic steroid use, or low SHBG. 38. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) The pituitary gland is responsible for producing TSH. It directly stimulates the thyroid and makes it secrete different types of thyroid hormones that are involved in energy production and other metabolic processes. Normal TSH range 5–5.0 U/ml for men and women (some physicians treat based on a range of 0.5–2.5) When TSH blood test is high High TSH levels can mean your thyroid is not making enough thyroid hormones, a condition called hypothyroidism, especially when it's associated with fatigue, depression, and constipation Iodine supplementation can also result in high TSH. When TSH blood test is low It might be a sign of an overly active thyroid or hyperthyroidism. Muscle weakness, nervousness, and irregular heartbeats can accompany it. Thyroid hormone replacement can result in low TSH. 39. Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) Hormonal production of the thyroid gland is composed of thyroxine or T4 (80%), and triiodothyronine, or T3 (20%). In the circulation, whole T4 originates from thyroid secretion but most of T3 (80%) is produced outside the thyroid from T4 deiodination. Different factors may affect the conversion of T4 to T3, and circulating T3 is a less reliable indicator of thyroid hormone production than T4. In the blood, most of T4 and T3 are bound to binding proteins and only 0.02% of T4 and 0.3% of T3 are free. Because of their higher diagnostic performance, free T4 (FT4) and free T3 (FT3) measurements have superseded total (free + bound) hormone determination. Free T3 measures the free T3 hormone levels. This test can be really useful for finding out what amount of active thyroid hormones are available for the thyroid receptor sites. Free T3 blood test are high in hyperthyroid conditions and low in hypothyroid conditions. May also be high in thyroid toxicosis. The thyroid function panel also measures the levels of these hormones to assess thyroid-related health, including the levels of these hormones. Free T4 is used to measure the amount of free or active T4 in the blood. High with hyperthyroidism, low with hypothyroidism. The drug Heparin can also cause elevated free T4 levels, as can some acute illness. It’s also high in an overdose of thyroid hormone. Normal total T4 range 5–10.9 g/dl for men and women When T4 blood test is high Too much thyroxine is commonly associated with hyperthyroidism When T4 blood test is low This can be a sign of a poorly functioning thyroid gland or hypothyroidism 40. Thyroid Antibodies When these antibodies are present, it means that your immune system is attacking your own tissue. When your body produces thyroid autoantibodies, it could create a hypo- or hyper-thyroid state. They may also be elevated if there is thyroid cancer. Some antibodies can attach to TSH receptors, but they don’t cause a response in the thyroid. These people will complain of low thyroid symptoms, but the TSH might not change at all. In other cases, the antibodies bind to receptor sites and cause the thyroid to be overactive. Here you will see high T4, low TSH and high antibodies. There are 3 autoantibodies that are tested. The first 2 are the most common: Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (TPO Ab): This antibody is the one that is usually high in autoimmune thyroid conditions like Hashimoto’s. It is also known as microsomal antibody. Thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb): These aren’t seen as often as TPO Ab. They are usually ordered when thyroid lab results seem strange because these antibodies can interfere with thyroid hormone production. TgAb is also used to monitor progress after surgery for removing the thyroid in thyroid cancer. You can buy thyroid tests on discountedlabs.com Sources: Troponin Test Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) Lab Tests Thyroid Tests Journal Article on HIV-Associated Cancers and Related Diseases Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test Perspectives on Diagnostic Strategies for Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Research Article on Severe Diarrhea and Malnutrition How to Read Your Laboratory Report Fatigue - Merck Manuals Professional Edition Complete Blood Count (CBC) Diagnosing Anemia