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Essential Guide: How to Read Blood Test Results As patient self-education grows with access to information online, more people are taking charge of their health by buying their own blood tests that they can access online without visiting a doctor. Large blood testing networks located all over the United States make it easy for empowered and educated patients to find a lab location near them where they can have their blood drawn or provide a blood sample, urine sample, or saliva sample. Discounted Labs makes it easy for those consumers to buy and learn how to read blood test results, including the results of conventional blood tests, which can provide valuable insights into human health, including the effects of drugs and environmental contaminants, so that they can have more educated discussions with their physicians. After people buy their own blood tests and receive their results, it is sometimes difficult to make sense of what high or low blood test values mean when compared with the “normal” ranges provided by blood testing companies. Searching on the Internet may only give people a limited explanation of the health consequences of these high or low blood test values. We will attempt to include the most common blood tests, their normal ranges, and the meaning of high or low values, including the lower limits, as well as individual tests or collections of related tests called panels, to help people understand and monitor their ongoing health conditions. It is important to note that when interpreting blood test results, your clinician will likely focus on test trends relative to their normal ranges and not just the numerical results themselves. This means that if you have results for a given test from different labs, your clinician will look at how your results compare to the normal ranges for that specific test, rather than just the numerical values listed on your lab report. Additionally, these normal ranges are based on statistical analyses of tests from a large number of patients, providing a more accurate understanding of what is considered a healthy range for each test. Table of Contents Essential Guide: How to Read Blood Test Results How can one interpret the various values presented in blood test results? Consult Your Health Care Provider to Discuss How to Read Blood Test Results 1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) 2. Albumin 3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (adults) 4. Androstenedione (adult) 5. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) 6. Bilirubin, direct 7. Bilirubin, total 8. Calcium 9. Carbon dioxide, C02 total 10. Chloride 11. Cholesterol 12. Creatinine 13. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Sulfate (Adult) 14. Estradiol (Ultra-Sensitive) 15. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 16. Globulin 17. Glucose, fasting 18. Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) 19. Growth Hormone, GH (resting) 20. Hemoglobin A1C 21. High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, HDL 22. Insulin 23. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) 24. Lipoprotein (a) Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol 25. Iron 26. Luteinizing hormone (LH) 27. Magnesium 28. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) 29. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) 28. Phosphorus, inorganic (adult) 29. Potassium 30. Progesterone 31. Prolactin 32. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 33. Protein, total 34. Sodium 35. Somatomedin C (insulin-like growth factor I , IGF-1) 36. Testosterone, total 37. Testosterone, Free 38. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 39. Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) 40. Thyroid Antibodies Sources: How can one interpret the various values presented in blood test results? Interpreting blood test results involves understanding values like cholesterol, blood sugar levels, and white blood cell count. Comparing these to standard ranges helps assess overall health. Consult a healthcare provider for detailed explanations and guidance on how to read blood test results accurately. Consult Your Health Care Provider to Discuss How to Read Blood Test Results Consult your health care provider to get explanations about your blood test results and how he or she uses them to diagnose and treat your condition. The information below is not meant to provide medical advice or guide any treatment decisions, and it is only intended as an educational tool to enable you to have an educated discussion with a health practitioner. In order to accurately interpret your blood test results and determine the cause of fatigue, your healthcare provider will consider numerous factors and disorders, such as anemia, an underactive thyroid, or diabetes, which occurs when there are excessive glucose molecules in the bloodstream, that can contribute to prolonged or chronic fatigue. One important factor that your healthcare provider will look at is the history of glucose levels in your bloodstream, which can be determined through a hemoglobin A1c test. This test measures the percentage of HbA1c present relative to the total amount of hemoglobin, providing a history of glucose levels in the bloodstream over a period of about three months prior to the test. We will review 40 of the most common lab tests that people buy through direct-to-consumer lab testing companies like DiscountedLabs.com. 1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) Your liver produces the enzyme alanine aminotransferase. It's important to test this substance to determine whether your liver is infected or not. This test is sold as part of a Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP test. Normal AST range: 10-55 U/liter for males 10-55 U/liter for females High ALT, SGPT The liver cells might be seriously damaged, to the point of necrosis It might be a sign of extensive trauma to the liver, left heart failure, cirrhosis, or jaundice It might also be a sign of muscular dystrophy, fatty liver, myocardial infarction, and liver tumors As a result of the breakdown of muscle fibers during exercise, ALT can rise in people who perform regular resistance exercises with weights and machines. Low ALT, SGPT Low values of ALT indicate pyridoxal phosphate deficiency, that can result in various health complications, including epilepsy 2. Albumin Albumin is one of the most important proteins in the human body. It helps to carry nutrients to various tissues and it prevents blood vessels from leaking fluids. Normal albumin range 1–4.3 g/dl for men and women When Albumin blood test is high It might signify severe dehydration. It's not possible to increase albumin levels naturally. The only way albumin concentration might get higher is if plasma water decreases significantly When Albumin blood test is low This is a sign of acute or chronic inflammation Albumin levels might drop if the liver has problems synthesizing this protein properly, so it might indicate liver damage The transportation of bile acids and metal ions might be affected if the albumin levels get too low 3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (adults) Alkaline phosphatase is also known as ALP, and it's found in different tissues in the body. This enzyme is mostly present in the bones and liver. It plays a vital role in bone formation and mineralization. Normal Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 45-115 U/liter for males 30-100 U/liter for females When ALP blood test is high It might be a sign of biliary obstruction or liver diseases such as hepatitis or cirrhosis sign of bone disorder or even renal problems In some cases, it might indicate thyroid issues When ALP blood test is low It might signify nutritional deficiencies such as a lack of vitamin D, B12, magnesium or zinc It might be caused by severe anemia 4. Androstenedione (adult) Normal Androstenedione ranges 50-250 ng/dl for men and women This is a precursor to major sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. Testing for this hormone is necessary in conjunction with other hormonal tests to determine the levels of testosterone or estrogen in the body. The gonads and adrenal glands are responsible for producing androstenedione. When Androstenedione blood test is high Elevated levels might indicate a gonadal tumor, especially when the levels exceed 500 ng/dl When Androstenedione blood test is low This might signify a dysfunction of the adrenal glands, such as adrenal insufficiency It might signify ovarian or testicular failure if the levels are too low 5. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) Aspartate aminotransferase is an enzyme found in most tissues in the human body, particularly in the liver and the heart. It has multiple functions in the human body and abnormal levels usually indicate a liver problem. Normal AST or SGOT ranges 10–40 U/liter for men 9–25 U/liter for women When AST or SGOT blood test is high This could be a sign of liver cell necrosis or obstructive jaundice It might also signify hepatitis or a liver problem caused by drugs and medications Since this enzyme is found in the muscles, it might be a sign of skeletal muscle, inflammatory disease or even heart failure Exercise that involves resistance may also raise AST or SGOT. Normally, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase should be low. Problems appear when these levels get very high due to organ failure or inflammation. 6. Bilirubin, direct Bilirubin is a yellow substance involved in the process of cleaning organic waste from the body, such as dead red blood cells, etc. It is excreted in the bile and urine, and it consists of direct and total bilirubin, as well as blood urea nitrogen and waste products. When doing a blood test, your results might indicate the levels of direct and total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, and waste products, as all of these are important to diagnose certain diseases. Normal direct bilirubin range 0-0.4 mg/dl for men and women When bilirubin blood test is high It might signify biliary tree obstruction, cholestasis, and damage to the hepatic cells The patient might have Dubin-Johnson syndrome, which is characterized by an increase of direct bilirubin in the liver The patient may be taking a liver-toxic medication or herb The patient may have hepatitis A, B, or C When bilirubin blood test is low Low levels of direct bilirubin are usually not a cause of concern. Barbiturates or caffeine consumption may temporarily lower these levels. 7. Bilirubin, total This is the total amount of bilirubin enzymes in your body, including direct and indirect ones. Low levels of total bilirubin are not a problem in most cases. You should see a doctor when these levels are elevated, as they can signify different types of damage to your organs. Normal total bilirubin range 0-1.0 mg/dl for men and women When total bilirubin blood test is high It might be a sign of neonatal physiological jaundice Toxins or inflammation may cause the hepatic cells to suffer damage, which would result in high levels. It might be a sign of biliary tree obstruction See item 4 for more 8. Calcium Calcium is one of the most important minerals in the body. It's directly involved in the mineralization and growth of bones and it ensures that teeth remain in good condition. Normal calcium range 5–10.5 mg/dl for men and women When calcium blood test is high This might be a sign of hyperparathyroidism, bone disorders, malignant disease such as metastatic carcinoma of breast and kidney, etc Your blood might contain too much vitamin D, which leads to intoxication Acromegaly or dehydration When calcium blood test is low It might be a sign of hypoparathyroidism or chronic kidney failure It might be due to a magnesium or vitamin D deficiency. The patient might have acute pancreatitis, anemia or problems with the pituitary gland 9. Carbon dioxide, C02 total Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of the food metabolization process. This gas is released into the bloodstream when cells are broken down in simpler substances. The blood full of carbon dioxide returns to the lungs, where it is eliminated through respiration. Normal carbon dioxide CO2 range 24–30 mmol/liter for men and women When carbon dioxide CO2 blood test is high It might be a sign of respiratory acidosis resulted from poor gas exchange in the body Additionally, metabolic acidosis may be the cause, especially if there are numerous episodes of vomiting. When it's too low It might signify tubular acidosis of the kidneys It might be a sign of loss of alkaline fluids through the intestines or compensated respiratory alkalosis 10. Chloride Chloride forms when the element chlorine gains an electron. This is an important electrolyte that helps to maintain cell homeostasis or balance. Normal chloride blood test range 100–108 mmol/liter for men and women When chloride blood test is high High chloride may be caused by metabolic acidosis, especially when it's accompanied by loss of fluids caused by diarrhea Additionally, severe dehydration or a kidney issue like renal tubular acidosis or acute renal failure can be the cause. Hyperparathyroidism can also cause chloride levels to increase When chloride blood test is low Too much vomiting or prolonged diarrhea episodes could be the cause. Gastric issues like gastric suction or gastric secretion can also be the cause of low levels. Excessive sweating or respiratory acidosis can also make the chloride levels drop significantly 11. Cholesterol Cholesterol is one of the most common substances tested by physicians all over the world. This substance lines up the interior of your blood vessels and arteries. It's necessary for making new cells and hormones, but too much of it can be a problem. The liver produces cholesterol, but you can also get it from food. Liver function studies are an important part of a chemistry panel, as they can indicate how well your liver is working and if there are any potential problems with body function. Additionally, within the blood are numerous molecules formed as byproducts of normal biochemical functions that can be measured through a blood test, serving numerous roles in maintaining your overall health. Normal cholesterol ranges The ideal level is less than 200 mg/dl The upper limit is 200–239 mg/dl High is anything above 239 mg/dl When cholesterol blood test is high, It might be a symptom of pancreatic dysfunction, but it can also be due to gout, hypothyroidism, chronic renal failure, or extrahepatic cholestasis. can result from acute intermittent porphyria as well as alcoholism or anorexia nervosa. Might facilitate the development of atherosclerosis, that can lead to various cardiovascular diseases When cholesterol blood test is low This might signify lipoprotein deficiency or the necrosis of liver cells Malnutrition and inadequate nutrient absorption are additional causes of it. It might be associated with mental retardation, rheumatoid arthritis or obstructive lung disease 12. Creatinine The muscles produce creatinine, which is a byproduct of creatine, particularly following a strenuous workout. The kidneys eliminate it from the body through urine. This test is part of the CMP panel. Normal creatinine range 6-1.5 mg/dl for men and women When creatinine blood test is high Too much creatinine in the body might be a sign of renal failure or kidney dysfunction Hyperthyroidism can also be a cause of too much creatinine building up in the body, as well as acromegaly Eating too many meals containing meat can increase the level of creatine in the body Certain supplements, like creatine, can increase creatinine blood levels When creatinine blood test is low This might be a symptom of excessive muscle loss, most likely due to muscular dystrophy. It can also be a sign of liver problems or a lack of protein in your diet 13. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Sulfate (Adult) DHEA sulfate is a steroid produced by the adrenal cortex in both males and females. It influences the activity of sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. Normal DHEA ranges 10-619 µg/dl for men 12–535 µg/dl for premenopausal women 30-260 µg/dl for postmenopausal women When DHEA blood test is high It might cause anxiety and depression in women during menopause When DHEA blood test is low It might be a sign of psoriasis or hyperlipidemia in men and women 14. Estradiol (Ultra-Sensitive) Estradiol is one of the most common female sex hormones. It's responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle in women and plays an important role in the libido of a man as well. It is responsible for maintaining healthy bone density in men and women. This hormone also starts the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as breasts, hip enlargement, etc. More information about: the role of estradiol in men Normal estradiol ranges Less than 50 pg/mL in men (however, men with high testosterone may have higher estradiol since 0.4% of T aromatizes to estradiol.) Less than 59 pg/mL in postmenopausal women 50–145 pg/mL in women during the Menstruating Follicular Phase 112-443 pg/mL during the midcycle peak 50–241 pg/mL during the luteal phase When estradiol blood test is high Gynecomastia might appear in men with too much estradiol and low testosterone. This means the development of breast tissue in males For young girls, it might be a sign of early puberty Different types of tumors in the testicles or ovaries could be the cause. Hyperthyroidism for both men and women High testosterone doses may increase estradiol in men. When estradiol blood test is low It might signify the onset of menopause in women It might signify hypopituitarism or hypogonadism in men Usually associated with the Turner syndrome, which happens when the woman has just one X chromosome instead of two Can be caused by polycystic ovarian syndrome, a condition that might lead to infertility in women The overuse of aromatase inhibitors like anastrozole can result in low estradiol. 15. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) The anterior pituitary gland is responsible for producing FSH. It's responsible for pubertal maturation, and it works together with the luteinizing hormone to ensure the optimal functioning of the reproductive system. Normal FSH ranges 0–12.0 U/liter for men 0–20.0 U/liter for women during the menstruating follicular phase 0–26.0 U/liter for women during the ovulatory phase 0–12.0 U/liter during the luteal phase 0-153.0 U/liter for postmenopausal women When FSH blood test is high In women, FSH might be a sign of menopause or having the polycystic ovarian syndrome It might also signify a chromosomal abnormality such as Klinefelter's syndrome in men or Turner syndrome in women High levels of FSH in men could also be a sign of damaged testicles from alcohol abuse. In children, excessive FSH might be a sign of starting puberty When FSH blood test is low It might be a sign that a tumor or trauma has harmed the pituitary gland and other crucial hormone control centers in the brain. The woman might not produce eggs and the man might not be able to produce sperm The patient lives a very stressful life, as stress can drastically alter FSH levels Men or women on hormone replacement therapy may have low FSH due to the shutdown of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPGA) axis. 16. Globulin Globulins are a category of proteins produced by the human body. The immune system makes some of them, while the liver produces others to combat various bacteria and viruses. Normal globulin range 6–4.1 g/dl for men and women When globulin blood test is high It might be a sign of cirrhosis, chronic liver disease, or hepatitis When globulin blood test is low This might indicate lymphoproliferative disorder or the onset of various autoimmune diseases 17. Glucose, fasting Glucose is basically the amount of sugar you have in your blood. The entire human body uses glucose as a fuel source, but too much of it can be a problem (diabetes). This test is part of the CMP panel. Normal fasting glucose range 70–110 mg/dl for men and women When glucose blood test is high This might be a sign of diabetes, increased insulin resistance, increased epinephrine, pancreatic disorders or endocrine problems Very high values are commonly associated with acute myocardial infarction, kidney disease or chronic liver disease When glucose blood test is low Although uncommon, a tumor that stimulates the pancreas to produce excessive amounts of insulin may be the cause of low glucose levels. It might also be a sign of serious liver disease or renal disorder 18. Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) GGT can be found in many tissues in the body, particularly in the liver. This is an enzyme that helps doctors diagnose liver diseases with better accuracy. Normal GGT ranges 1-94 U/liter for males 1-70 U/liter for females When GGT blood test is high High levels are associated with liver diseases such as alcohol-induced liver disorders, inflammation or even cirrhosis Very high levels of GGT might signify post-hepatic obstruction or obstructive liver disease When GGT blood test is low This can be a sign of hypothyroidism or hepatoma It might also indicate prostate or pancreatic cancer 19. Growth Hormone, GH (resting) The growth hormone stimulates cell production and regeneration in the human body. It is produced in a pulsatile fashion and most of it is secreted during periods of deep sleep. Normal growth hormone range 2–5 ng/mL for men and women When GH blood test is high Too much growth hormone can cause gigantism in children or acromegaly in middle-aged adults. Both these conditions are characterized by excessive growth of the bones in the hands and feet. Growth hormone therapy or a pituitary tumor that produces GH can be the cause of it. When GH blood test is low Growth hormone deficiency might be present at birth and caused by a poorly developed pituitary gland Later on in life, too little growth hormone might signify a tumor or serious disorder with the pituitary that prevents it from secreting growth hormone normally 20. Hemoglobin A1C Hemoglobin A1c is also known as glycated hemoglobin, and it measures your average blood sugar levels from the last 2 to 3 months. Although it's not an efficient indicator of diabetes, hemoglobin a1c can be used to monitor its evolution over time. Normal A1C range A normal A1C level is below 5.7%, a level of 5.7% to 6.4% indicates prediabetes, and a level of 6.5% or more indicates diabetes. Within the 5.7% to 6.4% prediabetes range, the higher your A1C, the greater your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. When A1c blood test is high Increased levels of this substance are associated with hyperglycemia in adults Having low levels of hemoglobin a1c is usually not a cause of concern. This can happen if the patient consumes little to no sugar over an extended period of time or fasts for more than 12 to 24 hours. 21. High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, HDL HDL cholesterol is also known as "good cholesterol". It is usually calculated and interpreted in combination with either total cholesterol values or LDL cholesterol. Studies indicate that for every 5% decrease in HDL, the risk of coronary artery disease increases by 25%. The HDL test is part of the lipid panel. Normal HDL ranges Over 40 mg/dl for men Over 50 mg/dl for women When HDL blood test is high Although too much HDL is a rare occurrence and shouldn't be a problem, it can increase the risk of serious heart disease in people who already had a heart attack When HDL blood test is low Especially if the triglycerides and LDL cholesterol levels are high, low HDL cholesterol can significantly increase the risk of heart disease such as arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, etc. The use of higher-dose testosterone or anabolic steroids can decrease HDL. Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are known to contribute to low HDL. Read about how to increase HDL. 22. Insulin The pancreas produces insulin, which aids in controlling blood sugar levels. This substance acts as a "key" that opens up the cells in your body, allowing them to absorb glucose and use it for energy production. Normal fasting insulin  range 2-20 U/ml for men and women When insulin blood test is high, A pancreatic tumor that increases secretion can be the cause of too much insulin. It might also be a sign of insulin resistance syndromes or endogenous hyperinsulinemia When insulin blood test is low, This can be a sign that diabetes type 1 was treated improperly 23. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) LDH is an enzyme found in all living cells and organisms. It can be used as a marker for tissue breakdown. Normal LDH range 110–210 U/liter in men and women When LDH blood test is high It might be a sign of myocardial or pulmonary infarction as well as cellular injury High LDH levels are also associated with nonviral hepatitis, lymphoma, sickle cell disease or hemolytic anemias Very high levels usually signify a host of conditions, such as megaloblastic anemia, hyperthermia, hypoxia, extreme shock or renal diseases Low levels of LDH are rare and usually not a cause of concern. 24. Lipoprotein (a) Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lipoprotein (a) has been called a powerful predictor of premature atherosclerotic vascular disease. Extra Lp(a) levels are linked to a higher risk of cardiac death in people with acute coronary syndromes and who have restenosis after angioplasty (PTCA) and coronary bypass procedures. This is because they are an independent risk factor for early coronary artery disease. In general, concentrations greater than or equal to 75 nmol/L of Lp(a) in serum are associated with a two- to sixfold increase in risk, depending on the presence of other risk factors. Lp(a) test is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease and cerebral infarction (in white populations) equal to high LDL cholesterol. Serum concentrations are genetically determined. Fifteen percent to 20% of the white population have Lp(a) levels ≥75 nmol/L and are presumed to be at risk. Race-dependent differences in Lp (a) concentrations are known. The significance of high Lp (a) in nonwhite populations must be evaluated with caution. The Lp(a) levels in different ethnic populations can vary widely. Africans, or people of African descent, generally have Lp(a) levels higher than Caucasians and Asians, while Native Americans generally have levels lower than Caucasians. This variability of Lp(a) levels by ethnic population requires careful interpretation of results based on knowledge of the patient and other cardiac risk factors that may be present. Normal Lipoprotein a ranges Risk: nmol/L Optimal | <75 Moderate: 75-125 High: >125 When lipoprotein a is high It might be a sign of premature coronary heart disease as well as hyperlipoproteinemia  It might lead to hypothyroidism, anorexia nervosa, hepatic obstruction or Cushing’s syndrome When lipoprotein a blood test is low Very low levels of LDL cholesterol occur rarely, but they might signify cancer or hemorrhagic stroke. Very high statin doses can also be the cause of it. 25. Iron Iron is an important element in the human body. It helps with the production of red blood cells and prevents the onset of anemia, a condition characterized by permanent fatigue and lack of energy. Iron also helps transport oxygen to the various cells and tissues in the body. Normal iron range 45–180 ug/dL for men and women When iron blood test is high This might indicate conditions such as hemolytic anemias, poisoning with lead, acute leukemia, hepatitis or a deficiency of vitamin B6 Too much iron can also be associated with hemochromatosis and nephritis Taking higher doses of iron supplements can also cause high iron When iron blood test is low This can signify severe anemia, acute or chronic infection in the body, carcinoma or hypothyroidism Low amounts of iron in the blood are also associated with nephrosis, shortness of breath, paleness, and heart palpitations Other causes of low iron are frequent blood donations or internal bleeding. 26. Luteinizing hormone (LH) The luteinizing hormone (LH) plays a vital role in the reproductive organs for both men and women. It affects the menstruation cycle of a woman and for men, the luteinizing hormone binds to the Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone. Normal LH ranges 0-12.0 in men 0–15.0 for the follicular phase of a menstruating female 22–105 for the ovulatory phase 6-19 for the luteal phase 16-64 for postmenopausal women When LH blood test is high In men, too much LH in the bloodstream might be a sign of testicular dysfunction or an LH-producing adenoma. In women, this can indicate ovarian failure or ovarian dysfunction. When LH blood test is low Very low levels of LH might indicate dysfunction of the pituitary gland in both men and women Hormone replacement therapy is another factor that can contribute to low LH in both men and women. 27. Magnesium Magnesium is an important element in the human body. It helps to process glucose in the bloodstream, it supports the immune system, it keeps neurological system function well, it keeps bones strong, and it also ensures a steady heartbeat. Normal magnesium range 4–2.0 meq/liter for men and women When magnesium blood test is high This can be a sign of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus as well as renal insufficiency or dehydration Too much magnesium can also be associated with Addison's disease, hypothyroidism or autoimmune diseases such as lupus When magnesium blood test is low A magnesium deficiency can be characterized by muscle cramps, excessive fatigue, and osteoporosis, among other conditions. Conditions and medications that increase the risk of magnesium deficiency include gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, advanced age, type 2 diabetes, use of loop diuretics (such as Lasix), treatment with certain chemotherapies, and alcohol dependence. 28. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) and MCH Concentration (MCHC): the amount or concentration, respectively, of hemoglobin in an average red blood cell. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is a calculation of the amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin inside your red blood cells (RBCs). A high MCHC indicates an increased level of hemoglobin in your RBCs, which can be further evaluated through a red blood cell count. These results are typically included in a complete blood count panel, which is crucial for monitoring overall health and detecting potential medical conditions. Normal MCH range 27.5 and 33.2 picograms (pg) per cell When MCH blood test is high A high MCH indicates an increased level of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein, in your RBCs. Increases can be associated with anemia. Often, increased MCH occurs in conjunction with a high mean corpuscular volume—or large red blood cells-which suggest macrocytic anemia. High MCH can also be linked to low blood levels of B-12 or folate, indicating a potential health condition. When MCH blood test is low A low MCH indicates that you have a decreased level of oxygen-carrying protein in your red blood cells, also known as anemia. This can result from either lower than normal levels of red blood cells or a decrease in the quantity or quality of hemoglobin, the protein that allows these cells to transport oxygen. Decreases can be associated with certain types of anemia, including chronic fatigue syndrome. Often, decreases occur in conjunction with low mean corpuscular volume—or small RBCs—which suggest microcytic anemia. Hypochromic anemia, resulting from hemoglobin deficiency, can be a possibility as well. Understanding your MCH levels is crucial to interpreting your blood test results and identifying any potential issues with your normal levels of red blood cells. Different ways of studying blood and interpreting results can also affect the reference range, making it important to consult with a healthcare professional for accurate analysis. 29. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) is the average size, or volume, of individual red blood cells. Normal MCV range 80–100 femtoliters When MCV blood test is high A high MCV indicates large, or macrocytic, RBCs. A high MCV is associated with specific varieties of anemia and can indicate a deficiency in vitamin B12 or folic acid. It can also be elevated in patients with sleep apnea. When MCV blood test is low A low MCV indicates small, or microcytic, red blood cells. A low MCV is associated with anemia and can indicate an iron deficiency, chronic illness, hereditary disease, or thalassemia. 28. Phosphorus, inorganic (adult) Phosphorus is the second-most common mineral in the body. It makes up for about 1% of a person's weight and its main role is to help in the formation of bones and teeth. The highest levels of phosphorus in the bloodstream usually occur in the morning and they gradually drop to lower levels in the evening. Normal phosphorus range 6-4.5 mg/dl for men and women When phosphorus blood test is high This can be a sign of intoxication with vitamin D, bone tumors or even leukemia Too much phosphorus might also be a sign that some bones are healing inside the body, as well as hypoparathyroidism or renal failure In some cases, it can be associated with respiratory acidosis or pulmonary embolism When phosphorus blood test is low You might experience severe fatigue, muscle weakness, and lack of energy It might contribute to the development of joint pain or bone disorders 29. Potassium Potassium is one of the most important electrolytes in the body. Electrolytes help to transport electrical impulses to and from organs and tissues. Potassium is not produced in the body, so it must be taken from various foods such as bananas, nuts, beans, whole grains, and lean meats. Normal potassium range 4–4.8 mmol/liter for men and women When potassium blood test is high This is also known as hyperkalemia and it's usually associated with a poor excretion of potassium through the kidneys It can also be a sign of anorexia nervosa, dehydration, tissue damage or hemolysis The most common cause of high potassium is kidney disease. Some blood pressure medications can increase serum potassium Uncontrolled diabetes Injuries that cause severe bleeding Some rare diseases can cause high potassium levels. When potassium blood test is low This might be a sign of an adrenal disorder such as Cushing syndrome Low potassium (hypokalemia) has many causes. The most common cause is excessive potassium loss in urine due to prescription medications that increase urination. Also known as water pills or diuretics, these types of medications are often prescribed for people who have high blood pressure or heart disease. 30. Progesterone Progesterone is produced in the ovary and it plays a vital role in maintaining a pregnancy. It also plays an important role in brain function in men and women and it can be used as a medication to treat different hormonal disorders. It's important to note that the levels of progesterone in a woman's body vary throughout the month, depending on her ovulation phase. The progesterone levels skyrocket if the woman is pregnant. Normal progesterone ranges Less than 1 ng/mL for men More than 1 ng/mL for a female during the follicular phase 3-20 ng/mL during the mid-luteal phase When progesterone blood test is high If the woman is not pregnant, this can be a sign of an ovarian problem, such as an ovarian cyst or ovarian cancer. If the woman is pregnant, high levels are normal Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can also be the cause of high progesterone. When progesterone blood test is low Low progesterone levels in women are usually associated with infertility problems and might lead to poor ovarian function testosterone or the use of anabolic steroids may be the cause of low progesterone levels in men. It can be linked to sleep issues and anxiety. 31. Prolactin The pituitary gland is responsible for producing the hormone prolactin. It influences the lactation process, but it also plays an important role in the functioning of the immune system. In some cases, it can also influence the behavior of the individual. Normal prolactin ranges 0–15 ng/mL for men 0–20 ng/mL for premenopausal women 0–15 ng/mL for postmenopausal women When prolactin blood test is high, In men, too much prolactin might lead to impotence, galactorrhea, low libido, and even infertility. Pituitary adenomas (tumors) can be the cause of it. High prolactin levels can decrease testosterone production and cause erectile dysfunction. It can also cause nipple discharge in some men. Caution: Blocking prolactin may cause heart issues. In women, too much prolactin might interfere with the ovulation process and reduce the secretion of estrogen and progesterone When prolactin blood test is low Although very rare, this might reduce the production of milk in women who just gave birth. It might also be a sign of a poorly functioning pituitary gland Higher doses of cabergoline or other prolactin antagonists can cause low prolactin levels in men. 32. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Both healthy and unhealthy prostate tissue produce the prostate-specific antigen, a type of protein. It acts as a marker for detecting prostate cancer as well as monitoring the recurrence of prostate-related diseases like prostatitis. It is suggested that you follow these recommendations to prepare for a PSA test. Normal PSA range 0-2.0 ng/ml for men under 40 years of age 0-4.0 ng/ml for 40-year-old men or older When PSA blood test is high It might be a sign of prostatitis or benign prostatic hyperplasia, so high PSA may not be prostate cancer. Strong exercise or surgery may also be the cause of a high PSA level. In some cases, high PSA levels are associated with prostate cancer When PSA blood test is low It might indicate prostate tumors, but usually more tests are required to confirm the diagnosis 33. Protein, total Protein is one of the most important nutrients in the human body, as it directly impacts cell regeneration and repair. Different types of proteins can be used as fuel and they help with the development of muscle tissue and new human cells. Normal protein range 0-8.0 g/dl for men and women When protein blood test is high Too much protein in the bloodstream might be associated with anabolic steroid use High serum protein can also be a sign of insulin progesterone, epinephrine or corticosteroids preparations When protein blood test is low This can signify malnutrition, malabsorption syndrome or a chronic liver disease 34. Sodium Sodium is another important electrolyte in the body. It helps to keep the cell fluid balance at normal levels and it performs other important body functions. Normal sodium range 135–145 mmol/liter for men and women When sodium blood test is high This can be a sign of Cushing's syndrome Too much sodium might also be a sign of increased renal sodium retention in hyperaldosteronism When sodium blood test is low Also known as hyponatremia, too little sodium in the blood might signify diuretic abuse, salt-losing nephropathy or excessive sweating Low sodium might also be caused by excessive vomiting or diarrhea 35. Somatomedin C (insulin-like growth factor I , IGF-1) IGF-1 plays a vital role during childhood and it can have anabolic effects in adults. This hormone acts like insulin as it helps control the blood sugar level. It's produced by the liver and it can be influenced by growth hormone. It increases with hunger as Ghrelin is produced by the stomach. Normal IGF-1 ranges 182–780 ng/mL for people between 16 and 24 years 114–492 ng/mL for people between 25 and 39 years 90-360 ng/mL for people between 40 and 54 years 71-290 ng/mL for people older than 54 years When it's too high This might be a sign of acromegaly, especially if the growth hormone levels are also high. A pituitary tumor might be the cause of this. High growth hormone therapy doses may be the cause of high IGF-1. Hypothyroidism, liver disease, or uncontrolled diabetes are possible causes of low IGF-1. It can slow down height in children. 36. Testosterone, total Testosterone is the most important male sex hormone. It starts the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics in pubertal boys and it helps to produce sperm in adult men. It is linked to libido, lean body mass, and motivation in men and women. You can find a cheap testosterone test on discountedlabs.com Normal testosterone ranges (depending on laboratory) 270–1070 ng/dl for men 6-86 ng/dl for women When testosterone blood test is high, This can be a sign of high testosterone doses. High testosterone doses or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women can be the cause of it. When testosterone blood test is low, It can lead to hypogonadism and low sex drive in men It may result from illness, head trauma, the use of opiates or anabolic steroids, exposure to environmental toxins, high prolactin from pituitary adenomas, testicular dysfunction, malnutrition, specific medications, or low LH produced by the pituitary gland. Low testosterone in women can result from a variety of causes, including illness, ovarian or adrenal dysfunction, the use of opiates or anabolic steroids, excessive exercise, and other factors. 37. Testosterone, Free Free or unbound testosterone makes up for about 1% to 2% of the total testosterone people have in their bodies. This type of testosterone is not bound to proteins such as albumin or sex hormone-binding globulin. It is responsible for most of the functions attributed to testosterone (libido, mood, etc.) Normal free testosterone ranges 0–40.0 pg/mL for males between 20 and 40 years 0–35.0 pg/mL for males between 41 and 60 years 0–28.0 pg/mL for males between 61 and 80 years 6–3.1 pg/mL for females between 20 and 40 years 4–2.5 pg/mL for females between 41 and 60 years 2–2.0 pg/mL for females between 61 and 80 years When free testosterone blood test is low, It's usually associated with hypogonadal symptoms in men and women. Low free testosterone is usually caused by low total testosterone or by high sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). When free testosterone blood test is high High free testosterone is usually caused by high total testosterone (high TRT doses), anabolic steroid use, or low SHBG. 38. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) The pituitary gland is responsible for producing TSH. It directly stimulates the thyroid and makes it secrete different types of thyroid hormones that are involved in energy production and other metabolic processes. Normal TSH range 5–5.0 U/ml for men and women (some physicians treat based on a range of 0.5–2.5) When TSH blood test is high High TSH levels can mean your thyroid is not making enough thyroid hormones, a condition called hypothyroidism, especially when it's associated with fatigue, depression, and constipation Iodine supplementation can also result in high TSH. When TSH blood test is low It might be a sign of an overly active thyroid or hyperthyroidism. Muscle weakness, nervousness, and irregular heartbeats can accompany it. Thyroid hormone replacement can result in low TSH. 39. Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) Hormonal production of the thyroid gland is composed of thyroxine or T4 (80%), and triiodothyronine, or T3 (20%). In the circulation, whole T4 originates from thyroid secretion but most of T3 (80%) is produced outside the thyroid from T4 deiodination. Different factors may affect the conversion of T4 to T3, and circulating T3 is a less reliable indicator of thyroid hormone production than T4. In the blood, most of T4 and T3 are bound to binding proteins and only 0.02% of T4 and 0.3% of T3 are free. Because of their higher diagnostic performance, free T4 (FT4) and free T3 (FT3) measurements have superseded total (free + bound) hormone determination. Free T3 measures the free T3 hormone levels. This test can be really useful for finding out what amount of active thyroid hormones are available for the thyroid receptor sites. Free T3 blood test are high in hyperthyroid conditions and low in hypothyroid conditions. May also be high in thyroid toxicosis. The thyroid function panel also measures the levels of these hormones to assess thyroid-related health, including the levels of these hormones. Free T4 is used to measure the amount of free or active T4 in the blood. High with hyperthyroidism, low with hypothyroidism. The drug Heparin can also cause elevated free T4 levels, as can some acute illness. It’s also high in an overdose of thyroid hormone. Normal total T4 range 5–10.9 g/dl for men and women When T4 blood test is high Too much thyroxine is commonly associated with hyperthyroidism When T4 blood test is low This can be a sign of a poorly functioning thyroid gland or hypothyroidism 40. Thyroid Antibodies When these antibodies are present, it means that your immune system is attacking your own tissue. When your body produces thyroid autoantibodies, it could create a hypo- or hyper-thyroid state. They may also be elevated if there is thyroid cancer. Some antibodies can attach to TSH receptors, but they don’t cause a response in the thyroid. These people will complain of low thyroid symptoms, but the TSH might not change at all. In other cases, the antibodies bind to receptor sites and cause the thyroid to be overactive. Here you will see high T4, low TSH and high antibodies. There are 3 autoantibodies that are tested. The first 2 are the most common: Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (TPO Ab): This antibody is the one that is usually high in autoimmune thyroid conditions like Hashimoto’s. It is also known as microsomal antibody. Thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb): These aren’t seen as often as TPO Ab. They are usually ordered when thyroid lab results seem strange because these antibodies can interfere with thyroid hormone production. TgAb is also used to monitor progress after surgery for removing the thyroid in thyroid cancer. You can buy thyroid tests on discountedlabs.com Sources: Troponin Test Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) Lab Tests Thyroid Tests Journal Article on HIV-Associated Cancers and Related Diseases Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test Perspectives on Diagnostic Strategies for Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Research Article on Severe Diarrhea and Malnutrition How to Read Your Laboratory Report Fatigue - Merck Manuals Professional Edition Complete Blood Count (CBC) Diagnosing Anemia    

Are you due for a blood test and have heard about the anion gap test but are unsure of what it is? The anion gap blood test, also known as the serum anion gap test, is a common medical test that measures the levels of electrolytes in the blood. It helps identify any imbalances in electrolyte levels, including acid levels, which can indicate various health conditions such as kidney disease, diabetes, or metabolic acidosis. In this blog post, we’ll discuss everything you need to know about the anion gap blood test, including its importance, common causes of abnormal results, and how to prepare for it. We’ll also cover how to interpret the results and where you can buy the test at discounted prices. So if you’re curious about your health and want to learn more about this important diagnostic tool, keep reading! Anion Gap Blood Test: Overview The anion gap blood test measures the difference in electrical charge between positively charged cations and negatively charged anions found in the blood. It is used to evaluate the acid-base balance and help detect certain medical conditions. Typically, the test is included in a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) or basic metabolic panel (BMP). Healthcare providers rely on the results of this test to diagnose and monitor electrolyte imbalances. Understanding the anion gap, including the role of chloride as a negatively charged anion, can provide valuable insights into overall health. Other factors, such as lithium, can also affect the calculation of the anion gap. For example, in high concentrations, lithium can lower the anion gap. What is the Anion Gap? The anion gap is a calculation that measures the difference between cations and anions in the blood. It gives insight into the presence of unmeasured ions or substances. The normal range for anion gap is 8 to 16 mEq/L, and abnormal levels may indicate underlying health conditions. Symptoms of an Electrolyte Imbalance Anion gap blood test is used to measure the levels of electrolytes in the blood. Electrolytes are minerals that help regulate various functions in the body, such as muscle and nerve function, hydration, and blood pH levels. An imbalance in electrolytes can cause several symptoms like muscle weakness, fatigue, an irregular heartbeat, confusion, seizures, and nausea. The anion gap blood test can help diagnose these imbalances so that appropriate treatment can be given to restore normal electrolyte levels and prevent further complications. Finding an Electrolyte Panel Test The anion gap blood test is a type of electrolyte panel test that can help diagnose certain medical conditions. Electrolytes are minerals in your body that help regulate important bodily functions like muscle contractions and nerve impulses. An electrolyte panel test measures the levels of different electrolytes in your blood, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. The anion gap specifically measures the balance between positively charged ions (like sodium and positive electric charge) and negatively charged ions (like chloride and bicarbonate) in your blood, which is crucial for maintaining proper electrolyte balance. This anion gap measurement is based on the results of individual electrolyte blood tests, which are commonly included in routine bloodwork panels. By analyzing these levels, doctors can identify imbalances that may be indicative of medical issues such as kidney disease, diabetes, or poisoning. How to Calculate the Anion Gap from a CMP test The anion gap is the difference between the amounts of cations (ions with a positive charge, like Na+ and K+) and anions (ions with a negative charge, like Cl- and HCO3-). This information comes from the comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). There are three types: serum, plasma, and urine anion gaps. The most common application of the anion gap is classifying cases of metabolic acidosis, states of lower than normal blood pH. Specifically, classifying into either those that do or those that do not have unmeasured anions in the plasma. The human body is electrically neutral; therefore, in reality, it does not have a true anion gap. However, the madias ne anion gap calculator, a useful tool in clinical medicine, can be used to calculate the difference and identify potential imbalances. The calculation then finds utility in exposing variations in that balance. Calculation relies on measuring specific cations, Na+ and K+ and specific anions, Cl- and HCO3-. The equation is as follows: (Na+ + K+) – (Cl- + HCO3-) = Anion Gap. The anion gap formula can be manipulated to expose the presence of unmeasured cations and anions, as shown below. Click here for formula Why is the Anion Gap Important in a Blood Test? The anion gap plays a crucial role in blood tests as it helps assess acid-base balance. It can indicate the presence of metabolic acidosis, offering insight into conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis. Monitoring the anion gap is vital for evaluating treatment effectiveness and managing various health conditions. What are the Common Causes of a Low Anion Gap? An abnormal anion gap can be attributed to various factors, including conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, kidney disease, heart disease, and certain types of cancer. On the other hand, hypoalbuminemia or certain medications may be the cause, including ethylene glycol (antifreeze) poisoning. Understanding the root cause of an abnormal anion gap is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Restoring normal anion gap levels involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause. A low anion gap is a rare condition that can be caused by a variety of factors [1] [2] [3]. Some of the most common causes of low anion gap include: Hypoalbuminemia: This involves having too little of an essential protein called albumin in the blood. Hypoalbuminemia usually occurs because of inflammation throughout the body. Specific causes of hypoalbuminemia include sepsis, recent surgery, malnutrition, severe burns, liver or kidney disease, hyperkalemia, which is high potassium, and hypercalcemia, which is high calcium [2]. Lab error: A low anion gap value is very rare and may be due to laboratory error. If your test indicates a low anion gap value, your doctor may order a second test to account for laboratory error [3]. Multiple myeloma: A low anion gap level is rare and indicates an abnormally high level of positively charged molecules. The most common cause of this is multiple myeloma, a cancer of a class of white blood cells called plasma cells. Typically, plasma cells help our bodies fight infections. In multiple myeloma, cancerous plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow and crowd out healthy blood cells. The cancerous cells then produce abnormal proteins that cause kidney problems. Hypoalbuminemia: This involves having too little of an essential protein called albumin in the blood. Hypoalbuminemia usually occurs because of inflammation throughout the body. Specific causes of hypoalbuminemia include sepsis, recent surgery, malnutrition, severe burns, liver or kidney disease, hyperkalemia, which is high potassium, and hypercalcemia, which is high calcium [2]. Lab error: A low anion gap value is very rare and may be due to laboratory error. If your test indicates a low anion gap value, your doctor may order a second test to account for laboratory error [3]. Multiple myeloma: A low anion gap level is rare and indicates an abnormally high level of positively charged molecules. The most common cause of this is multiple myeloma, a cancer of a class of white blood cells called plasma cells. Typically, plasma cells help our bodies fight infections. In multiple myeloma, cancerous plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow and crowd out healthy blood cells. The cancerous cells then produce abnormal proteins that cause kidney problems. If you have a low anion gap, your doctor will use the results of the anion gap test, your medical history, and other tests to make a diagnosis. A low anion gap test result may indicate alkalosis or a low level of albumin, a protein in the blood. However, this result is rare and your provider may have you tested again to confirm its accuracy. It is important to talk to your healthcare provider if you have any concerns about your anion gap test results [1] or [3]. Additionally, understanding laboratory tests, reference ranges, and interpreting results can provide valuable insight into the potential causes of a low anion gap. Hypoalbuminemia The anion gap blood test is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate the acid-base balance in the body. One of the conditions that can be detected through this test is hypoalbuminemia, which is a low level of albumin in the blood. The liver produces albumin, a protein that is in charge of carrying fatty acids, hormones, and medications throughout the body. A low level of albumin, also known as low albumin, can indicate underlying health conditions such as liver disease or malnutrition and can lead to complications such as edema or impaired wound healing. If your blood results reveal a low anion gap, it may mean you have a lower-than-normal level of albumin (hypoalbuminemia). Albumin is an essential protein in your blood and understanding your results is crucial to developing an appropriate treatment plan for your individual health needs. Lithium Can Increase Anion Gap The anion gap blood test is a common diagnostic tool used to measure the balance of electrolytes in the body. Lithium, a medication commonly used to treat bipolar disorder, can affect the results of this test. Lithium can increase the anion gap by decreasing chloride levels and increasing bicarbonate levels. Therefore, it is important to notify your healthcare provider if you are taking lithium before undergoing an anion gap blood test to ensure accurate results, as a reduced anion gap may be falsely reported due to the interference of lithium. Anion Gap Blood Test vs. Other Tests The anion gap blood test differs from comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) or basic metabolic panel (BMP) by providing specific information about electrolytes and acid-base balance. While CMP and BMP offer a broader overview of overall health, the anion gap test hones in on these specific parameters. It complements other tests and aids in diagnosing certain medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare provider can help determine which tests are necessary based on individual health needs. How is the Anion Gap Blood Test Different from Other Blood Tests? The anion gap blood test stands apart from other blood tests by specifically measuring the difference between positively and negatively charged ions. Unlike comprehensive metabolic panels (CMP) or basic metabolic panels (BMP), which include additional parameters, the anion gap focuses on electrolyte levels to provide a more targeted analysis. This understanding helps healthcare providers tailor diagnostic approaches for individual patients by calculating the anion gap from the results of an electrolyte panel, another type of blood test. A note from the Cleveland Clinic: If your anion gap test is part of a routine bloodwork panel, such as a basic metabolic panel, it could take one to two business days before you get the results. Seeing an abnormal test result can be stressful. Know that having a high or low anion gap doesn’t necessarily mean you have a medical condition and need treatment. When is the Anion Gap Blood Test Recommended? The anion gap blood test is recommended in various clinical situations, such as suspected metabolic acidosis or toxicities. It may be ordered for individuals with symptoms like nausea, vomiting, or altered mental status. Healthcare providers determine the appropriateness based on individual circumstances and routine monitoring of electrolyte imbalances. Preparing for the Anion Gap Blood Test To ensure accurate and reliable results from the anion gap blood test, it is important to follow specific preparation instructions provided by your healthcare provider. This may include fasting for a certain period of time before the test and informing your healthcare provider about any medications or supplements you are taking, as well as any underlying health conditions or symptoms that may impact the results. It is also important to note that during the test, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube for analysis, also known as a blood sample. Adhering to these guidelines, including any special instructions, will help ensure that you receive accurate and reliable test results. What Should You Do Before Taking the Anion Gap Blood Test? Before undergoing the anion gap blood test, it's important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions regarding fasting. Avoid consuming food or beverages for the specified duration, but do stay hydrated by drinking water unless instructed otherwise. Inform your healthcare provider about any medications or supplements you're taking, and reach out to them if you have any questions or concerns. What Should You Avoid Before Taking the Anion Gap Blood Test? During the fasting period before the test, avoid consuming anything except water. Steer clear of alcohol or caffeine, as they can affect the accuracy of the results. Follow your healthcare provider's instructions regarding medications and supplements that may interfere with the test. For specific guidance, consult your healthcare provider. Adhering to these guidelines ensures accurate test results. Interpreting the Results of the Anion Gap Blood Test The anion gap blood test provides important information about the balance of electrolytes in your body, specifically in your plasma. A normal anion gap ranges from 3 to 11 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L), depending on the reference ranges used by the laboratory. If the anion gap is high, it may indicate metabolic acidosis, which is a condition where there is too much acid in the blood. On the other hand, a low anion gap could suggest an underlying health condition. It is crucial to have the results interpreted by a healthcare professional, as further tests may be needed to determine the cause and understand the clinical picture, especially if there is a high anion gap test result. Electrolytes are elements and compounds that occur naturally in the body and control important physiological functions. Calcium, chloride, magnesium, and sodium, among others, are electrolytes. How to Buy the Anion Gap Blood Test on DiscountedLabs.com To purchase the Anion Gap Blood Test on DiscountedLabs.com, simply visit their website and navigate to the menu where you can choose the test. Provide the required information and make the payment. Afterward, you will receive a lab order form via email. Take this form to a participating lab for sample collection. It's a straightforward process that allows you to conveniently order the Anion Gap Blood Test, which is included in a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). Frequently Asked Questions Does high anion gap mean diabetes? A high anion gap does not necessarily indicate diabetes. It can be a sign of metabolic acidosis or kidney disease. While diabetes is associated with a higher risk of metabolic acidosis, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and an appropriate treatment plan. What does it mean when your anion gap is high? A high anion gap in a blood test may be a sign of metabolic acidosis, which can result from conditions like kidney disease, diabetes, or lactic acidosis. Further tests are usually needed to determine the underlying cause, and treatment will depend on that cause. What does it mean when your anion gap is low? When your anion gap is low, it could indicate an electrolyte imbalance or metabolic acidosis. The normal range for anion gap varies between labs, but generally, a low level is below 7 mEq/L. Consult with your healthcare provider to understand your individual results and treatment options. What are the normal ranges for anion gap levels in a blood test? The normal range for anion gap levels in a blood test is typically between 3 and 10 mEq/L. However, there is a wide range of normal values, often between 8 to 10 mEq/L, which means an increase in anion concentration can be present even in the absence of an increased anion gap. Abnormal levels may suggest conditions like metabolic acidosis, kidney disease, or diabetes. Interpretation should be done alongside other tests and clinical evaluation by a healthcare professional. Regular monitoring of albumin concentration may be necessary for certain medical conditions. What conditions or diseases can cause abnormal results in an anion gap blood test? Abnormal anion gap results in a blood test can be indicative of various conditions or diseases. These may include diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease, certain medications, and toxins. Consultation with a healthcare professional is necessary to determine the underlying cause of abnormal anion gap levels. Is fasting necessary before taking this blood test? Fasting is not required for the Anion Gap blood test. However, it's advisable to avoid food and drink, except water, a few hours before the test. Inform your healthcare provider about any medications you're taking, as they may impact the test results. The test measures electrolyte levels and aids in diagnosing metabolic acidosis. Can medications or supplements affect the results of an anion gap blood test? Certain medications and supplements have the potential to affect the results of an anion gap blood test. It is important to inform your healthcare provider about any medications or supplements you are taking before undergoing the test to ensure accurate results. What is the normal pH level of blood? The anion gap blood test measures the levels of different electrolytes in the blood, including bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride. One important aspect of this test is to determine the pH level of the blood. The normal pH range for blood is between 7.35 and 7.45, which is crucial for maintaining proper pH balance. If the pH level falls below this range, it can indicate acidosis, a condition where there is too little acid in the blood. Conversely, if the pH level rises above this range, it can indicate alkalosis, a condition where there is too much base in the blood. Monitoring the pH level through the anion gap blood test can help diagnose and manage these conditions, and in some cases, your doctor may order additional testing to ensure an accurate diagnosis and proper treatment. What are hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis? Hyperkalemia is a condition characterized by elevated levels of potassium in the blood, while metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces excessive acid or loses too much bicarbonate in urine. The anion gap blood test can help diagnose these conditions in critically ill patients, and treatment may involve medication, dietary changes, or other interventions based on the underlying cause. Certain poisons, such as methanol (wood alcohol), too much aspirin, or antifreeze, can also cause acidosis, as well as proximal renal tubular acidosis, a condition where the kidneys do not take in enough bicarbonate and it is lost in urine. How can doctors use the results of an anion gap blood test to diagnose and treat medical conditions? Doctors can utilize the results of an anion gap blood test to diagnose and treat life-threatening metabolic acidosis, a condition characterized by excessive acid in the blood. Treatment for metabolic acidosis may involve medications or lifestyle changes, depending on the underlying cause. If diabetes is the cause of the condition, regular monitoring of anion gap levels aids in tracking treatment effectiveness, including the use of insulin to manage blood sugar levels. Additionally, anion gap levels can aid in the diagnosis and treatment of salicylate poisoning, a condition brought on by a salicylate overdose that can be fatal if not treated right away. Conclusion In conclusion, the anion gap blood test is a valuable diagnostic tool that helps healthcare professionals assess the balance of electrolytes in your body. By measuring the levels of positively and negatively charged ions, this test provides insights into various health conditions and helps guide treatment decisions. It is important to follow the necessary preparations before taking the test and communicate any medications or supplements you may be taking. Your healthcare provider will analyze the test results after you have taken them to look for any abnormalities or imbalances. If you are interested in purchasing the anion gap blood test at a discounted price, visit DiscountedLabs.com for more information. Remember, regular monitoring of your electrolyte levels can help ensure optimal health and well-being. Buy a CMP test on DiscountedLabs.com Citations: [1] Anion Gap Blood Test [2] What to Know About the Anion Gap Blood Test [3] Anion Gap Blood Test  

Table of Contents   What is a Comprehensive Metabolic Panel?    Why Should You Get a CMP Lab Test?  What is a CMP Blood Test Used For?  Comprehensive Metabolic Panel Results  CMP Blood Test Measurements in More Detail    What is a Comprehensive Metabolic Panel?    A comprehensive metabolic panel (also known as a CMP blood test, comp metabolic panel, or CMP lab test) is a laboratory test that measures 14 different substances in a person’s blood. A CMP blood test provides important information about your body's chemical balance and metabolism – the process of how the body uses food and energy. We’ll get into specific detail about the comp metabolic panel in a minute, but the important takeaway is this: Abnormal levels of any of the substances we’ll be getting into, or in some cases, a combination of abnormalities can be a sign of a serious health problem.   Why Should You Get a CMP Lab Test?    The disease process can be very long. Therefore, even though your body may be heading down the road to serious heart disease, you may not notice symptoms for many months and often many years. And it’s not just for heart disease, as few diseases show up at your doorstep waving a big banner that reads: Welcome to Kidney Disease. That’s just not how the human body works. Just think about the word, disease, or dis-ease, meaning a body, not at ease. Your body can be in a state of dis-ease for as long as 10 or 20 years and then (not so) suddenly, you’ve got a serious problem on your hands. And one that may be nearly impossible to reverse. The last thing you want is to find out about disease by experiencing physical signs and symptoms or by a physical diagnosis. By then, it could be too late. And I don’t mean to sound like an alarmist; this is just how the human body works. For this reason, a comp metabolic panel is usually done as part of a larger routine checkup, and often when a healthcare provider thinks a patient may have kidney or liver disease. But as you now know, by the time those suspicions can be seen and felt physically, you’re already well into the disease process.   What is a CMP Blood Test Used For?    A CMP lab test is used to evaluate several body processes and functions, including:   Liver and kidney health Blood sugar levels Blood protein levels Acid and base balance Fluid and electrolyte balance Metabolism Side effects of some medications   A comprehensive metabolic panel, meaning all the tests you’ll see below, can be taken from just one blood sample. However, a CMP metabolic panel can also include a urine test and a thyroid test, as the point of the test is to get a comprehensive view of a person’s complete physical function. Now let’s look at what each test in the comprehensive metabolic panel measures and what those high or low numbers mean for you. However, it should be noted that we won’t get into specific numbers as these will often have no meaning for all but experienced healthcare professionals.   Comprehensive Metabolic Panel Results    Glucose (fasting or non-fasting)   What it is: Sugar in the blood What a low number means for you: Hypoglycemia, liver disease, adrenal insufficiency, excess insulin What a high number means for you: Hyperglycemia, certain types of diabetes, prediabetes, pancreatitis, hyperthyroidism   Sodium (Na)   What it is: An electrolyte which keeps your body in balance What a low number means for you: Use of diuretics, diarrhea, adrenal insufficiency What a high number means for you: Kidney dysfunction, dehydration, Cushing's syndrome   Potassium (K)   What it is: An electrolyte and mineral What a low number means for you: Use of diuretics or corticosteroids (such as prednisone or cortisone What a high number means for you: Acute or chronic kidney failure, Addison's disease, diabetes, dehydration   Chloride (Cl)   What it is: An electrolyte What a low number means for you: Emphysema, chronic lung disease What a high number means for you: Dehydration, Cushing's syndrome, kidney disease   Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate) (CO2)   What it is: Gaseous waste product from metabolism What a low number means for you: Kidney disease, certain toxic exposures, severe infection What a high number means for you: Lung diseases, including COPD   BUN (blood urea nitrogen)   What it is: A waste product formed in the liver and carried to the kidneys, filtered out of blood, and excreted through urine What a low number means for you: Malnutrition What a high number means for you: Liver or kidney disease, heart failure   Creatinine   What it is: A chemical waste produced by muscle metabolism What a low number means for you: Low muscle mass, malnutrition What a high number means for you: Chronic or temporary decrease in kidney function   BUN/creatinine ratio   What it is: The ratio between BUN and creatinine What a low number means for you: Malnutrition What a high number means for you: Blood in bowels, kidney obstruction, dehydration   Calcium (Ca)   What it is: A mineral stored in the hard part of bones What a low number means for you: Calcium, magnesium, or Vitamin D deficiency; malnutrition; pancreatitis; neurological disorders What a high number means for you: Kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, cancer, excess vitamin D intake   Magnesium (Mg)   What it is: An electrolyte What a low number means for you: Diabetes, high blood calcium levels, kidney disease, pancreatitis, hypoparathyroidism What a high number means for you: Dehydration, Addison's disease, hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, kidney failure   Protein (total)   What it is: Chains of amino acids essential for the growth and repair of cells What a low number means for you: Malnutrition, liver disease, kidney disease What a high number means for you: Liver disease, kidney disease, dehydration, multiple myeloma, WM   Albumin   What it is: Protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of blood vessels and that nourishes tissues and transports nutrients through the body What a low number means for you: Malnutrition, liver disease, kidney disease What a high number means for you: Dehydration   Globulin   What it is: Alpha, beta, and gamma proteins; some are produced by the liver and others by the immune system What a low number means for you: Malnutrition, liver disease, kidney disease What a high number means for you: Multiple myeloma, WM, leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and other autoimmune diseases   Albumin/globulin ratio   What it is: The ratio between albumin and globulin What a low number means for you: Multiple myeloma, WM, autoimmune diseases, liver disease, kidney disease What a high number means for you: Certain genetic conditions, some leukemias, liver dysfunction, hypogammaglobulinemia   Bilirubin (direct or total)   What it is: A pigment in the bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver What a low number means for you: Generally not a concern What a high number means for you: Liver disease, bile duct disorder, red cell destruction   Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)   What it is: Enzyme found in the liver and bones What a low number means for you: Malnutrition What a high number means for you: Paget's disease or certain cancers that spread to bone, bile duct obstruction, liver cancer   Alanine amino-transferase (ALT)   What it is: Enzyme found mostly in the liver What a low number means for you: Generally not a concern What a high number means for you: Certain toxins such as excess acetaminophen or alcohol, hepatitis   Aspartate amino-transferase (AST)   What it is: Enzyme found in liver, muscle, and other tissues What a low number means for you: Generally not a concern What a high number means for you: Excess acetaminophen, hepatitis muscle injury   Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)   What it is: Checks how well the kidneys are working by estimating how much blood passes through the glomeruli (filters) of the kidneys each minute. It is calculated with a formula. What a low number means for you: Chronic kidney disease or kidney failure; GFR decreases progressively with age What a high number means for you: Generally not a concern   If you’ve been tested recently and you’re wondering about the base level measurements for all the tests outlined above, check out this table: (link to table) These measurements are only for the U.S. or in other words, non-metric.   CMP Blood Test Measurements in More Detail    Serum glucose is used to diagnose diabetes. If your glucose measurement is 126 on a fasting blood draw (blood drawn first thing in the morning after an overnight fast), then you have diabetes, assuming another test confirms the diagnosis. Uric acid measurement is how gout is diagnosed. The BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) is often at abnormal levels in people with kidney disease, dehydration, and heart failure, malnutrition, and liver disease. Serum creatinine is used to measure kidney function. The BUN to creatinine ratio provides information on possible causes of kidney dysfunction, heart failure, dehydration, or decreased kidney blood flow. Serum sodium can be increased in people suffering from dehydration and decreased in diarrhetic therapy and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Serum potassium can be increased in adrenal insufficiency and acute renal failure, as well as with an inappropriate combination of medicines. Potassium could be decreased in primary aldosteronism, diuretic therapy, and renal tubular acidosis. Serum chloride can be increased in people suffering from dehydration and renal tubular acidosis, and it can be decreased in congestive heart failure and primary aldosteronism. Carbon dioxide can be increased in primary pulmonary disease, such as severe COPD and in primary aldosteronism. It can be decreased in metabolic acidoses, such as with diabetic ketoacidosis. Serum calcium can be increased in an endocrine disease known as primary hyperthyroidism. It can also be increased in malignancy. However, most of the time, when a person has a sudden rise in serum calcium, it's simply due to hyperparathyroidism, which can be treated. However, you can also have decreased serum calcium in hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency. Serum phosphorus can be increased in acute or chronic renal failure and decreased in malabsorption and vitamin D deficiency. Total serum protein can be increased in multiple myeloma and sarcoidosis, and it can be decreased in chronic glomerulonephritis – a type of chronic renal disease. Serum albumin can be decreased in liver disease, cirrhosis, and nephrotic syndrome. Total globulin and albumin to globulin ratio can be increased or decreased due to several causes. Total bilirubin can be increased in hepatitis, hemolytic anemia, and in bile duct blocks, either within the liver or within the bile duct that drains the gallbladder and the liver. Direct bilirubin is increased in the same things as total bilirubin, but the ratio of direct to total gives us further information on the causes. For instance, one of the most common causes of a mildly elevated total bilirubin found on a routine CMP blood test is a syndrome called Gilbert's disease. Alkaline phosphatase can be increased in bone disease and liver disease and decreased in malnutrition and celiac disease. AST, ALT, and GGT are often called liver enzyme tests. However, they don't measure liver function, but rather give evidence of liver damage. They can also be elevated when there is damage to other parts of the body. They can be increased in liver disease, muscle disease, pancreatitis. And the GGT can be a sensitive indicator of alcoholism.   We did say this article would be everything you needed to know, however, let us repeat the main takeaway: You have to be tested regularly to catch any of these diseases before they become an uncorrectable problem. And thanks to our modern world where we all have more access to these tests, you don’t even need to see a doctor.   Check out Discounted Labs Comprehensive Metabolic Panel today. It includes 14 of the most important tests we outlined above. The CMP blood test functions as a checkup for kidney function, liver function, and electrolyte and fluid balance.   Don’t put off these tests any longer. The information you get back may mean the difference between great health and poor health. There’s no room for regret when it comes to your health.

DiscountedLabs.com is an online service that provides affordable and reliable lab tests without the need for a doctor's visit. The company has been in operation for 8 years and offers its services nationwide, with a wide range of medical testing options to suit various needs. They are in partnership with large laboratory networks, allowing customers to choose from a large selection of tests that enable them to monitor their general well-being without an initial doctor's visit. DiscountedLabs.com believes that knowledge is power and aims to empower educated patients to take charge of their health and effectively discuss health issues with their physicians. Many people find the prices offered by DiscountedLabs.com to be lower than their insurance co-pays for lab tests. The company allows customers to order lab tests online without requiring a doctor's visit. Discounted Labs is also HIPAA compliant, ensuring that patients' lab results and private medical information are secured and protected. By using DiscountedLabs.com, customers can save up to 80% on lab tests compared to retail prices, in addition to the savings from skipping doctor visits.   Table of Contents Save Money And Time By Ordering The Most Affordable Blood Tests Online! How to save time and money with online lab testing How to order blood tests online Learn the benefits of ordering your blood tests Why choose DiscountedLabs? FAQs related to online blood tests and lab tests Can I draw blood at home? Are online blood tests expensive? What should I do after I get the results? What should I know before drawing blood? Are my lab test results confidential? What to do next? Save Money And Time By Ordering The Most Affordable Blood Tests Online!   Did you know that you can order blood tests online, without having to visit a doctor? The direct-to-consumer lab testing industry is expanding each year at a rapid pace. Back in 2010, this industry was worth approximately $15 million, but today it increased to over $130 million! This is a good thing because people finally understand that they can take their health in their own hands and order lab tests on the internet in a much more affordable way. Welcome to DiscountedLabs.com, the premier destination for affordable and accessible lab tests without a doctor’s order in most cities across the United States. We are committed to empowering our customers with knowledge about their health through affordable blood testing. Our prices are competitive, and we invite you to compare them with other lab test companies. You'll appreciate that we are not like the rest. We believe that knowledge is power, and an educated patient can take charge of their health and discuss health issues more effectively with their physicians. At DiscountedLabs.com, we strive to provide our customers with the most affordable lab tests available. Many of our customers have found our prices to be lower than their insurance co-pays for lab tests. Since we do not require a doctor’s visit, you can save money on physician visit copays. Our online blood tests are a convenient and affordable way for you to take charge of your health. Some insurance companies may not cover certain blood tests or the required frequency for proper monitoring, which is where DiscountedLabs.com comes in. We offer affordable online blood tests so that you can take charge of your health without breaking the bank.   How to save time and money with online lab testing Getting a blood test through the current managed care medical system is unnecessarily difficult these days. Most people end up having long discussions with their healthcare providers, who might think that the tests are unnecessary. Even if doctors prescribe certain blood tests, some insurance companies may not approve them and later send patients large bills. Also, some insurance companies may be willing to pay for only a certain frequency of blood testing, which may not be adequate for patients who are adjusting medication doses. Getting blood tests using your current medical subscription can also become problematic and hugely expensive in comparison with ordering blood tests online. To buy blood tests without insurance, all that you have to do is find a reliable lab tests store such as DiscountedLabs. DiscountedLabs provides more than 50 different types of blood tests and panels and partners with one of the largest labs in the United States, having more than 1,800 lab centers across the country. Many people find this process to be much easier, eliminating the need to get blood tests through a doctor and having to pay copays or even a full doctor visit price. DiscountedLabs sells the most affordable blood tests in the United States and delivers the results to your email in as little as 5-7 business days.   How to order blood tests online Anything can be ordered online nowadays, so why shouldn’t you get your blood tests and skip the hassle usually associated with a doctor’s visit? Here’s what you have to do to order blood tests online. 1. Go to DiscountedLabs.com and click on the Find a Location tab to see if there is a lab near you. Note: Due to certain state legislation, DiscountedLabs does not serve the states of NY, NJ, AZ, and RI. 2. Go to Choose a Test to order your blood tests and pick your needed one from the list. There are multiple tests out there, such as the Elite Male Blood Test or the Complete Blood Count test. 3. Add your selected blood test to the cart 4. Pay by credit card. The transaction is completely safe and confidential 5. You’ll receive two emails from DiscountedLabs with information about your order The first email is a summary of your order. The second email contains a lab requisition form, which will be sent to LabCorp on your behalf. It takes less than 24 hours to receive a response from the lab. In most cases, people are receiving a third email in as little as 3 hours with a confirmation of their request form. This means that you can print the form and head directly to the nearest lab center to get your blood drawn. You don’t need insurance or any other document, just a photo ID so that the lab techs can identify you. Once you draw blood, the results will be mailed to you in as little as 4-5 business days, depending on the blood test.   Learn the benefits of ordering your blood tests There are numerous advantages to skipping the middleman and ordering your blood tests directly. For example: 1. Save a substantial amount of time 2. Save a great deal of money—many online blood tests are less expensive than if you would ask your doctor to get blood tests for you 3. Enjoy a quick, secure and confidential experience 4. Order from most US states 5. Have your results mailed to you 6. You can optimize your medication dosages without having to wait for weeks to see a doctor. 7. Most importantly, take matters into your own hands when it comes to your health!   Why choose DiscountedLabs? There are numerous online stores out there that offer blood tests and other types of tests, but DiscountedLabs is a popular choice among consumers for a wide variety of reasons. 1. DiscountedLabs provides the most affordable blood tests in the United States 2. There are several blood tests and panels you can choose from and up to 56 different lab tests such as heart tests, hormone tests, vitamin tests, heavy metal tests, etc 3. There are more than 1,800 lab locations across the US where you can go to draw blood for the tests you order on DiscountedLabs, so you won't travel very far from home regardless of the state you live in 4. You get a 10% discount on your first order with coupon 10percentoff 5. Your order is available for up to 90 days, so you don’t need to rush when it comes to drawing blood 6. You get stellar customer service and support, which will help you if you need assistance along the way 7. You can save money by ordering several tests bundled in panels (men’s panel, women’s panel, etc.) 8. No need for physician appointment or approval to order blood tests or other types of tests 9. You get your results online via email – no need to go back for another visit or wait at queues 10. Each order on DiscountedLabs offers you reward points you can use for a future purchase, saving you money   FAQs related to online blood tests and lab tests The online lab testing industry strives to provide a great service to their clients and help them learn about their health in an easier, faster and more affordable way. It is normal to have questions when ordering blood tests online; that’s why the following section aims to answer some of the questions you might have.   Can I draw blood at home? No, patients are required to visit a lab to draw blood in the presence of a medical professional. It is much safer and easier to draw blood in a medical setting, and the process is quick and painless. Some companies sell finger pricks and saliva test kits that they send to your home but those tests are not as accurate as actual blood tests.   Are online blood tests expensive? No. In fact, they are offered at competitive prices in comparison with getting yourself tested through your physician. Online blood tests are much more affordable simply because there’s no middleman involved (the doctor). You simply order these tests from a certified provider, have your blood sent to a lab and get your results back quickly. It is important to know that you can also get blood tests without insurance, so everyone can benefit from minimal healthcare by using direct-to-consumer lab tests. As a word of caution, ordering blood tests online can be done for informative purposes. This service is ideal for getting a broad overview of your health. If you have serious symptoms or health problems, make sure that you speak with your physician and don’t try to diagnose yourself through online tests.   What should I do after I get the results? Once the results are communicated to you via email, you can compare the numbers against reference values you can find online. For example, optimal total cholesterol levels for healthy adults should be less than 200 mg/dL. If you have higher than that but lower than 239 mg/dL, then this is a warning sign. If cholesterol levels are higher than 240 mg/dL, then you might need to speak with your physician and adjust your diet and lifestyle to lower your cholesterol levels and prevent cardiovascular diseases. Similarly, if your fasting glucose levels are between 80 and 100 mg/dL, then your blood sugar is normal. If you have a fasting glucose level higher than 100 mg/dL but lower than 125 mg/dL, then you might have impaired glucose tolerance. If your fasting glucose level is 126 mg/dL or higher, then you are diabetic. Based on reference values like this, you can interpret your results and make appropriate lifestyle adjustments, such as exercising more, eliminating junk food from your diet, etc. It is also very important to not diagnose yourself but speak with your physician to find out more about your health based on your blood test results. Most importantly, you are not alone once you get the results and you should immediately ask for guidance from medical professionals.   What should I know before drawing blood? There are a few vital requirements you have to remember before drawing blood. For example, you shouldn’t eat or drink anything else than water for 9–12 hours before drawing blood. This will put your body in a fasting state, which is ideal for determining baseline hormonal, sugar and vitamin levels. Depending on the test you ordered, sometimes you might be required to stop biotin supplementation for 72 hours before drawing blood. Each blood test might have certain instructions to follow, and these will be communicated to you when you order the test. It is essential to follow these requirements before going to the lab to draw blood because they significantly influence the accuracy of the results.   Are my lab test results confidential? It is normal to be concerned about privacy when it comes to your health. That’s why DiscountedLabs goes the extra mile to protect your sensitive data as well as your blood test results. DiscountedLabs follows privacy and HIPAA policies which guarantee that your information will be safe, confidential, and not shared with anyone unless you authorize this. DiscountedLabs serves all US; expect a few states such as New York, New Jersey, and Rhode Island.   What to do next? The next step is to order your blood tests and learn more about your health. Visit DiscountedLabs, choose your favorite test, and you’ll save lots of time and money in the process!    

The glucose tolerance test is one of the best ways to find out if your body is metabolizing blood sugar well. Everything you eat and drink, except water, is eventually transformed into glucose in the body. Glucose is also known as blood sugar level, and it acts as a fuel for the brain. However, having more glucose in the body isn’t necessarily a good thing. The body requires energy to carry out multiple processes and functions. It uses glucose but only needs it in moderate amounts, not too much at once. Problems with blood sugar level appear when there is too much glucose in the bloodstream which facilitates inflammation, infection and the development of diabetes type 2 which is a life-threatening disease. Glucose is processed in the body using insulin which is a hormone secreted by the pancreas. Table of Contents What is insulin? What is insulin resistance? Factors that contribute to insulin resistance Types of diabetes Symptoms of diabetes type 1 and 2 Risk factors for having impaired glucose tolerance or a predisposition to diabetes Glycemic index How is glucose tested? What is a Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)? How is glucose tested in the lab? What to do after getting the results? How to stabilize and reduce blood sugar levels Tip #1 – Get more fiber into your diet Tip #2 – Take a multivitamin supplement Tip #3 – Eliminate foods which promote inflammation Tip #4 – Find time to relax Tip #5 – Work out more often What to do next? What is insulin? Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas. Its job is to normalize blood sugar levels and reduce the amount of sugar present in the bloodstream. When too much sugar is detected in the blood, the brain sends a signal to the pancreatic cells to start secreting insulin. The insulin hormone “opens up” cells and tissues to absorb glucose (the fuel). This effect makes them function normally and ensure that the blod sugar level is stabilized.   What is insulin resistance? Insulin resistance develops when cells and tissues no longer “open up” to absorb blood sugar. This dysfunction makes people feel relatively lethargic and fatigued. Additionally, since the sugar in the blood is not absorbed, it will simply stay in the bloodstream which is a bad thing. Having too much sugar in the blood can lead to chronic inflammation, fatigue, poor sugar level control and the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance develops over time. This happens as a result of a sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet, among other factors.   Factors that contribute to insulin resistance It might take years to develop insulin resistance since this is a gradual process. It is very important to monitor blood sugar levels and prevent insulin resistance which can lead to diabetes type 2 and a poor-quality life. Here are some factors which contribute to insulin resistance: · Not exercising, at least a few times a week – exercise is hands-down one of the best ways to decrease insulin resistance and promote insulin sensitivity which makes cells absorb sugar from the blood · Eating plenty of refined sugars – cookies, candies, chocolate, ice cream are all delicious, but if they are eaten frequently, they significantly increase insulin resistance. Body cells become used to sugar and less susceptible to absorb it from the bloodstream · Being overweight or obese – having too much fat content (particularly in the abdominal area) leads to insulin resistance and a decreased ability to process sugar properly · Acute stress – being under a lot of pressure and having to deal with lots of stress on a daily basis can also lead to the development of insulin resistance. People of an elderly age are more predisposed to develop insulin resistance. However, the quality of the diet and the exercise regimen are primary factors which contribute to insulin resistance. Once cells and tissues become more resistant to insulin, diabetes type 2 can appear. This disease develops slowly over time and requires major lifestyle adjustments to manage it properly.   Types of diabetes There are several types of diabetes, and it is a good idea to learn something about each of them. Diabetes type 1 is also known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes. People who have this disease produce little to no insulin for reasons not completely understood by science today. Insulin is vital to process sugar into the bloodstream, and if the body doesn’t make it, it has to be injected. This illness can be encountered at all stages of life, but it usually affects children. Patients with type 1 diabetes need to rely on periodic doses of insulin to stay healthy. If insulin is not administered at certain moments, these patients can develop health complications which might result in death. Diabetes type 2 is one of the most common types of diabetes. It is caused particularly by insulin resistance which makes cells “harder” and less predisposed to absorb sugar from the bloodstream. Approximately 90% of all diabetic patients have diabetes type 2. It can appear at any age, and it is usually detected and diagnosed using blood glucose tests. People can live with diabetes, but they need to follow strict dietary guidelines and eat foods with a low glycemic index. Diabetes type 2 can be reversed, but only in rare cases and using special diets for a low period such as the ketogenic diet. At some point in time, if diabetes type 2 condition progresses, patients require oral drugs and additional doses of insulin to survive. This disease can also be managed through a steady fitness regimen and by reducing stress levels.   Symptoms of diabetes type 1 and 2 These medical conditions are not without symptoms, and by paying attention to certain signs the body offers, one can discover the illness earlier on and possibly stop its progress. Here are a few common signs of diabetes type 1 and 2: · Excessive thirst and a dry mouth – the body uses water to dilute excessive sugar in the blood · Excessive fatigue for no real reason – since the sugar doesn’t get into cells and tissues anymore because of insulin resistance, people who have diabetes frequently feel tired and fatigued · Frequent urination – the body tries hard to eliminate excess sugar through urine · Wounds which heal slowly – this happens because diabetes damages nerve endings, making it harder for blood to reach surface wounds and heal them · Blurred vision – similarly, too much sugar can affect nerve endings in the retina which can lead to blurred vision and other eyesight problems People must know that these symptoms should be consistent over time. If one has the symptoms above, he or she should take the glucose test as soon as possible to properly diagnose the health problem.   Risk factors for having impaired glucose tolerance or a predisposition to diabetes There are certain groups of people who are more likely to handle glucose in the bloodstream improperly and develop diabetes type 2 in the future. Here are some of them: · People who have a history of diabetes in the family · People who are older than 50 years are more likely to have impaired glucose tolerance · People who have abnormal cholesterol levels · People who have a lot of fat in the abdominal area as well as visceral fat (fat packed between organs and tissues)   Glycemic index The glycemic index is used to measure how much insulin the body needs to produce to process different types of foods. For example, pure glucose has 100 as a glycemic index (GI) which means that it will generate the highest insulin spike. Broccoli, on the other hand, is a complex carbohydrate with a GI of 15 which is considered to be pretty low. Bananas are somewhere in the middle with a GI of 54. Specialists recommend eating a lot of foods with a low GI because these generate a smaller insulin spike and don’t lead to insulin sensitivity. For example, foods you should eat include: 1. Most types of vegetables and legumes since they have a low GI 2. Brown rice (not white rice since it has a higher GI) 3. Yogurt and whole milk 4. Peanuts, beans, and lentils You should avoid foods like: · Pasta and bread · Baked potatoes · Bagels · Taco shells · Most cookies and candies Monitoring your diet and including more foods with a low glycemic index can reduce the risk of developing insulin resistance.   How is glucose tested? Glucose can be tested very simply using a glucose meter which uses a single drop of blood to determine the amount of sugar in the body. The most common glucose test is performed after a fasting period of 9 to 12 hours by taking a blood sample and running a CMP blood test. The patient refrains from eating food or drinking anything else than water for up to 12 hours . A normal fasting glucose level is less than 100 mg/dL. A glucose level between 100 and 125 mg/dL is considered to be prediabetes. In this case, the patient needs to carefully monitor his or her blood glucose level and try to prevent it from rising. Glucose levels can decrease with diet and exercise. If the glucose level is higher than 125 mg/dL, then the patient has diabetes. This should be confirmed in two separate tests to avoid false diagnosis. The presence of pre-diabetes can also be tested using a special test called a Glucose Tolerance Test for 2 Hours.   What is a Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)? This test is more thorough, and it can easily discover glucose intolerance, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, impaired pancreatic cell function or different other health complications. Its primary role is to determine how the body handles glucose at certain time intervals. Patients begin by eating a balanced meal which includes at least 150 grams of carbohydrate per day for three days before the test. They are not allowed to drink anything but water for these three days, and they should discontinue nonessential medication which might interfere with the test results. Patients shouldn’t eat anything for at least 8 to 14 hours before the test, and they are allowed to drink water only. Similarly, patients shouldn’t do high-intensity physical exercise for at least 12 hours before the test. They are not allowed to smoke or drink coffee either. If water is consumed, it should be plain water, not flavored water.   How is glucose tested in the lab? When the patient arrives at the doctor’s clinic, a simple fasting blood glucose test is performed. This measurement requires taking a small blood sample using a glucose device and find out the blood sugar levels. The glucose meter gently penetrates the skin of a finger to let a drop of blood pop out. The device immediately measures the glucose level in the blood. Many people are scared that they will feel pain when the glucose meter reaches for a blood sample, but they shouldn’t be worried. The process is painless, and it is over in less than one second. The second test involves drinking a sugary beverage which contains 50 or 75 grams of sugar. This quickly increases blood sugar levels and determines an insulin spike. The way the body handles this test is an important indicator of sugar levels in the bloodstream and how the body reacts. It is a more thorough and accurate test which offers better results. The glucose drink should be consumed quickly, and the patient needs to wait for approximately 2 hours before taking the test again. During this time, the patient is allowed to talk, read or listen to music. These are relaxing activities which let the body process sugar optimally. After 2 hours, a blood glucose test is performed again. This time, the sugar levels will be higher which is normal. However, if they are excessively high, this might indicate a predisposition to diabetes or a confirmed diagnosis of diabetes. After drinking the glucose beverage and waiting for 2 hours, normal glucose blood levels should be below 140 mg/dL. Levels between 140 mg/dL and 200 mg/dL indicate impaired glucose tolerance. Levels above 200 mg/dL indicate diabetes.   What to do after getting the results? Changes in lifestyle should be performed according to the test results. For example, if the fasting glucose levels as well as the ones after drinking a sugary beverage fall in the normal category then it means that the patient has a healthy lifestyle and he or she should continue it. If the glucose levels fall in the “impaired glucose tolerance” then the patient needs to make certain lifestyle changes to prevent getting diabetes at some point in the future. Some of these changes include: · Exercising more often · Giving up on sugary foods and drinks or at least reducing their intake – this includes candies, sweets, sodas and alcohol · Reducing stress levels – the patient might want to try yoga, meditation, breathing exercises, taking a vacation, etc If the tested glucose levels indicate diabetes, then the patient needs to work with his or her healthcare provider to find out appropriate treatment options. Certain diets might be prescribed which include foods that have a low glycemic index, so the blood sugar levels don’t rise too often. Certain foods and drinks should be eliminated from diets altogether such as sodas, chocolate, candies, ice cream, and white rice. It is possible to live with diabetes and even reverse it using special diets, but patients need to be disciplined and follow the advice given by the healthcare provider.   How to stabilize and reduce blood sugar levels Getting more exercise and eating healthier foods is a great way to normalize sugar in the bloodstream, but many people are still confused about what does this mean. It's important to take a closer look at the actual habits one can develop to prevent diabetes altogether and normalize sugar levels. Here are some important tips to remember:   Tip #1 – Get more fiber into your diet Fiber is seriously underrated. It basically consists of chunks of food which are not processed by the body, so they are eliminated as a whole. The good thing is that fiber gathers up plenty of toxins and unwanted substances from the gut and takes them out during the excretion process. People who have relatively solid stools (which is a good thing) eat a lot of fiber and enjoy healthier guts and a better lifestyle. Fiber also gives a great sensation of satiety, so one is less likely to overeat if he or she consumes a lot of fiber. Back in the days, humans relied mostly on foods taken from the ground or trees, so their fiber intake would amount to approximately 100 grams per day. Unfortunately, nowadays most people get around 15 grams of fiber per day or less. This is a bad thing because if the body doesn’t have enough fiber, stools become loose and hunger pangs appear throughout the day. Fiber also plays a vital role in metabolizing sugar, and it can be as effective as diabetes medication for certain people. Increasing the fiber intake might make patients give up on diabetes medication altogether. Fiber can be easily found in fruit, vegetables, seeds, whole grains, and complex carbs.   Tip #2 – Take a multivitamin supplement It is nearly impossible to take all the required vitamins and minerals from food only, and that’s why it is highly recommended for anyone to get a multivitamin supplement. Certain nutrient deficiencies such as a lack of vitamin D or a lack of chromium and magnesium can make the sugar levels imbalanced in the bloodstream. These vitamins and minerals are essential for key metabolic processes, and without them, one can become more predisposed to insulin resistance which can lead to diabetes type 2 in the future. Each health conscious person should make a habit of taking more vitamins such as getting a vitamin D supplement. Alpha-linoleic acid, a type of acid similar to omega-3 fatty acids, is also required to maintain normal blood sugar levels and it can be taken as a supplement.   Tip #3 – Eliminate foods which promote inflammation There are certain types of foods which can do more harm than good to the human body. Some of these foods include refined sugars and processed vegetable oils. The bad thing about these foods is that they promote inflammation by activating inflammatory genes. This activation can lead to chronic inflammation in the body which affects cells, tissues and organs. Chronic inflammation also leads to poor insulin sensitivity which translates to insulin resistance and diabetes type 2 at some point in the future. One should try to limit processed oils and refined sugars as much as possible to minimize the chances of having high sugar levels in the bloodstream.   Tip #4 – Find time to relax Stress is an important factor when it comes to insulin resistance. Most people live stressful lives when they have to juggle numerous responsibilities daily, meet deadlines or work under pressure. The human body is not ready to cope with high amounts of stress which basically consists of the hormone cortisol secreted by the adrenal glands in huge quantities. The key to manage stress is to make a habit to relax and take breaks from work every day. For example, one can do breathing exercises, go for a walk in the park, watch a movie, play a game, do yoga and even take a vacation. By reducing stress levels, one doesn't only live a happy and more productive life, but he or she also has fewer chances of developing insulin resistance.   Tip #5 – Work out more often A sedentary lifestyle is one of the worst habits one can have. Lack of exercise drastically increases the likelihood of developing insulin resistance at some point in the future. The human body performs at its best when it engages in physical exercises on a regular basis. This doesn’t mean that one should immediately go to the gym today, but make a conscious effort to move more often throughout the day. For example, taking a 20-minute stroll once in a while can have major positive benefits for health, improving the cardiovascular system and insulin sensitivity. Going for a run is also highly beneficial as well as practicing yoga or engaging in HIIT (high-intensity interval training). The point is to move the body a few minutes each day and slowly build up to a healthy habit of being more fitness-conscious. This can lead to a healthier lifestyle and a healthier mind.   What to do next? The next step is to order the 2H glucose tolerance test today and take action. This test is inexpensive and provides the perfect way to know more about your health with a minimal financial investment.   Buy a GTT test  

A Complete Blood Count (CBC) and a Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) are both common blood tests used to assess overall health, but they measure different components and provide distinct information. Here's a comparison of cbc vs cmp: Purpose and Components CBC Panel: Focus: Blood cell counts and characteristics Measures: Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Includes: Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels Provides: Information about blood cell production and function CMP Panel: Assesses: Metabolic and chemical balance in the body Measures: Electrolytes, proteins, and enzymes Includes: Glucose levels and kidney/liver function tests Provides: A broader overview of organ function and metabolism Specific Tests Red blood cell count White blood cell count and differential Platelet count Hemoglobin Hematocrit Red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW) Glucose Calcium Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide) Proteins (albumin, total protein) Kidney function (BUN, creatinine) Liver function (ALP, ALT, AST, bilirubin) Primary Uses Diagnosing blood disorders (e.g., anemia, leukemia) Detecting infections Monitoring overall health and immune system function Assessing blood loss or clotting issues Evaluating kidney and liver function Checking electrolyte and fluid balance Screening for diabetes Assessing overall metabolic health Preparation Generally no special preparation required Often requires fasting for 10-12 hours before the test, especially for accurate glucose measurement [5] Number of Tests Typically includes about 10-12 measurements Consists of 14 specific tests[5] Interpretation Abnormalities may indicate blood disorders, infections, or other health issues Results are often interpreted alongside other tests for a comprehensive health assessment Provides insights into organ function, particularly the liver and kidneys Abnormal results may suggest metabolic disorders, electrolyte imbalances, or organ dysfunction In summary, while both tests are valuable for assessing overall health, the CBC focuses on blood cell components and related disorders, while the CMP provides a broader view of metabolic function and organ health. Healthcare providers often use these tests in combination for a more comprehensive evaluation of a patient's health status. Diagnostic Focus Focuses on: Metabolic and organ function[1] Assesses: Liver and kidney health Evaluates: Electrolyte balance and blood sugar levels Provides: Insight into overall metabolism Concentrates on: Blood cell components and characteristics[2] Assesses: Bone marrow function Evaluates: Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood Provides: Information about the immune system and clotting ability Specific Diagnostic Capabilities Diabetes screening and monitoring (glucose levels) Liver function assessment (ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin) Kidney function evaluation (BUN, creatinine) Electrolyte imbalances (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate) Protein levels and nutritional status (albumin, total protein) Anemia diagnosis and classification Infection detection (elevated white blood cell count) Blood disorders like leukemia or lymphoma Platelet abnormalities and clotting disorders Bone marrow function assessment Organ Systems Evaluated Primarily assesses liver, kidney, and pancreas function Provides insight into overall metabolic health Primarily evaluates the hematological system Indirectly reflects bone marrow function and immune system status Number of Components Measures 14 different substances in the blood [1] Typically includes 5-7 main components, with additional calculated values [4] Preparation and Procedure Often requires fasting for accurate glucose measurement [1] Generally does not require fasting [4] CBC vs CMP: Complementary Nature While the CMP and CBC panels differ in their focus, they are often ordered together to provide a more comprehensive picture of a patient's health. The CMP offers insight into metabolic processes and organ function, while the CBC provides crucial information about blood cell production and function. Together, they offer a broader view of overall health status and can help identify a wide range of medical conditions. In summary, the CMP panel is better suited for assessing metabolic health, liver and kidney function, and electrolyte balance, while the CBC panel excels in diagnosing blood disorders, infections, and evaluating overall blood cell health. Both tests are valuable tools in medical diagnostics, often used in conjunction to provide a more complete health assessment. Citations Complete Blood Count - Wikipedia Complete Blood Count - Mayo Clinic Complete Blood Count - Labcorp Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - Wikipedia Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - Cleveland Clinic How to Read Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - Kidney Foundation Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - MedlinePlus Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - Testing.com Complete Blood Count - Testing.com Complete Blood Count - WebMD

Understanding the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel Test What is Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - CMP Test? Did you know that you can find information about 14 different blood tests in your body using a simple and economical blood test panel called Comp Metabolic or CMP? That’s what a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) does. This panel is an expanded version of the basic metabolic panel and it checks the levels of various substances in the bloodstream, such as glucose, calcium, sodium, liver enzymes, creatinine, and others. Why would you need to do a CMP blood test panel? Physicians order this lab test panel because they want to know more about the health of your various organs, such as the liver, pancreas, and kidneys, or whether their bodies are maintaining proper electrolyte balance. Electrolytes are positively or negatively charged molecules (ions) that play important roles in cellular activity and heart and nerve function. Normally, electrolyte levels are regulated by the kidneys, and any excess is excreted in the urine. Most healthy people can get all the electrolytes and other minerals they need by eating a balanced diet. Electrolyte imbalances may be a sign of malnutrition, kidney issues, or dehydration (which can result from persistent vomiting or diarrhea). Such imbalances, which can affect the pH balance of the blood, are not uncommon in people with acute or chronic illnesses. Liver function tests, also known as the hepatic panel, are laboratory tests that help measure how well the liver is working. The liver carries out many vital bodily functions; when it is not working properly, levels of various enzymes, proteins, and other substances in the blood may rise or fall. Increased liver enzyme levels may be a sign of liver damage from conditions like viral hepatitis, excessive alcohol consumption, or drug toxicity. One important enzyme that is measured in a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) test is alanine aminotransferase (ALT), which is primarily found in the liver. A CMP may also be ordered by your healthcare provider to evaluate liver and kidney function, as well as nutrient levels, to get a more complete picture of your overall health and/or to help diagnose or monitor liver disease or other specific conditions, as indicated by abnormal CMP test results. Keep reading this article to find out more about the comprehensive metabolic panel and how it can benefit you. What Are the Substances Tested by the Complete Metabolic Panel? The difference between a CMP test and a basic metabolic panel is that the comprehensive one includes liver tests as well. Here are the 14 substances tested by the CMP lab: 1. Sodium Sodium is a vital electrolyte in the bloodstream and is useful for a wide variety of bodily functions. You get sodium in your body by eating salty food products. Sodium is usually excreted through sweating. This substance needs to be present in adequate amounts in the bloodstream. Otherwise, health issues might occur. For example, too much sodium in the body can make the blood more acidic. As a result, a wide variety of health conditions can appear, such as heart problems, digestive issues, etc. Too little sodium in the body can lead to lethargy and confusion, especially in seniors. Sodium retention can cause edema and bloating. 2. Potassium Potassium is another vital electrolyte in the human body. It helps to regulate muscle contractions and maintain a healthy nervous system. Similar to sodium, potassium can also be eliminated through sweating. You can get more potassium in your body by eating beans, bananas, and spinach. If you don’t have enough potassium in the bloodstream, then different symptoms can occur, such as muscle aches, fatigue, confusion, mood changes, and even breathing difficulties. When kidneys fail, they cannot remove excess potassium from the body. This allows the extra potassium to build up and cause problems. Having high levels of potassium in the blood is called hyperkalemia, which is common in people with advanced CKD. High-potassium levels usually develop gradually. Too much potassium in your blood can lead to dangerous, and possibly deadly, changes in heart rhythm. 3. Chloride This electrolyte is also essential in the human body because it maintains adequate levels of fluids inside and outside of cells. It performs other functions such as keeping the blood pressure in normal ranges, balance pH levels, etc. People who have a deficiency in chloride usually experience specific symptoms such as headaches and fatigue. They can also get dehydrated and lose fluids through diarrhea and vomiting. A lot of chlorides can be lost through sweating as well. 4. Carbon Dioxide You have heard of carbon dioxide before, and you know that's an important element in respiration. Pure carbon cannot be stored or transported in the bloodstream, so the body creates carbon dioxide, which is water-soluble. This substance is necessary to inform the body when the oxygen levels are low. When there is too little carbon dioxide in tissues and blood, this can signify certain health problems such as kidney disease, acidosis, etc. When too much carbon dioxide is present in the body, it can damage the internal organs and cause a wide variety of health complications. 5. Albumin Albumin is one of the most essential proteins in the human body. Its main function is to regulate blood pressure. This substance binds to other hormones such as bilirubin, thyroxine, and others. Too little albumin in the body can signify malnutrition, heart failure, or a different type of serious health problem. Symptoms include fatigue, appetite changes, and a rapid heartbeat. Too much albumin can be a sign of kidney damage or a different issue. High albumin levels might be caused by acute infections or burns. 6. Alkaline Phosphatase This substance is responsible for breaking down proteins in the human body. It plays a vital role in the development and maintenance of bones. Having abnormal levels of alkaline phosphatase in the bloodstream can be linked to bone disorders and even liver problems. That’s why it’s essential to do a comprehensive metabolic panel test to verify the levels of this hormone in your body. 7. Bilirubin The comprehensive metabolic panel also tests for bilirubin, a substance that helps to remove waste products from the system and is responsible for breaking down heme in all vertebrates. It is produced when old red blood cells are broken down and processed by the liver. Bilirubin levels in the blood can indicate how well the liver is functioning and the health of your blood vessels and immune system. A deficiency of bilirubin can signify liver problems. People who have severe liver issues tend to develop jaundice, which is characterized by a yellowing of the eyes and skin. This happens because bilirubin is yellow and tends to float around in the bloodstream, causing jaundice and other medical problems. Having too much bilirubin is also a bad thing because it leads to the development of gallstones. A liver that produces too much cholesterol can be the cause of too much bilirubin. 8. Aspartate Transaminase Aspartate Transaminase is also known as Aspartate aminotransferase. This enzyme is important when it comes to the metabolism of amino acids, and it can be a good indicator of your liver’s health. Your liver is primarily responsible for producing the enzyme that the comprehensive metabolic panel tested, but other organs also produce small amounts of AST. Having too much or too little AST can signify problems with your liver, especially when this is accompanied by other symptoms such as tiredness, jaundice, dark-colored urine, bruises, etc. 9. Alanine Transaminase The liver produces an enzyme known as alanine transaminase, which is the "brother" of aspartate transaminase. It too plays an important role in the metabolism of amino acids. In healthy individuals, the amount of ALT in the bloodstream is low. If these levels are elevated, they can indicate liver disease. Very high levels of ALT in the bloodstream (usually ten times more than normal) can also indicate hepatitis, serious liver damage, congestive heart failure, or diabetes. People might experience high levels of ALT as a result of various underlying causes, such as muscle disease, taking certain drugs, etc. 10. Blood Urea Nitrogen This substance is measured to determine the health of your kidneys. Your kidneys' filtering of the blood results in the waste product urea nitrogen. This substance is eliminated from the body through urine. Healthy levels of blood urea nitrogen are between 7 and 21 mg/dL. Having higher than normal urea nitrogen levels can signify a problem with your kidneys, which needs to be investigated as soon as possible. Symptoms of having too much urea nitrogen in the bloodstream include nausea, vomiting, confusion, high blood pressure, and acidosis. 11. Total Protein The amount of protein in your body is also important to measure. Protein is responsible with a wide variety of bodily functions and processes, including building cells, repairing muscle tissue, transporting hemoglobin, etc. Although it's rare for people nowadays to have a protein deficiency, this can be an issue which results in muscle wasting. This process involves breaking down muscle tissue until the health of the individual is seriously deteriorates. Having too much protein in the bloodstream is also quite unusual, and it can cause indigestion, abdominal discomfort, bloating, and other similar issues. Protein is taken from foods and beverages, and its typical ranges vary from individual to individual. Active people require more protein to repair their muscles and maintain muscle tone. Sedentary people might have smaller protein requirements. The total protein in the body indicates the overall health and wellbeing of the patient. 12. Calcium Calcium is another important element in your body. It's responsible for numerous functions and processes, including maintaining proper bone density and teeth health. Calcium can be taken mostly from dairy products as well as certain foods such as beans, spinach, and almonds. Having too little calcium in your bloodstream can predispose you to different bone disorders, including osteoporosis. The health of your teeth will also be affected. Having too much calcium is not a good thing, either. High levels of calcium in the bloodstream can cause kidney stones, brittle bones, and a multitude of other health complications. 13. Creatinine Creatinine results from the breakdown of muscle tissue. The kidneys filter this substance, and urine regularly eliminates it. The amount of creatinine in the body is a good indicator of the health of your kidneys. Many metabolic panels also include an eGFR test along with the creatinine test. eGFR stands for estimated glomerular filtration rate, and it’s another test for renal function. Having too much creatinine in the bloodstream might indicate that your kidneys are not very efficient at filtering it, which can indicate a renal problem. Additionally, abnormal BMP results, including high levels of creatinine, can also indicate conditions such as kidney disease, breathing problems, and complications related to diabetes. If any of these results are abnormal, further testing may be necessary to confirm or rule out a specific diagnosis. eGFR over 60 is recommended. 14. Glucose The last substance tested in the CMP lab is glucose, otherwise known as blood sugar. Anything you eat or drink is converted into glucose in the bloodstream, whether it’s iceberg salad or a burger. The brain primarily uses glucose for proper function, but cells also use it as an energy source. When too much glucose is detected in the blood, the pancreas secretes insulin to open up the cells and absorb some of this glucose. When the pancreas doesn't secrete enough insulin or the cells become resistant to it, diabetes can develop. Having too much glucose in the blood regularly is not a good thing and that's why you should test its levels regularly. Too little glucose is also detrimental to your health. Remember that glucose is used as a form of energy, so having low blood sugar levels predisposes you to rapid heartbeats, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. CMP Test FAQ Now that you know what a CMP panel contains, let’s find out some answers to some of the questions you might have about it. 1. How Can I Do the CMP Panel Test? The test is done using a single blood sample. You go to a clinic and draw blood, which will be analyzed in a medical laboratory. The doctors will perform the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel Procedure, using a small needle, to take a blood sample from a vein in your arm. They’ll collect the blood in test tubes or vials. You may feel a little sting or slight pain when they put the needle in or pull it out, and a small amount of blood will be collected for testing. A trained health care professional performs this quick and straightforward procedure, which typically takes less than five minutes. You get the results back in a few business days, and you can compare them against standard reference values. 2. Is the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel Test Painful? In most cases, it's not, but it depends on whether you have a fear of needles or not. Today's doctors are very efficient at drawing blood, so you might not even feel the sting when the needle enters your vein. 3. What If Some Variables or Enzymes Are Out of Normal Ranges? Once the results are back and you see that some substances are off the charts, you can go to your healthcare provider for recommendations. If you have high glucose levels, your doctor might recommend starting an exercise regimen, as this is known to increase insulin sensitivity and prevent diabetes. If your calcium levels are low, you might need to eat more dairy products. If your sodium levels are high, you might want to avoid salty foods. These recommendations are based on the specific results of each, so there’s no one-size-fits-all here. 4. Do I Need to Fast Before Doing the Test? Yes, fasting is mandatory. You should avoid eating and drinking anything else but water for 10–12 hours before doing this test. Fasting is necessary to let the hormonal values return to baseline, so the diagnosis is more accurate. 5. Why Should I Do This Test? It’s important to do the test to get a broad overview of the hormones and enzymes in your body. If some substances are not in the comprehensive metabolic panel blood test normal ranges, you can take action and prevent more serious health complications related to a medical condition, such as maintaining proper fluid balance. Plus, the test is affordable, quick, and easy to do, making it a convenient way to check for any imbalances in your body's different substances. So why not take advantage of it? 6. How Can I Read and Interpret My Results? The comprehensive metabolic panel normal ranges are published on the internet, and you can find them with a simple Google search. You can also ask your doctor to interpret the results for you, as well as check out this interesting CMP guide on reading your comp metabolic panel. Ready to Take the Test? The comp metabolic panel provides one of the best ways to take control of your health. You can order the CMP test online from DiscountedLabs.com and find out how healthy you are in just a few business days, so why not give it a try?  

Table of Contents The Importance of Routine Blood Testing Top Reasons Why You Should Buy Your Own Discounted Lab Tests 1.  It's Fast and Secure 2.  Helps You Prevent Serious Illnesses 3.  No Doctor Visit is Required 4.  Multiple Tests and Panels to Choose From Types of Blood Tests You Can Order 1.   Complete Blood Count 2.   Hormone Tests 3.   Inflammation Tests 4.   Musculoskeletal Tests How to Take Advantage of Blood Tests? Blood is for the body as engine oil is for your car - completely indispensable. New blood cells are produced every day to replace old and damaged ones. Not only that human blood keeps you alive, but it also contains a lot of information related to your health. This is where blood workups and blood tests come into the picture. A single drop of blood can be sufficient to determine if you have vitamin deficiencies or if you're predisposed to certain diseases. You can draw a blood sample at a nearby lab test clinic and order various blood tests to check your health. Many people already do this by typing "labs near me", "blood work near me" or "lab testing near me" in Google. You can do the same and the results might redirect you to a nearby clinic where you can run a few blood tests. Keep reading to learn why blood testing is so important and what are its benefits. The Importance of Routine Blood Testing Back in the day, doctors had limited information about a person's health. They could prescribe basic treatments, heal some wounds using herbs, and perform simple surgeries. They weren't able to draw blood and analyze it using a microscope and other specialized equipment. Nowadays the situation is different. Your blood contains hundreds of nutrients, vitamins, minerals, hormones, and other substances. It is possible to check these nutrients and obtain valuable insights related to your health. Doing routine blood workups is important because it helps you take better control of your health. For example, some studies indicate that a lack of vitamin D is commonly associated with depression and anxiety. Depression is a serious mental condition that could affect your quality of life. Vitamin D is metabolized by your body as a result of exposure to sunlight. If you stay indoors most of the time or live in a Nordic country, you might be predisposed to vitamin D deficiency. A vitamin blood test is inexpensive and highly accurate. Maybe your chronic anxiety is indeed related to vitamin D deficiency and a simple lab test can confirm it. Based on this finding, your doctor might prescribe you a vitamin D supplement to alleviate your depression and anxiety in a few weeks. This is just an example, but there are plenty of others. You can test for virtually any type of nutrient or hormone using a simple blood test. This gives you a better snapshot when it comes to your health and helps you avoid more dangerous ailments. Top Reasons Why You Should Buy Your Own Discounted Lab Tests You might be happy to find out that doing a blood test is less and less expensive. Moreover, you can order a complete panel that tests multiple substances at once. For example, many people order an inflammation panel that looks at specific inflammation biomarkers in your bloodstream. Before going any further, let's take a look at a few quick benefits of doing a lab test in your area. 1.  It's Fast and Secure Thanks to direct-to-consumer blood tests, you can have a general snapshot of your health in just a few business days. Most blood workups take less than a week to complete, and you get the results sent back to you via email. The process is fast, secure, and confidential. 2.  Helps You Prevent Serious Illnesses One of the most significant advantages of doing routine blood tests is discovering predispositions to specific ailments. A simple blood glucose test can reveal if you're healthy or pre-diabetic. Since diabetes type 2 is a life-threatening disease, this information might save your life. 3.  No Doctor Visit is Required It is possible to order a blood test without requiring a visit to your primary healthcare provider. You order a direct-to-consumer lab test from Discounted Labs, and their physicians provide the prescription for you to print a lab requisition form to take to a nearby lab location. You get the results in a few days and compare them with reference values. Since you don't have to go through your doctor first, you save a lot of time and money. 4.  Multiple Tests and Panels to Choose From Today's healthcare providers and scientists use state-of-the-art technology and methods to extract information from a blood sample. There are hundreds of blood tests you can order, and more are developed each year. Therefore, whether you want to check your testosterone level or find out if you have thyroid problems, there's an inexpensive blood test for it. Types of Blood Tests You Can Order Here are just a few test categories you can order today to give you a broader understanding of blood workups and lab tests. 1.   Complete Blood Count This panel of tests looks at different substances in your bloodstream, such as white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, and so on. A complete blood count is usually required to see if your immune system is working efficiently. 2.   Hormone Tests Whether you're a man or a woman, you can now accurately find out the level of testosterone, estrogen, and other sex hormones in your bloodstream. This information is essential for people who are deficient in certain sex hormones and show up symptoms that alter their quality of life. 3.   Inflammation Tests Specific inflammation biomarkers such as C-reactive protein can help doctors determine if your body is actively fighting disease. Having a high level of inflammation in your body can predispose you to chronic illnesses such as diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and so on. 4.   Musculoskeletal Tests Certain blood tests can also reveal if your muscles are working properly if you have silent bone diseases or if you're predisposed to arthritis. This type of information is beneficial if you know that someone in your family had muscle or bone problems in the past. How to Take Advantage of Blood Tests? As mentioned at the beginning of this article, it all starts with a simple Google search. Type "lab testing near me," "blood work near me," "labs near me" or a combination of these words in your favorite search engine. This search query should redirect you to a reputable vendor of direct-to-consumer blood tests in your area. Or, if you want to skip all the hassle, go to DiscountedLabs.com and pick your favorite blood test from there. This website also offers some of the most inexpensive lab tests you can find in the US today, so you will save some money.  

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is becoming increasingly popular in the United States and worldwide. It provides a safe, scientific treatment option for men who have low testosterone levels. In the US alone, almost 5 million men are hypogonadal (have low testosterone) and most males over 65 have testosterone levels below normal values. TRT doesn't only increase your testosterone levels, it can also provide other benefits, particularly to those who are obese and struggle with type 2 diabetes. Keep reading to discover a few studies that back up the idea that testosterone replacement therapy can improve your diabetes symptoms. Table of Contents Discovering the Effects of TRT on Men with Fatty Liver (NAFLD) Study 1 - TRT Improves NAFLD Grade in Obese Men Study 2 - Long Term TRT Improves Lipid Profile in Men Study 3 - Effects of TRT on Body Measurements Study 4 - TRT Effects on Diabetic Patients Expand Your TRT Knowledge References: Discovering the Effects of TRT on Men with Fatty Liver (NAFLD) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver inflammation that could advance to life-threatening conditions if left untreated. This type of disease is caused by various factors and not by drinking too much alcohol. NAFLD is characterized by an accumulation of fat and toxins around the liver. This restricts blood circulation to this organ and prevents it from doing its job properly. NAFLD usually has little to no symptoms and could advance to liver cirrhosis and even liver cancer. One of the main reasons people develop NAFLD is poor diet. Junk food in combination with a sedentary lifestyle could cause NAFLD in men of all ages. With that being said, studies have shown that long-term administration of exogenous testosterone could improve NAFLD and prevent it from advancing to more dangerous stages. Study 1 - TRT Improves NAFLD Grade in Obese Men For example, a study done on 55 obese men shows how beneficial TRT can be for people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This study was performed over 2 years. All 55 men had testosterone test to prove that they had functional hypogonadism and were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The 55 patients were split into two groups. The first group of 28 men was given 1000mg of testosterone undecanoate every 3 months for two consecutive years. The second group contained 27 patients who received a placebo for the first year and 1000mg of testosterone undecanoate for the second year. This was a comprehensive study that looked at multiple parameters and important health signs. For example, both total and free testosterone levels were measured at the beginning and the end of the study. Other important measurements taken were fasting glucose, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, blood count, creatinine, electrolytes, liver enzymes, and more. After two years, the testosterone levels for all 55 men showed impressive changes. The administration of 1000mg of testosterone undecanoate normalized testosterone levels in both groups. Liver measurements also revealed that NAFLD grade was improved and patients no longer experienced significant symptoms associated with this type of liver infection. The improvements began immediately after starting TRT. Another impressive finding is that no side effects were observed as a result of administering TRT for 2 years. The patients didn't experience cardiovascular damage or prostate carcinoma. They report having more energy and self-confidence as a result of taking TRT. This study basically concludes that 1000mg of testosterone undecanoate might be enough to quell the symptoms of low testosterone in men. Additionally, it can reduce NAFLD grade and prevent major liver complications that could be life-threatening. Additionally, the medication adherence was 100% for all study participants. They received testosterone injections in a clinical setting and under medical supervision. Study 2 - Long Term TRT Improves Lipid Profile in Men Let's take a look at another study that reflects how beneficial TRT might be on overweight or obese men who struggle with low testosterone levels. A 12-year study analyzed the lipid profiles of 723 who were diagnosed with hypogonadism. These patients were either overweight or obese. Losing weight seems to be a problem especially in the United States. Carrying extra pounds of fat can lead to multiple life-threatening cardiovascular diseases, not to mention that it can augment some of the symptoms of hypogonadism. Luckily, some studies show that the administration of exogenous testosterone might be able to reduce the amount of fat hypogonadal men carry. This works best when coupled with healthy changes in diet and adhering to basic exercise regimens. In most cases, a short-term administration of testosterone usually lowers HDL levels. HDL is the "good cholesterol" while LDL is the "bad" one. However, more recent studies on long-term administration of testosterone undecanoate might have an inverse reaction. It can improve the lipid profile of patients and increase the levels of HDL. The group of 723 men who participated in this study was split into two categories. The first group contained 367 men and they received 1000mg of testosterone undecanoate for 12 weeks, followed by a pause of 6 weeks. This is the T group. The second group included 356 men and they received no exogenous testosterone. This is called the Control group. All lipid measurements were done before starting the administration of testosterone. For example, the measurements looked at a lipid panel including HDL, LDL, other cholesterol particles, triglycerides, waist circumference, etc. These patients were tested a few times per year and their lipid profile was recorded for comparison. These tests were done over 12 years. The results were clearly advantageous for the testosterone group. For example, HDL cholesterol increased significantly in the T group and decreased in the Control group. The LDL cholesterol decreased in the T group and increased in the Control group. Triglycerides were also measured and they increased in the Control group and significantly decreased in the T group. These results were seen consistently and the adherence to medication is 100%. All testosterone undecanoate injections were administered in a clinical setting under the strict supervision of a medical professional. In conclusion, long-term TRT can improve the lipid profile of overweight or obese men who also struggle with hypogonadism. It will also normalize testosterone levels and bring other benefits to a man's quality of life such as increased libido, more stamina, etc. Study 3 - Effects of TRT on Body Measurements Anthropometric parameters refer to measurements of the human body, particularly dimensions and shape. It's a science that looks at the particular measurements of an individual concerning other individuals in the same group. For example, it tackles waist size and circumference, length of feet, arms, height, weight, and more. This type of information is useful in various industries and fields. For example, experts in ergonomics and clothes designing need to know the general body measurements of individuals to create better and more efficient products and services. At the same time, anthropometric parameters need to be studied in relation to weight loss/gain as a result of following fitness programs or TRT protocols. This helps medical professionals come up with improvements and adjustments to help patients achieve their desired body shape, composition, and body mass index (BMI.) Multiple studies show that long-term administration of testosterone undecanoate can help improve anthropometric parameters in men with hypogonadism. For example, a 12-year study performed on hundreds of hypogonadal and obese men proves this fact. 476 men with low testosterone levels and obesity were selected for this long-term study. Their body measurements, dimensions, and shapes were recorded at the beginning of the study. This data was also updated with each visit for more than 12 years in a row. 281 men decided to receive 1000mg of testosterone undecanoate for 12 weeks, followed by a pause of 6 weeks. 195 men decided not to take exogenous testosterone and they were part of the control group. Some of the measurements recorded by medical experts were age, height, weight, waist circumference, BMI, fasting glucose, blood lipids, and more. A special emphasis was put on anthropometric measurements since this was the purpose of the study. The study results are impressive. Waist circumference decreased in the group who received testosterone undecanoate and increased in the control group. Weight decreased in the group who received exogenous testosterone and increased for patients who weren't on TRT. The BMI also decreased for the testosterone group and increased slightly for the control group. The waist-height ratio decreased for those who took testosterone and increased for the control group. Visceral adiposity is a parameter that measures the amount of visceral fat in a person. Visceral fat is a type of fat that envelops the organs. It's one of the most dangerous types of fats since it can promote the accumulation of toxins and reduce organ function. In the testosterone group, visceral adiposity decreased. It increased for the control group. In conclusion, the group who received testosterone undecanoate frequently experienced major improvements in anthropometric measurements. Apart from having higher testosterone levels after 12 years of TRT, they achieved better body composition and increased libido. It's important to note that medication adherence was also 100%. All testosterone injections were administered in a clinical setting, similar to the other studies mentioned in this article. Study 4 - TRT Effects on Diabetic Patients Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a prevalent and life-threatening disease. Almost 50% of hypogonadal men experience problems with processing sugar or are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. This type of disease can be controlled with medicine, but it causes other health complications and decreases the quality of life. Luckily, multiple studies start to reveal the benefits of testosterone therapy for people with diabetes. Administering exogenous testosterone seems to improve the health of the patients, particularly their ability to process sugar. The positive results are best seen in long-term studies. For example, a 12-yearlong study performed on 865 men shows how a frequent administration of testosterone undecanoate can improve glycemic control, diabetes tests and the symptoms of type 2 diabetes. 361 of these men were previously diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. 183 of them received a regular dose of 1000mg testosterone undecanoate for 12 weeks. 178 men decided not to take exogenous testosterone. All of the study participants had documented low levels of testosterone and many of them were also obese. Multiple parameters were measured for the study participants such as their glucose levels, waist circumference, blood pressure, and more. These measurements were done at the beginning of the study and on a regular basis for 12 years. The study findings are clearly advantageous for the group that received testosterone. For example, glycemic control improved significantly for those on TRT. This means that the participants received less and less insulin or anti-diabetes medications to stabilize their glucose levels. On the other hand, 22 patients from the control group started taking insulin during the 12 years. Fasting glucose and A1c also decreased in the testosterone group and increased for those who decided against TRT. Another important finding is that weight and waist circumference decreased for the testosterone group while increased for the control one. This is another proof that TRT can improve anthropometric measurements in hypogonadal and obese men who struggle with type 2 diabetes. Since all the testosterone injections were administered in a clinical setting, it's impossible to ignore the validity and impressive findings of this study. This prompts more health experts to look at the potential benefits of long-term testosterone for hypogonadal men. On top of that, the combination of lifestyle changes coupled with a frequent administration of testosterone undecanoate might be able to reduce the mortality rate in hypogonadal men. Some of these lifestyle changes involve physical exercises and a clean diet, free of junk and processed foods. Interestingly, pre-diabetics who follow a TRT protocol might also experience significant improvements in their blood glucose levels. This means that it might be possible to prevent diabetes altogether by administering the right amount of testosterone to individuals who need it. Expand Your TRT Knowledge Although there is much to be learned about testosterone and TRT in general, there is a significant body of evidence available online for those who want to learn more. For example, the Excelmale.com Forum contains hundreds of answers to questions about testosterone. This TRT forum is backed up by scientific studies and it can help you learn more about why some men have low testosterone levels and how they can mitigate this problem. You can get answers to your questions from experienced medical doctors, healthcare professionals, and TRT patients who have followed testosterone protocols for years.   References:   1- Endocrine Abstracts (2021) 73 PEP7.1 2- Endocrine Abstracts (2021) 73 AEP162 3- Endocrine Abstracts (2021) 73 AEP162 4- Endocrine Abstracts (2021) 73 OC2.3