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What is Tuberculosis? Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that, if left untreated, can spread to the spine and brain. Despite killing millions around the globe annually, TB is a treatable disease that is easily prevented. In years past, the most common way to screen for TB was via a tuberculin skin test (TST); however, the process requires multiple doctor visits and has proven unreliable. For these reasons, many colleges and organizations, like the US Citizenship and Immigration Service, have stopped accepting skin tests. Today, thanks to the Quantiferon-TB Gold Plus blood test, tuberculosis screenings are cost-effective, faster, and more accurate than antiquated TSTs. Table of Contents What is Tuberculosis? Reducing The Spread of TB Should I Get a TB Test? How Does TB Affect the Body? Who Is Most at Risk to Develop TB? How Is TB Treated? BUY A CHEAP TB TEST NEAR YOU References Several tests can be used to diagnose tuberculosis (TB), including: The Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test, it is a test that involves injecting a small amount of a protein called purified protein derivative (PPD) under the skin of the arm. If a person has been exposed to TB, their immune system will react to the PPD, causing a raised, challenging area to form at the injection site. The size of the raised area is measured 48–72 hours after the injection, and if it's above a certain size, it's considered a positive result. Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs): These are blood tests that measure the release of a specific protein called interferon-gamma when a person's blood cells are exposed to TB antigens. IGRAs are more specific than the TST and are less likely to give false-positive results in people vaccinated with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine or exposed to non-tuberculous mycobacteria.  The QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus) test is a type of interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) that is used to diagnose tuberculosis (TB) infection. It is considered one of the most accurate tests for TB because it measures the body's specific immune response to TB antigens rather than just the presence of TB bacteria. The test gauges the immune system's release of interferon-gamma, a protein in response to TB antigens. A small amount of blood is collected from the patient and then exposed to TB antigens in a lab. If the patient has been infected with TB, their immune system will produce interferon-gamma in response to the antigens, which will be detected in the blood sample. People think that the QFT-Plus test is more accurate and specific than the traditional tuberculin skin test (TST), which is also called the Mantoux test. This is because it is less likely to give false-positive results to people who have had the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine or who have been exposed to mycobacteria that are not tuberculous. The QFT-Plus test is also more convenient for patients, as it does not require a return visit for reading, unlike the TST. Chest X-ray: A chest x-ray can help identify signs of TB in the lungs, such as cavities or areas of increased density. Sputum Smear Microscopy: A sample of sputum (mucus coughed up from the lungs) is examined under a microscope to look for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), the bacteria that cause TB. Culture: This test is done to grow and identify the Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a lab; it's usually done after a positive microscopy test to confirm the bacteria's presence and identify the specific strains. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): This test looks for the genetic material of the TB bacteria in a sample of sputum or other bodily fluids; it's a rapid test and can detect small amounts of the bacteria. It's important to note that the choice of test depends on the patient’s symptoms, risk factors, and test availability. A healthcare professional can help determine the appropriate test or combination of tests based on the individual case. Reducing The Spread of TB While there is no guaranteed way to eliminate cases of TB completely, there are many precautions that can be taken to curb the spread of the disease. The first step that can be taken is to receive the BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine. The dose is derived from a weakened strain of TB and has been used since the early 1920s. The vaccine is most effective in children, and while it is one of the most widely administered shots worldwide, it is not a catch-all panacea. Roughly 10 million cases of active TB flare up each year, demonstrating a clear need for more preventative measures. As TB is an airborne illness, some simple precautions that can be taken to minimize the risk of infection are:   Maintaining proper ventilation- TB particles can remain suspended in stagnant air for several hours. Expose yourself to sunlight- UV rays kill TB bacteria. Practice good hygiene- Simply covering up one's sneezes and coughs with an elbow or mask will reduce the spread of TB.   While all of these factors can help mitigate the risk of contracting TB, the most effective way to halt transmission is by catching cases early. Most patients are unable to infect others two weeks after being diagnosed and starting on proper medication. So, while preventive measures are critical, the most imperative aspect of slowing the spread of TB is identifying existing cases so it is passed on to as few individuals as possible. Should I Get a TB Test?   Tuberculosis can be challenging to diagnose because many infected individuals are asymptomatic. TB bacteria have the ability to remain dormant in a host body for years but only manifest symptoms once the virus becomes active. You should consider testing for TB if you experience any or all of the following symptoms:   Fever Night sweats and difficulty sleeping Fatigue Appetite loss Sudden weight loss Chest pain Persistent cough accompanied by blood   While there are a variety of screening methods to detect a TB infection, including chest X-rays and testing mucus samples, the most accurate is the Quantiferon TB Gold Plus test. These other methods have proven to have limited accuracy and can return false positives. With just 4 ml of blood, the Quantiferon Gold test can detect tuberculosis with up to 94% sensitivity. How Does TB Affect the Body? Roughly 1.8 billion people are infected with tuberculosis; however, a vast majority of these cases are latent. TB can remain idle for months or even years, waiting for the immune system to weaken before becoming active. As such, people with weakened immune systems are more likely to develop active TB within weeks or days of initial exposure. Their bodies are simply unable to fight off the infection as the bacteria multiply, most commonly attacking the lungs. In more serious cases, traveling through the blood or lymphatic system, the infection can attack the bones, organs, and/or skin.    Who Is Most at Risk to Develop TB? There are a variety of factors that go into determining the risk for TB. Rates of tuberculosis infection are typically higher in poorer countries, but cases can be found all across the globe. Fundamentally, TB manifests in locations that lack proper hygiene resources and/or overcrowded areas where transmission is much easier. This makes crowded living spaces such as college dormitories or homeless shelters hot spots for infection. Countries with large populations, such as India and China, typically see the highest rates of active TB each year. Other factors that increase one's risk of contraction are regular consumption of drugs and alcohol, pre-existing illnesses that weaken vital organs and the immune system, or even taking certain medications designed to treat other diseases. While TB is contagious, it is not as easily contracted as other airborne illnesses. You are highly unlikely to contract TB from passing someone on the street; most cases come from prolonged exposure to a family member or co-worker. Groups that are more at risk of developing active TB are babies, the elderly, and individuals with autoimmune disorders such as HIV or diabetes. If you or a loved one is at risk and experiencing symptoms such as persistent cough, chest pains, or coughing blood, we strongly recommend taking a tuberculosis blood test. This could not only save the life of an infected individual, but someone they might pass the infection on to.   How Is TB Treated? Those with Latent TB should still seek preventative treatment from a medical professional, as their case could become more serious down the line, despite not initially being contagious. The most common remedy is to start on antibiotics that root out the infection before it can develop into an active case. Treating an active case of tuberculosis can be slightly more complicated for a multitude of reasons. The first is that it can take anywhere between six and twelve months for the medication to completely irradiate the infection. Patients may feel they've recovered after a few weeks of treatment, but it is imperative they stay on the proper medications for the duration of time their doctor specifies. Stopping before finishing the cycle of medications could lead to reinfection, lowered resilience to the disease, and even drug-resistant strains of TB. These strains are the most dangerous as they evolve to nullify the effects of medication used to cure the disease. Recovery after developing a drug-resistant strain of TB can take much longer, between 20 and 30 months, not to mention the patient is more likely to experience multiple side effects. While TB is widespread and can come with a fair share of complications, it is completely preventable and relatively easy to manage with proper medical oversight. Through modern and accurate tests such as Quantiferon- TB Gold Plus, we are able to catch tuberculosis before it can cause irreparable harm. In doing so, not only can we keep ourselves healthy but limit the spread of this disease in our communities and across the globe. BUY A CHEAP TB TEST NEAR YOU References Center for Disease Control. Tuberculosis Control Division, Center for Prevention Services (US). Division of Tuberculosis Control, Centers for Disease Control, Prevention (US), & National Center for Prevention Services (US). Division of Tuberculosis Elimination. (1975). Reported tuberculosis in the United States. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Prevention Services, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination1 Flynn, J. L., & Chan, J. (2001). Immunology of tuberculosis. Annual review of immunology, 19, 932 Sudre, Philippe, G. Ten Dam, and Arata Kochi. “Tuberculosis: a global overview of the situation today.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 70.2 (1992): 1493 World Health Organization. (2013). Global tuberculosis report 2013. World Health Organization4 World Health Organization & Stop TB Initiative (World Health Organization). (2010)5  

Tired of being tired?: Get these fatigue lab tests to find out why Getting fatigued is a normal part of life, but certain people feel profound tiredness all the times. Scientists agree that during the evening when it’s time to go to bed, it is normal to feel tired and sleepy, but it’s not normal if you feel that way in the morning after 8 hours of sleep. Chronic fatigue can be a real problem, and it can stay in the way of living a productive and happy life. Other symptoms may be present along with this problem, and if it persists for an extended period of time, the person may develop more serious health conditions. Table of Contents Tired of being tired?: Get these fatigue lab tests to find out why How do I know I’m chronically fatigued?   How does a complete fatigue panel help me? What are the advantages of getting a fatigue lab test panel? How does this panel diagnose chronic fatigue? Thyroid tests Free T4 Test – this type of test looks at a hormone in the body called thyroxine (T4). Thyroxine is then converted to T3, a hormone that regulates body temperature, helps in producing energy, and monitors heart rate. Total and Free Testosterone Tests Anemia Tests   Glucose Tests   The importance of insulin in the body High sugar levels in the blood can cause multiple health problems Adrenal Glands Tests Immune system tests Iron tests FAQ Conclusion How do I know I’m chronically fatigued? Again, being tired all the time and feeling like your battery is in “low-power” mode constantly goes beyond a usual headache, sore muscles, or a temporary lack of concentration. You might be chronically fatigued if: · You start to develop muscle and joint pains · You feel tired even after a good night’s sleep · You lack energy, motivation, and you’d rather put your head on a pillow instead of doing something important · You have periodic mood swings · You have tried a plethora of energy drinks and drank multiple cups of coffee to no avail · You have mental fog most of the times · You feel exhausted, and even small physical efforts are difficult for you If you have one or more severe symptoms above, it is possible that you might be fatigued. This can happen because of a variety of reasons. For example, there might be hormonal deficiencies in your system which can render one unable to recover properly. The human body is extremely complex, and your fatigue problem might be difficult to spot at first. For example, some people might have low testosterone levels; others might encounter adrenal deficiencies or thyroid dysfunction. How does a complete fatigue panel help me? A complete fatigue panel is designed to analyze multiple hormones in the body to determine in which ones a person might be deficient. This can be done by drawing blood and saliva sample and sending them to a lab for complete analysis.   What are the advantages of getting a fatigue lab test panel? There are numerous benefits of getting a fatigue panel such as: · All-in-one testing procedure – the panel monitors the function of multiple organs and hormones such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, blood glucose, total and free testosterone, vitamin deficiencies, etc., so you don’t have to do these tests separately · Order online and get results by email – once you get the panel, you go to a lab to offer a blood sample and get the results back by email, usually in just a few business days · Get a free consultation with a physician – not everyone is trained to analyze blood results, so once you get those, you will visit a local physician who will take a look at the results and provide professional guidance and counsel based on these results · 100% confidential and secure – your results are not shared with anyone and ordering a fatigue panel online is completely safe and secure   How does this panel diagnose chronic fatigue? As mentioned earlier, a complete fatigue panel runs multiple tests to determine vitamin or hormone deficiencies in one’s body. Let’s take a closer look at these tests and learn more about them.   Thyroid tests The thyroid gland is situated in the neck, responsible forregulating countless hormones and substances in the body. If it doesn’t function correctly, the person in question might feel fatigued and lack motivation. Hypothyroidism happens when the thyroid gland gets “lazy,” meaning it doesn’t produce the required amount of hormones for the body to function correctly. Peoplewith hypothyroidism might feel tired most of the time, which is usually accompanied by other symptoms such as weight changes, loss of appetite, and poor concentration. In some cases, people might also experience other symptoms such as hair loss (particularly the eyebrows), brittle nails, and a great sensitivity to cold temperatures. The fatigue panel you order will analyze the function of the thyroid and run tests such as TSH, Free T3, and Free T4: Free T4 Test – this type of test looks at a hormone in the body called thyroxine (T4). Thyroxine is then converted to T3, a hormone that regulates body temperature, helps in producing energy, and monitors heart rate. Peoplewith hypothyroidism might experience a decreased production of thyroxine, leading to excessive fatigue, lack of motivation, and other symptoms. TSH test – TSH stands for thyroid stimulating hormone, a type of hormone produced by the pituitary gland. The fatigue panel looks at the levels of TSH in your bloodstream to determine if you have too much or too little TSH. This hormone is essential because as its name implies, it stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T4 and T3 hormones. If the TSH levels are too high, the thyroid gland might work overtime, leading to thyroid dysfunction and fatigue. Free T3 Test – We talked about the T3 hormone earlier in the “Free T4 Test,” and learned that the T3 gets converted from T4. This hormone (T3) is also responsible for regulating the heart rate, body temperature, and other essential body functions. If the levels of unbound triiodothyronine (T3) are too low, this might result in excessive fatigue, which can last for weeks and even months. It is essential to mention here that a high-quality fatigue panel looks at the free levels of T3 in the body, not only at the total T3 levels because these are the most responsible for regulating energy and causing fatigue. Total and Free Testosterone Tests Testosterone is one of the most essential hormones in the body for men AND women. Today, it is a well-known fact that low testosterone levels are responsible for the lack of motivation, low energy, and even mild depression in some cases. Testosterone is available in 2 ways – free and bound to proteins. A high-quality fatigue panel looks at the total testosterone levels and free testosterone levels (unbound to proteins) to determine if this is indeed the leading cause of excessive tiredness in men and women. The total testosterone test measures the whole spectrum of testosterone in one’s body. This should be between 300 and 900 nanograms per deciliter of blood for men, but this depends on lifestyle, age, body composition, and other factors. When the total testosterone levels drop below 350 ng/dl, a condition known as hypogonadism develops. This diagnosis can be a severe cause of excessive fatigue and other symptoms and body changes such as lack of concentration and male breast development (gynecomastia). The free testosterone test looks specifically at unbound testosterone levels. It is important to measure those in particular because a low amount of them can account for excessive fatigue in men and women of all ages.   Anemia Tests Anemia is a severe problem which can become very dangerous for one's health if left untreated. As you probably already know, red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells, tissues, and organs throughout the body. Anemic people usually have too few red blood cells in the bloodstream. Too few red blood cells can cause various symptoms such as excessive tiredness, dizziness, irregular heartbeats, etc. The fatigue panel runs various tests to determine the level of hemoglobin in the body (a protein responsible for carrying oxygen) and analyze hematocrit values (the volume of red blood cells in the bloodstream). The hematocrit tests look at the percentage of red cells in the bloodstream. A small rate might be indicative of anemia as well as chronic fatigue. The hemoglobin tests measure the level of hemoglobin in the body. Again, if this protein is in small quantities, one can develop anemia. The Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) tests look at the size of the red blood cells. This is important because if the size of these cells is too small, this might result in iron deficiency. If the cells are too large, this might be linked to vitamin B6 or folic acid deficiency. The Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) values are also measured in conjunction with the MCV to determine the potential cause of anemia. Glucose Tests Just as cars need to burn fuel to move from one place to the other, your body also requires an adequate fuel supply to function correctly. If vehicles have gasoline, we humans have glucose (or sugar). Normal blood sugar levels help one have sufficient energy to get through the day. However, too much or too little blood sugar levels can lead to multiple severe health conditions and excessive fatigue. When the body detects a high amount of sugar in the bloodstream (particularly after eating meals full of carbs and fats, which are metabolized into glucose in the body), it will signal the pancreas to produce a hormone called insulin. The importance of insulin in the body Insulin acts as a locksmith that opens up cells, so they can absorb the excess glucose in the bloodstream and produce energy. When the blood sugar levels return to normal, the pancreas stops producing insulin, and the cycle repeats. However, when too much glucose is detected in the bloodstream regularly, the pancreas is forced to produce higher amounts of insulin which might then drop the sugar levels too low. As a result, your cells and organs won’t have as much fuel at their disposal, and you always feel tired. Furthermore, when there is an excessive amount of sugar in the blood for several years in a row, the cells in the body start to develop insulin resistance, meaning that they won’t “open up” as efficiently as before to absorb glucose and produce energy. This can lead to diabetes which is a severe medical condition.   High sugar levels in the blood can cause multiple health problems High amounts of glucose can also lead to other issues such as slow circulation, higher risk of inflammation in the body, less oxygen transported to cells, organs, etc. People who experience these symptoms are fatigued most of the time, despite having regular sleep schedules. Even those who have high blood sugar levels but do not have diabetes can still feel tired most of the time, compared with people with normal glucose levels. A fatigue panel is designed to test glucose levels and determines if one is predisposed to diabetes type I and II. Such tests also measure the average glycated hemoglobin levels (A1c), which are sugar-coated oxygen-carrying red blood cell proteins. A high level of these cells can indicate a predisposition to diabetes at some point in the future and can be linked to chronic fatigue.   Adrenal Glands Tests The adrenal glands are situated just on top of your kidneys and generate multiple important hormones such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisol. Think of them as responsible with the “fight or flight” response when you’re stressed out, scared, or excited. These glands are essential because if they don't function correctly, one can develop chronic fatigue and mild signs of depression. Studies show that approximately 40% of people over 60 have to deal with constant tiredness associated with reduced adrenal function. We all live stressful lives and have to juggle a thousand daily problems and responsibilities. This makes the adrenal glands pump a lot of cortisol and adrenaline into the body. Too many hormones can make someone feel very stressed, mildly depressed, and fatigued. Poor sleep quality can also worsen the problem because the adrenal glands tend to recover when the body is at rest. Most people don’t get enough sleep during the night, so these glands don’t get a chance to rejuvenate properly. Add periodic stimulants to the equation (alcohol and drugs), and the load on the adrenal glands can quickly become overwhelming. Adrenal problems don’t only translate into constant fatigue. Dizziness, poor concentration, anxiety and panic attacks, etc also accompany them. A complete fatigue panel looks at the hormones produced by the adrenal glands and determines if they are in sufficient quantities. For example: The DHEA test looks at the levels of DHEA-S in the body. This is an androgen hormone, and if it is in excessively high quantities, the person in question might suffer from adrenal hyperplasia. Similarly, if the levels of DHEA-S are insufficient, this can lead to chronic fatigue. The salivary cortisol test is also essential in determining the differences in cortisol levels at different moments of the day. Patients will be asked to collect four saliva samples during the day, and this will indicate whether the adrenal glands function correctly or they produce too much cortisol regularly.   Immune system tests As you probably already know, the immune system is responsible for neutralizing viruses and bacteria which get in the body so you don’t get sick all the time. It relies on a series of cells, such as the T cells and other hormones, to identify viruses and eliminate them before they get a chance to multiply. An immune system that functions properly requires energy.Suppose there is too much inflammation in the body (as a result of injury, being exposed to a lot of viruses and toxins, etc.). In that case, this system will work overtime to protect your health, and it will consume vast amounts of energy, leaving you tired and in a bad mood. A complete fatigue panel includes tests that measure the number of white cells in the bloodstream. These cells are responsible for neutralizing viruses and bacteria as well. In some rare cases, the bone marrow might not produce sufficient white cells, which can signify a more severe problem.   Iron tests Iron is an essential element in the body, as it produces red blood cells that help carry oxygen to organs and tissues. Anemia, which is characterized by exhaustion, wooziness, and a general feeling of weakness, can result from not having enough iron in one's body. A fatigue panel looks at different hormones in the body which are responsible for metabolizing and storing iron. For example: The ferritin test looks at the ferritin levels in the bloodstream. This protein is responsible for storing iron, and if its levels are insufficient, one can develop anemia, which leads to excessive tiredness. One reason ferritin levels might be low is that one donates too much blood each year. Studies show that donating blood more than twice a year can deplete ferritin levels, leading to anemia. The TIBC test (total iron binding capacity) looks at the absolute levels of iron available in the bloodstream. If this value is too high, then the amounts of iron in the body are insufficient, which can cause excessive fatigue. FAQ 1. Do I need to fast before getting tested? Doing a fasting session of 8-12 hours is recommended before drawing blood. Also, biotin supplementation should be stopped 72 hours before being tested. 2. How quickly are the results delivered? You will usually get the results by email in a few business days. 3. What specimens are submitted for testing? Fatigue panels require patients to submit a blood specimen and, in some cases, a saliva specimen for testing. The instructions on managing and properly collecting these samples are provided within the package, so you will know precisely what to do. 4. What should I do after I get the results? Your healthcare provider will interpret your results and, if necessary, will suggest effective treatment options. For example, if you have iron deficiency and this is the leading cause of your fatigue, you’ll be guided to supplement with iron for some time. Similarly, suppose low testosterone or thyroid hormone blood levels cause your fatigue. In that case, you'll be advised to explore solutions such as Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) or thyroid hormone replacement to help deal with your fatigue problem. 5. Is this test safe? Yes! The submission of samples and results analysis is entirely confidential, and you’ll be drawing blood in a medical setting under specialized supervision.   Conclusion Diagnosing chronic fatigue is not easy, but you’re one step closer to feeling better by ordering a comprehensive fatigue panel. Order the complete fatigue panel today from Discounted Labs, and you can drastically improve the quality of your life!   BUY THE COMPREHENSIVE FATIGUE BLOOD TEST PANEL HERE    

What are liver enzymes, and what is their role in the body? Liver enzymes are proteins that help facilitate chemical reactions in the liver. They play a crucial role in breaking down substances, such as drugs and toxins, and converting them into forms that can be eliminated from the body. Monitoring liver enzyme levels can help identify liver damage or disease. The liver is the most important organ of detoxification in the human body, and it's vital for our health and our survival. Even if three-quarters of it gets destroyed, it can regenerate itself into a whole new functioning organ. Unfortunately, in today's environment, there's so much pollution that our livers are being challenged like never before, but there are also other factors, such as the overconsumption of processed foods, alcohol, and pharmaceutical drugs. Functions of the Liver Your liver acts as a filter for your blood, and your entire blood supply will pass through your liver to be cleaned several times a day. Now, if something happens where your liver's detoxification capacities become impaired, then this is when the toxins in your blood begin to build up and disease can set in. But filtering your blood isn't the only function that your liver performs. It also plays a crucial role in producing proteins, storing energy, and breaking down food, including waste products, making it essential to regularly monitor its health through liver function tests, also known as a liver panel, using a blood sample. These liver tests can help identify any potential issues and allow for early intervention to optimize the health of your liver. It's also responsible for storing glycogen that you can use for energy later on. It produces bile, which helps break down dietary fats. It manufactures certain vitamins and minerals. It also helps to break down the protein, carbs, and fats that you eat. Your liver also manufactures and excretes certain hormones, which helps to maintain stable blood sugar levels. One of the important functions of the liver is to protect the body from harmful substances and toxins. However, when the liver is overloaded with toxins, it can lead to liver inflammation and damage. Fatty liver disease, a condition that manifests as an abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver cells, is one of the most typical causes of liver inflammation. This can lead to cirrhosis of the liver, a chronic condition that can develop over several years and often has no noticeable symptoms. While cirrhosis of the liver was once mostly seen in alcoholics, it is now becoming more common in the general population due to factors such as obesity and autoimmune disorders. Understanding your liver function test results is crucial to monitoring the health of your liver and identifying any potential issues. Your provider can explain what your results mean and compare them to the normal range for each substance measured. Causes of High Liver Enzymes (AST and ALT) and Toxicity Some of the common causes are exposure to toxic chemicals, the abuse of pharmaceutical drugs, obesity, and diabetes. Other common causes of a dysfunctional liver are viral infections and hepatitis B and C. These two conditions, combined, affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The good news about hepatitis B is that only around five to ten percent of the cases ever become chronic. Ninety percent of people infected with hepatitis B will eventually develop antibodies that make them immune to any future infections. Hepatitis C, on the other hand, has a less optimistic outcome for infected individuals. The large majority of cases of hepatitis C will eventually progress to either cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer. Tattoos, sexual contact, and sharing needles with someone who has infected blood are just a few examples of the ways that the Hepatitis C virus can spread via blood. Those are the two main causes when it comes to a dysfunctional liver in our modern society. Fortunately, there is an effective treatment for hepatitis B (however, many people do not find out they have Hep B until later in the disease). Hepatitis C can now be cured with an effective treatment that lasts only a few weeks. But it is important to find out if you have either by getting tested. Another factor usually not considered to explain mildly elevated liver enzymes is resistance exercise. Resistance exercise can increase liver enzymes. Some physicians do not know this and get concerned when they see elevated ALT and AST levels in healthy men without liver disease, excessive alcohol use, or medication-related liver effects. Muscular exercise can cause highly pathological liver function tests in healthy men Find out your life's health: BUY A CMP PANEL BUY A GGT TEST BUY A HEPATIC FUNCTION PANEL   Symptoms of Liver Toxicity But, as I mentioned earlier, there aren't always conspicuous symptoms to let you know that your liver is impaired or breaking down. This is why it's important to get periodic blood work done through your family physician. However, occasionally, your body will exhibit certain signs and symptoms when your liver begins to break down or becomes impaired. Some of those signs and symptoms include gallstones and gallbladder disease, abdominal bloating with nausea, unstable blood sugar issues, poor mental focus, food intolerances, chemical sensitivities, chronic fatigue, body odor, and bad breath, dark circles under your eyes, and yellowing of the whites of your eyes, as well as a loss of appetite and low levels of albumin and globulin. These symptoms may also indicate a blockage in the bile duct, which can lead to liver damage and toxicity. A bilirubin test, which measures levels of bilirubin in the blood, and an LDH test, which measures levels of lactate dehydrogenase, are important diagnostic tools for liver health. Red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body, are broken down in the liver and can contribute to elevated bilirubin and LDH levels if the liver is not functioning properly. Now keep in mind that these symptoms can also indicate other conditions. This is why it's important if you're exhibiting these signs and symptoms to go to your family physician and get the appropriate testing done, including a CMP test that, among other tests, includes an ALP test to check for levels of alkaline phosphatase and a total protein test to measure levels of protein in your blood. The ideal situation is obviously to avoid letting your liver's health deteriorate to the point where your body begins to display those signs and symptoms, which can result from liver damage and other liver diseases. In order to prevent this, you have to take two measures. You have to reduce your exposure to environmental toxins, take in nutrients that support the health of your liver, especially if you have a history of heavy alcohol use or alcohol use disorder, and monitor for potential side effects of medications that can affect your liver. A note from the Cleveland Clinic: If your blood test shows high levels of liver enzymes, including ALP and total protein, talk with your provider about potential causes and ways to optimize the health of your liver. What is Cirrhosis, and What Causes it? Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease that occurs when healthy liver cells are replaced with scar tissue, leading to impaired liver function. There are several causes of cirrhosis, including long-term alcohol abuse, hepatitis B and C infections, fatty liver disease, and autoimmune diseases. Over time, the damage to the liver becomes irreversible and can lead to complications such as jaundice, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Treatment for cirrhosis focuses on managing symptoms and preventing further liver damage through lifestyle changes such as abstaining from alcohol and maintaining a healthy diet. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. How to Protect Your Liver One of the best ways to reduce chemical contaminants in your immediate environment is to look at any products that you use in your home, such as personal care products or household cleaning products. Most commercial products contain chemical contaminants that can gain entry into your body, through your skin or your lungs, and these chemicals can overburden your liver, leading to high liver enzymes, specifically alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, and inflammation in the bloodstream. It is important to take steps to protect your liver from these chemical reactions by using natural and non-toxic products. So, check with your natural health food store, and often they have alternatives that have fewer chemicals or more natural ingredients. Another source of chemical contaminants in your immediate environment can be the foods that you eat, like fruits and vegetables with a high pesticide load or animal products that contain antibiotics or hormones. If your budget allows for it, try to purchase more of your fruits and vegetables in organic form, so there's less of a pesticide load. Also, when it comes to animal products like meat or fish, try to choose animals that were either pasture-raised or wild-caught. This will again reduce the amount of exposure to things like antibiotics or hormones. When it comes to supporting and strengthening the health of your liver, there are three great supplements: Milk Thistle, Dandelion Root, and NAC, or N-Acetyl Cysteine. Milk thistle has been used in traditional medicine for hundreds of years, and extensive studies are proving its efficacy for healing and strengthening the liver. It acts as an antioxidant to help protect the liver from free radical damage. It can block the uptake of various toxins into the liver. It also enhances the detoxification enzymes required for the liver to do its job, and it can even help regenerate damaged liver cells. The recommended dose is 300 milligrams per day, taken for seven days in a row each month as a liver maintenance protocol. Dandelion Root is a bitter herb that's been used in traditional medicine for hundreds of years to treat a so-called sluggish liver. It's been shown to help cleanse the liver of pharmaceutical drugs, and it also helps to stimulate the flow of bile from the gallbladder. The recommended dose is two to three grams per day, taken for a one- to two-week period each month. N-Acetyl Cysteine, or NAC, is an amino acid that is used in emergency medical situations in hospitals when patients present with liver toxicity due to overdosing on Tylenol or poisonous mushrooms. It's capable of protecting the liver by increasing intracellular levels of glutathione, which is the most powerful antioxidant in the human body. But it can also neutralize toxic heavy metals such as mercury, which tend to have an affinity for organs such as the liver and kidney and can cause significant damage. The recommended dose for N-Acetyl Cysteine is 600 milligrams, taken one to two times every day. Conclusion Maintaining optimal liver health is crucial in today's world due to various factors like pollution, processed foods, alcohol, pharmaceuticals, and lifestyle diseases. Understanding the liver's critical functions, such as blood filtration, energy storage, bile production, and toxin breakdown, highlights the importance of regular monitoring. Elevated liver enzymes like AST and ALT can indicate liver stress or damage caused by conditions like hepatitis, obesity, diabetes, or intense physical exercise. Early detection through regular testing is essential. At DiscountedLabs.com, we offer affordable blood tests like the CMP Panel, GGT Test, and Hepatic Function Panel to conveniently monitor your liver's health without visiting a doctor.

Thyroid problems are prevalent in the United States and the entire world. In some cases, the thyroid makes too many hormones and patients take drugs for hyperthyroidism. In other cases, the thyroid is sluggish and makes insufficient amounts of T3 and T4. This is called hypothyroidism and there are drugs prescribed for this disease too. Although thyroid problems can be kept under control with thyroid drugs, other medications that patients might take can interfere with these drugs. 5% of people in the US are treated for thyroid problems, so it's important to know what drugs might affect these treatments. Keep reading this article to find out more, especially if you're currently taking thyroid medication for hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Table of Contents What Drugs Are Used to Treat Thyroid Problems? How Do Meds Interfere with Thyroid Drugs? Medicines That Make the Body Eliminate Levothyroxine Too Quickly Drugs That Decrease the Absorption of Levothyroxine in the Body Medications That Might Increase Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG Lab Test) Levels Blood Thinners Might Severely Interact with Levothyroxine Treatment Conclusion Always Keep Your Thyroid Hormones in Check What Drugs Are Used to Treat Thyroid Problems? If you're struggling with an underactive thyroid, your doctor might prescribe levothyroxine as an ongoing medication for your hypothyroidism. Levothyroxine is also known as Levoxyl, Levo-T, Thyro-Tabs, Unithroid, and so on as these are the brand names used to sell the drug. On the other hand, if you're dealing with a hyperactive thyroid, you need medication to reduce the amount of T3 and T4 produced by your thyroid. In this case, you might be prescribed propylthiouracil and/or methimazole. The latter drug is also known as Tapazole. How Do Meds Interfere with Thyroid Drugs? Various drugs and medications interfering with each other is a well-known fact. In many cases, the labels of various drugs instruct patients what meds or substances to avoid ensuring the efficiency of their treatment. This is also the case for thyroid drugs. For example: Some drugs might make the body eliminate levothyroxine from the body too quickly, reducing the effectiveness of the thyroid treatment Certain drugs might alter the way levothyroxine interacts with tissues in the body Other drugs might prevent tissues from absorbing levothyroxine properly Levothyroxine itself might increase the levels of other drugs in the blood, reducing their safety and efficiency As an analogy, it has been discovered that black pepper increases the absorption rate of various vitamins and minerals in the blood. That's why certain supplements such as curcumin are usually formulated with black pepper to be absorbed by the body more effectively. Similarly, certain drugs might make levothyroxine ineffective, so the efficiency of your thyroid treatment is decreased. It's recommended to keep a list of medicines you regularly take and run it by your doctor if your thyroid treatment is ineffective Medicines That Make the Body Eliminate Levothyroxine Too Quickly When the body has an excess of a substance, it eliminates it in several ways such as through perspiration, urine, or feces. Certain drugs can make the body produce more enzymes and accelerate the speed at which certain substances are eliminated. If you have a thyroid gland that functions properly, your body can compensate for this mechanism by making more thyroid hormones. However, people with hypothyroidism cannot make more T3 and T4, and the levothyroxine taken through medicine is eliminated from the body too quickly. Various drugs can make the body produce more enzymes such as antiseptic drugs that are prescribed to counteract seizures. For example,  phenobarbitals, primidone, and phenytoin (aka Dilantin) can increase the metabolism of levothyroxine in the body. Other drugs such as antimicrobial agents can also increase enzyme levels in the body and cause the elimination of levothyroxine too quickly. For example, rifampin, efavirenz, and nevirapine (aka Viramune) are enzyme inducers and some of them even cause hypothyroidism in patients on levothyroxine therapy. Some drugs that are used in the treatment of leukemia and certain cancers might also cause hypothyroidism when used in combination with levothyroxine. For example, imatinib, aka Gleevec, might have this effect on certain patients. Certain selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as sertraline (Zoloft) might make levothyroxine treatment become ineffective. These are drugs used to treat depression and millions of Americans use them. Drugs That Decrease the Absorption of Levothyroxine in the Body Some drugs that are administered to treat a certain disease might make the body absorb less levothyroxine when the two medicines are combined. That's why it's advisable to take your thyroid drugs at least 4 or 6 hours before or after taking the other drugs. For example, antacids are a category of medicines that can reduce the effectiveness of levothyroxine. These drugs are administered to treat heartburn. Calcium products such as Rolaids can also interfere with the correct absorption of levothyroxine. Sucralfate, aka Carafate, is a drug given to treat stomach ulcers. It has been discovered that it reduces the absorption of levothyroxine in the body. However, if patients take their thyroid drugs 8 hours after taking sucralfate, this problem can be avoided. Iron supplements such as Feosol are another category of drugs that might interfere with levothyroxine absorption. Sevelamer, a drug administered to people with chronic kidney disease, has a similar effect. It should be given after at least 6 hours of taking levothyroxine medication to avoid negating the impact of the thyroid drug. Certain antibiotics can also reduce the absorption of levothyroxine. Although more research is needed, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and lomefloxacin might interfere with a patient's thyroid medication, and these two categories of drugs should be separated by at least 4 hours. Drugs that help the body transform cholesterol into bile acids should also be separated from thyroid medications by at least 6 hours. For example, Cholestyramine, Colestipol (aka Colestid), and colesevelam are bile acid binders and shouldn't be combined with levothyroxine. Finally, drugs used to treat osteoporosis, such as Evista (Raloxifene), might also decrease the absorption rate of levothyroxine in the body. Although more evidence is needed, specialists recommend separating the two drugs by at least 12 hours. Medications That Might Increase Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG Lab Test) Levels TBG is a particular type of protein that carries thyroid hormones through the body via your bloodstream. Tissues absorb the required amount of thyroid hormones as they "detach" from TBG. However, when TBG levels are high, more thyroid hormones remain bound to TBG, and they cannot reach the tissues where they are most needed. If a person has a normally functioning thyroid, this is not a problem. The thyroid gland makes more hormones to compensate. However, most people with hypothyroidism cannot "afford" to produce more thyroid hormones. Certain drugs or substances might increase TBG levels and reduce your levothyroxine treatment's effectiveness. For example, oral contraceptives contain estrogens that increase the levels of TBG in the bloodstream. Estrogen replacement therapy might also increase TBG levels, but this can be avoided by using transdermal estrogen medication. This administration method doesn't affect the TBG lab test and and it doesn't interfere with your thyroid drugs. Blood Thinners Might Severely Interact with Levothyroxine Treatment Blood thinners are medications administered to people who are at risk of developing blood clots. If a blood clot forms in an essential part of the body, it can be life-threatening. Strokes are good examples in this case. Those who struggle with pulmonary embolism, vein thrombosis, or heart disease might be on a dose of blood-thinning medication such as warfarin. This medication is an anticoagulant, and it might interact with levothyroxine treatment. For example, if a person has an overly active thyroid (hyperthyroidism), the warfarin dose might make the blood thinner than usual. This can lead to bleeding, and it can be life-threatening in some instances. The warfarin anticoagulant might be ineffective if a person has an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). In this case, the blood becomes somehow resistant to the effects of warfarin, and it remains too thick, increasing the risk of developing blood clots. That's why it's essential to carefully manage your intake of levothyroxine and warfarin or other types of blood thinners. If you feel your thyroid medication is ineffective, talk to your doctor and see if warfarin could interfere with it. Conclusion As mentioned earlier, levothyroxine is widely prescribed to patients, particularly in the United States. Although it can work wonders in the correct dosage for suitable patients, levothyroxine can easily interact with other drugs you might take daily. Your responsibility is to pay attention to potential symptoms and talk to your doctor if you feel your thyroid treatment should be more effective. Keep a list of all the drugs you take and show it to your doctor during your next meeting. This will help you make the proper adjustments and find a balance between levothyroxine and other drugs you might take. Always Keep Your Thyroid Hormones in Check The thyroid gland doesn't get as much credit as it deserves, but it's solely responsible for how much energy you have throughout the day and how your body metabolizes substances. It's recommended to keep your thyroid hormones in check using affordable blood tests from a reputable provider. For example, you can go to DiscountedLabs.com and look at the inexpensive thyroid panels available online. This test requires a single blood sample and gives you more details about your T3, T4, and TSH levels, so you know whether your thyroid is usually workingor not.    

Table of Contents What Tests Are Included in the CMP? What Are the Consequences of High or Low CMP Lab Test Values? Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) Low AST or SGPT Albumin Normal albumin values When albumin is very low: Alkaline phosphatase ALP (Adults) ALP Normal values High ALP Low ALP Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) AST or SGOT normal levels High AST or SGOT   Bilirubin, direct Bilirubin normal values High direct albumin Low direct bilirubin   Bilirubin, total Total bilirubin normal values High total bilirubin   Calcium Calcium normal values High calcium Low calcium   Carbon dioxide, total High carbon dioxide Low carbon dioxide   Chloride High Chloride Low Chloride Creatinine Creatinine normal levels High creatinine Low creatinine Glucose normal values High glucose Low glucose Potassium Potassium normal values Low Potassium High Potassium Sodium Sodium normal values High sodium Low sodium What Tests Are Included in the CMP?   The Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) is a broad screening tool includes 14 tests that evaluate your liver, kidneys, and more to provide a picture of your overall health. The panel looks at your organ function, electrolytes, blood sugar, and blood proteins. Along with the CBC and lipid panels, CMP is the most commonly ordered lab test panel when you go to see your doctor for an annual physical exam. The CMP includes tests for: • Liver function (ALP, ALT, AST, Bilirubin) • Kidney function (BUN, Creatinine) • Electrolytes and fluid balance (Sodium, Potassium, Carbon Dioxide, Chloride) • Proteins (Albumin, Total Protein) • Blood sugar (Glucose) • Calcium   What Are the Consequences of High or Low CMP Lab Test Values?   We will now explain the potential causes for high or low blood levels of these variables so that  you can discuss them with your physician.   Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) Included in the CMP panel ALT normal values are: 10-55 U/liter for males 10-55 U/liter for females Alanine aminotransferase is an enzyme made by your liver. ALT is important to test to determine whether your liver is performing at its best. High ALT or SGPT The liver cells might be seriously damaged, to the point of necrosis It might be a sign of extensive trauma to the liver, left heart failure, cirrhosis, or jaundice Might also be a sign of muscular dystrophy, fatty liver, myocardial infarction, and liver tumors Low AST or SGPT Low values of ALT indicate pyridoxal phosphate deficiency that can result in various health complications including epilepsy   Albumin Included in the CMP panel Normal albumin values 3.1-4.3 g/dl for men and women Albumin is a protein synthesized by the liver and can be an indicator of the liver’s synthetic ability. However, because it has a long half-life of 20-30 days, and levels often remain normal even in acute disease, it is not always useful in assessing acute hepatic injury. Albumin is one of the most important proteins in the human body. It helps to carry nutrients to various tissues and it prevents blood vessels from leaking fluids. When albumin is very low: This is a sign of acute or chronic inflammation Decreased albumin levels can occur in chronic diseases such as cirrhosis, cancer and malnutrition. Albumin levels might drop if the liver has problems synthesizing this protein properly, so it might indicate liver damage The transportation of bile acids and metal ions might be affected if the albumin levels get too low   Alkaline phosphatase ALP (Adults) Included in the CMP panel Alkaline phosphatase is also known as ALP and it is found in different tissues in the body. This enzyme is mostly present in the bones and liver. It plays a vital role in bone formation and mineralization. ALP Normal values 45-115 U/liter for males 30-100 U/liter for females High ALP It might be a sign of biliary obstruction or liver diseases such as hepatitis or cirrhosis Sign of bone disorder or even renal problems In some cases, it might indicate thyroid issues Low ALP It might signify nutritional deficiencies such as a lack of vitamin B12, magnesium or zinc Might be caused by severe anemia   Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) Included in the CMP panel AST or SGOT normal levels 10-40 U/liter for men 9-25 U/liter for women Aspartate aminotransferase is an enzyme found in most tissues in the human body, particularly in the liver and the heart. It has multiple functions in the human body and abnormal levels usually indicate a liver problem. High AST or SGOT This could be a sign of liver cell necrosis or obstructive jaundice It might also signify hepatitis or a liver problem caused by drugs and medications Since this enzyme is found in the muscles, it might be a sign of skeletal muscle, inflammatory disease or even heart failure. Excessive exercise can raise it. Normally, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase should be low. Problems appear when these levels get very high due to organ failure or inflammation.   Bilirubin, direct Included in the CMP panel Bilirubin normal values 0-0.4 mg/dl for men and women Bilirubin is a yellow substance involved in the process of cleaning organic waste from the body such as dead red blood cells, etc. It is excreted in the bile and urine and it consists of direct and total bilirubin. When doing a blood test, your results might indicate the levels of direct and total bilirubin as both of these are important to diagnose certain diseases. High direct albumin It might signify a biliary tree obstruction, cholestasis, and damage to the hepatic cells The patient might have the Dubin-Johnson syndrome which is characterized by an increase of direct bilirubin in the liver Low direct bilirubin Low levels of direct bilirubin are usually not a cause of concern. These levels might be temporarily lowered by caffeine consumption or barbiturates   Bilirubin, total Total bilirubin normal values 0-1.0 mg/dl for men and women This is the total amount of bilirubin enzymes in your body, including direct and indirect ones. Low levels of total bilirubin are not a problem in most cases. You should see a doctor when these levels are elevated as they can signify different types of damages to your organs. High total bilirubin It might be a sign of neonatal physiological jaundice High levels might be caused by damage to the hepatic cells caused by toxins or inflammation It might be a sign of biliary tree obstruction   Calcium Included in the CMP panel Calcium normal values 5-10.5 mg/dl for men and women Calcium is one of the most important minerals in the body. Calcium is directly involved in the mineralization and growth of bones and it ensures that teeth remain in good condition. High calcium This might be a sign of hyperparathyroidism, bone disorders, malignant disease such as metastatic carcinoma of breast and kidney, etc. Your blood might contain too much vitamin D which leads to intoxication Acromegaly or dehydration Low calcium It might be a sign of hypoparathyroidism or chronic kidney failure Might be caused by a deficiency of vitamin D or magnesium The patient might have acute pancreatitis, anemia or problems with the pituitary gland   Carbon dioxide, total Included in the CMP panel Carbon dioxide normal values 24-30 mmol/liter for men and women Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of the food metabolization process. This gas is released into the bloodstream when cells are broken down in simpler substances. The blood full of carbon dioxide returns to the lungs where this gas is eliminated through respiration. High carbon dioxide It might be a sign of respiratory acidosis resulted from a poor gas exchange in the body Can also be caused by metabolic acidosis, especially if it is accompanied by multiple episodes of vomiting Low carbon dioxide It might signify tubular acidosis of the kidneys Might be a sign of loss of alkaline fluids through the intestines or compensated respiratory alkalosis   Chloride Included in the CMP panel Chloride normal values 100-108 mmol/liter for men and women Chloride forms when the element chlorine gains an electron. This is an important electrolyte that helps to maintain cell homeostasis or balance. High Chloride It might be caused by metabolic acidosis, especially when it is accompanied by loss of fluids caused by diarrhea It can also be caused by severe dehydration or a problem with the kidneys such as renal tubular acidosis or acute renal failure Hyperparathyroidism can also cause chloride levels to increase Low Chloride It might be caused by too much vomiting or prolonged episodes of diarrhea Low levels can also be caused by gastric problems such as gastric suction or gastric secretion Excessive sweating or respiratory acidosis can also make the chloride levels drop significantly Adrenal insufficiency may lower chloride blood levels Low blood chloride levels can be caused by drugs such as: These medication types can result in low chloride: Laxatives Diuretics Corticosteroids (long-term treatments) Bicarbonates   Creatinine Included in the CMP panel Creatinine normal levels 6-1.5 mg/dl for men and women Serum creatinine (a blood measurement) is an important indicator of kidney health because it is an easily measured byproduct of muscle metabolism that is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. It is eliminated from the body by kidneys through urine. The creatinine test is used to measure creatinine clearance as a way to assess kidney function. Creatinine is one of the variables used to estimate eGFR - Estimated glomerular filtration rate- which is one of the best test to measure your level of kidney function and determine your stage of kidney disease. Your doctor can calculate it from the results of your blood creatinine test, your age, body size and gender. Your GFR tells your doctor your stage of kidney disease and helps the doctor to plan your treatment. If your GFR number is low, your kidneys are not working as well as they should. The earlier kidney disease is detected, the better the chance of slowing or stopping its progression. People with high creatinine (low eGFR) should get a Cystatin C test which may be more accurate in certain cases. Elevated creatinine is not always representative of a true reduction in eGFR. A high reading may be due to increased production of creatinine not due to decreased kidney function, to interference with the assay, or to decreased tubular secretion of creatinine. An increase in serum creatinine can be due to increased ingestion of cooked meat (which contains creatinine converted from creatine by the heat from cooking) or excessive intake of protein and creatine supplements, taken to enhance athletic performance. Intense exercise can increase creatinine by increasing muscle breakdown. Dehydration secondary to an inflammatory process with fever may cause a false increase in creatinine concentrations not related to an actual kidney injury. Several medications can interfere with the assay. Creatinine secretion by the tubules can be blocked by some medications, again increasing measured creatinine. High creatinine Too much creatinine in the body might be a sign of renal failure or kidney dysfunction Hyperthyroidism can also be a cause of too much creatinine building up in the body as well as acromegaly Eating too many meals containing meat can increase the level of creatine and creatinine in the body Taking creatine supplements can falsely increase creatinine blood levels. Certain medications can increase creatinine blood levels, so talk to your doctor. Low creatinine This might be a sign of excessive muscle loss, probably caused by muscular dystrophy It can also be a sign of liver problems or a lack of protein in your diet   Glucose, fasting Glucose normal values 70-110 mg/dl for men and women Glucose is basically the amount of sugar you have in your blood. The entire human body uses glucose as a fuel source, but too much of it can be a real problem. High glucose This might be a sign of diabetes, increased insulin resistance, increased epinephrine, pancreatic disorders or endocrine problems Very high values are commonly associated with acute myocardial infarction, kidney disease or chronic liver disease Low glucose Although rare, low glucose values might be caused by a tumor that makes the pancreas produce too much insulin It might also be a sign of serious liver disease or renal disorders   Potassium Potassium normal values 5-5.2 mmol/L Potassium ions are vital for the functioning of all living cells. The transfer of potassium ions across nerve cell membranes is necessary for normal nerve transmission; potassium deficiency and excess can each result in numerous signs and symptoms, including an abnormal heart rhythm and various electrocardiographic abnormalities. Fresh fruits and vegetables are good dietary sources of potassium. The body responds to the influx of dietary potassium, which raises serum potassium levels, with a shift of potassium from outside to inside cells and an increase in potassium excretion by the kidneys. Low Potassium Hypokalemia (low potassium blood level) always occurs as a result of excessive loss of potassium through the urine, sweat or stool. It is always a symptom of another disorder, rather than a disease that occurs by itself. The excessive excretion of potassium in the urine may result from the use of diuretic drugs (which increases urination), a deficiency of magnesium in the blood, excessive mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone in the blood which affect the electrolyte and fluid balance in the body (usually caused by endocrine diseases), kidney disorders, or from the use of high doses of penicillin. Gastrointestinal losses of potassium usually are due to prolonged diarrhea or vomiting, chronic laxative abuse, inadequate dietary intake of potassium, intestinal obstruction or infections such as fistulas in the intestines which continually drain intestinal fluids. Additionally, excessive perspiration due to hot weather or exercise can cause hypokalemia. Some drugs can keep your kidneys from removing enough potassium. This can cause your potassium levels to rise. High Potassium The symptoms of an elevated potassium level are generally few and nonspecific. Nonspecific symptoms may include feeling tired, numbness and weakness. Occasionally palpitations and shortness of breath may occur. Hyperventilation may indicate a compensatory response to metabolic acidosis, which is one of the possible causes of hyperkalemia (high potassium).   Often, however, the problem is detected during screening blood tests for a medical disorder, or after hospitalization for complications such as cardiac arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death. High levels of potassium (> 5.5 mmol/L) have been associated with cardiovascular events. Decreased kidney function is a major cause of hyperkalemia.   Sodium Sodium normal values 135-145 mmol/liter for men and women Sodium is another important electrolyte in the body. It helps to keep the cell fluid balance at normal levels and it performs other important body functions. High sodium This can be a sign of Cushing's syndrome or water loss through the skin Too much sodium might also be a sign of increased renal sodium conservation in hyperaldosteronism Low sodium Also known as hyponatremia, too little sodium in the blood might signify diuretics abuse, salt-losing nephropathy (kidney disease) or excessive sweating Low sodium might also be caused by excessive vomiting or diarrhea A low sodium level has many causes, including consumption of too many fluids, kidney failure, heart failure, cirrhosis, and use of diuretics. Symptoms result from brain dysfunction. At first, people become sluggish and confused, and if hyponatremia worsens, they may have muscle twitches and seizures and become progressively unresponsive. Restricting fluids and stopping use of diuretics can help, but severe hyponatremia is an emergency requiring use of drugs, intravenous fluids, or both.    

Table of contents Table of Contents Study #1 - The link between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, body composition and glucose tolerance in seniors Study #2 – Seasonal variation of vitamin D in Danish adults and children Study #3 – Vitamin D3 and interleukin 18 are closely linked with depression in men with psoriasis Study #4 – The correlation between vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids and trabecular bone score Study #5 – The link between vitamin D supplementation, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in overweight men Study #6 – The association between vitamin D deficiency and Hashimoto’s autoimmune thyroiditis in obese people Study #7 – The link between MTHFR deficiency, sperm DNA hypomethylation and high doses of folic acid Study #8 – the link between selenium status and the prevalence of prostate cancer Study #9 – The relationship between vitamin D and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) Study #1 - The link between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, body composition and glucose tolerance in seniors This study a.nalyzes the connection between vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance as well as body composition in men and women. Study participants were 271 community-dwelling seniors over 60 years of age. The study analysis focused on comparing the appendicular lean mass index and fat mass index based on serum vitamin D concentrations. Multivariable linear regression as used depending on the BMI of the study participants, their physical activity level, smoking status, sex, and age. Study results The study concluded that those in the lowest serum vitamin D quartile had a higher fat mass in comparison with those in the third quartile and first quartile. The highest serum vitamin D quartile was associated with better insulin sensitivity and less predisposition to develop type 2 diabetes. The highest insulin resistance was seen in patients in the second serum vit,amin D quartile The study results indicate that a low serum vitamin D might be associated with impaired glucose metabolism and a higher fat mass index, regardless of BMI and other risk factors. Study #2 – Seasonal variation of vitamin D in Danish adults and children This study looks at the vitamin D variation in Danish children and adults depending on the season. Three thousand ninety-two people participated in the study. The participation had a profound effect on vitamin D concentrations in those people who were children and 2565 adults. The study took place between 2012 and 2014. A small portion of these participants had blood drawn each month to accurately determine the vitamin D concentration in Nordic populations. Information regarding vitamin D supplementation was also obtained using questionnaires. The seasonal variations of vitamin D were measured and recorded based on age, sex, and supplementation level. Study results The study concluded that approximately 86% of adults and children had sufficient vitamin D in during spring or autumn. Many participants had spring concentrations below 50 nmol/L. The study also found out that women generally had better average concentrations of vitamin D in comparison with men. Vitamin D supplementation was measured accurately, and it has been found that it had a profound effect on vitamin D concentrations in both adults and children, particularly during spring. The study indicates that vitamin D variation during different seasons is significant, and bi-seasonal measurements are required to determine the vitamin D concentration in Nordic populations accurately. Study #3 – Vitamin D3 and interleukin 18 are closely linked with depression in men with psoriasis Psoriasis patients have common traits including a deficiency of vitamin D3, systemic inflammation, and others. This study looks at the link between the severity of the depression and certain inflammation biomarkers in men with psoriasis. Eighty-five men participated in the study. The average age was 47 years, give or take 14 years. Sixty-five men without psoriasis also participated in the study and their average age, give or take 13 years. Both groups of men had their BMI and blood pressure measured a,s well as serum concentrations of lipids, interleukin 6 and 18, vitamin D3 and cortisol. The participants filled the Beck depression inventory, and those who had psoriasis were assessed depending on severity and body area covered by lesions. Study results The study concluded that patients with psoriasis had higher cholesterol profiles, higher interleukin 18 levels, higher body mass indices, and lower vitamin D3 concentrations in the bloodstream compared to the control group. Moreover, the depression severity in patients with psoriasis was positively correlated with the duration and severity of psoriasis and negatively correlated with vitamin D3 concentrations. The study results indicate a link between high concentrations of interleukin 18, low concentrations of vitamin D3 and the severity of depression in men with psoriasis. This is an important finding because it opens up the path to investigate whether vitamin D3 supplementation or anti-inflammatory treatments might be effective in patients with psoriasis. Study #4 – The correlation increased vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, and trabecular bone score This study looks at the association between trabecular bone score, vitamin D and omega-3 trial in men and women. The trabecular bone score represents a method to determine bone density based on bone microarchitecture. It is a marker for osteoporosis. This research analyzed TBS (trabecular bone score) to determine if it differs based on sex, age, race or BMI. The effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation were analyzed to determine their effectiveness in reducing risks for cardiovascular disease and cancer. Six hundred seventy-two people participated in this study. Three hundred of them were men, and 303 were women. The average age was 63 years, give or take six years. Study results The study concluded that TBS was higher in men than women but lower in those who had high BMI drank too much alcohol, used SSRI or had diabetes. It has also been found that a low TBS is correlated with a history of fragility fractures. The TBS didn’t vary depending on caffeine use, race or smoking habits. More studies are required to determine if vitamin D supplementation might help improve TBS and prevent osteoporosis observed results were changes in body fat percentage and Study #5 – The link between vitamin D supplementation, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in overweight men This study examines the relationship between Vitamin D deficiency and health problems such as adiposity and impaired cardiorespiratory fitness. It was a placebo-controlled, double-blinded study which took place throughout six months. Forty obese or overweight people participated in the study. Their BMI was higher than 25, and their vitamin D deficiency was ≤ 55 nmol/L. The study participants received 2000 IU vitamin D pills or placebo. Body composition data and the level of cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed, and blood samples were drawn from the participants. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to measure body composition, and a cardiopulmonary exercise test was used to measure cardiorespiratory fitness. Study results The first results observed were changes in body fat percentage as well as oxygen uptake. However, there was no important difference between the placebo and intervention groups when it comes to BMI and oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold. This means that supplementing with 2000 IU of vitamin D per day doesn’t influence body composition in overweight or obese men who are deficient in this vitamin. Study #6 – The association between vitamin D deficiency and Hashimoto’s autoimmune thyroiditis in obese people Insufficient amounts of vitamin D has been correlated with autoimmune diseases, including Hashimoto's disorder. Obesity is a primary risk factor for developing autoimmune diseases because it is associated with low vitamin D levels. This study looks at the possible link between low levels of vitamin D and Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis. Participants in the study were 261 healthy overweight and obese men and women. Their average age was 41 years, give or take approximately 16 years. These were healthy people with no signs of chronic diseases and completely drug-free. The study measured multiple health parameters such as fasting levels of vitamin D, antibodies, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, TSH, thyroid peroxidase, glucose, cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and uric acid. Other parameters measured include BMI, waist circumference and blood pressure. Study results Approximately 55% of the study participants were deficient in vitamin D. Almost 20% of them had autoimmune thyroiditis. The number of people with vitamin D deficiency who also had autoimmune thyroiditis was significantly higher than those who didn’t have AT. The levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was also higher in patients with AT, compared with patients who didn’t have AT. The study concluded that those who had AT had a higher chance of being `deficient in vitamin D, in comparison with people who didn’t have AT. Approximately 76% of people with vitamin D deficiency were obese, in comparison with 59% of people who didn’t have vitamin D deficiency and were also obese. These results indicate that vitamin D deficiency is linked to AT in obese people. Moreover, obesity is also associated with low levels of vitamin D in the bloodstream. The study recommends testing for AT in all overweight and obese patients who have vitamin D deficiency. Study #7 – The link between MTHFR deficiency, sperm DNA hypomethylation and high doses of folic acid High doses of folic acid (vitamin B9) are used to improve the sperm quality of infertile men. Folic acid is an important factor in the DNA methylation process. The researchers who conducted this study discovered a decrease in DNA methylation in the sperm of infertile men who took 5mg of folic acid a day for six months. The epigenomic impact of folic acid on male germ cells was investigated on mice. These mice were given high doses of folic acid (ten times more than the recommended daily intake) or control diets for up to 6 months. Study results There were no significant changes in overall health markers or sperm quality at the end of the study. DNA hypomethylation was detected in mice which received high doses of folic acid. Wild-type mice were given even higher doses of folic acid (20 times the RDI), and they showed signs of DNA hypomethylation only with these very high doses and after 12 months of supplementation, in comparison with other mice. The amount of testicular MTHFR protein levels was decreased in wild-type mice which received 20 times the RDI of folic acid, but not in those who received just ten times the RDI. This finding might suggest that MTHFR deficiency plays an important role in the DNA hypomethylation of sperm. The results of the study indicate that high doses of folic acid might be responsible for sperm DNA hypomethylation and MTHFR deficiency might play an important role in this process. Study #8 – the link between selenium status and the prevalence of prostate cancer The amount of selenium in the body is inversely correlated with prostate cancer, but supplementing with selenium hasn’t been shown to reduce the incidence of this type of cancer. This study looks at the relationship between selenium status, prostate cancer and the genotype of selenoproteins. The gene which encodes selenoprotein 15 is called SELENOF. Tissue microarrays of SELENOF were analyzed to determine its levels and the location of cells in prostate tissue. The study participants were people from the Chicago-based Adiposity Study Cohort. DNA samples from these patients were used to determine genotype frequencies of SELENOF and SELENOP (selenium-carrier protein) as well as baseline selenium levels. Study results The study concluded that SELENOF is significantly decreased in tumors from African-American men in comparison with tumors from Caucasian men. The SELENOF genotypes were linked with higher tumor grades, while the polymorphism in SELENOP was linked with increased serum PSA. Study #9 – The relationship between vitamin D and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) There is an increasing amount of data linking low serum vitamin D levels with cardiovascular diseases. Based on this evidence, the purpose of this study is to analyze if low levels of vitamin D would be correlated with the progression of vascular disease in Canadian adults who are HIV positive. The researchers looked at the link between baseline vitamin D levels and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). This assessment took place between 2002 and 2011. The study was performed using stored blood samples from the Canadian HIV Vascular Study.128 people participated in this study and the average age was approximately 47 years, give or take eight years. Study results Approximately 94% of the study participants were white and nearly 37% of them were smokers. About 14% of the total number of participants was deficient in vitamin D. These people were monitored for up to 8 and a half years on an annual basis, and the CIMT was accurately assessed. The study concluded that baseline levels of vitamin D were inversely associated with CIMT progression. Further studies are required to determine if supplementation might be a good treatment option for this Canadian population. What is vitamin D? Vitamin D is a secosteroid required for absorbing calcium, phosphate, and magnesium in the intestinal tract. Vitamin D as a whole consists of a group of secosteroids. The most popular ones are vitamin D3 (aka Cholecalciferol) andvitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol). The human body synthesizes vitamin D from sunlight through the skin. This vitamin is also present in very few foods, but one can use supplementation to get the required daily allowance of vitamin D. What is the RDA of vitamin D? The recommended dietary intake of vitamin D depends on age, but most adults and teenagers need approximately 500-600 IU of vitamin D a day. However, a plethora of researchers agree that it is safe to get more than 600 IU of vitamin D per day since this substance is very important for optimal health. Vitamin D can be taken from certain types of foods such as: · Cod liver oil – important source, approximately 1,300 IU per tablespoon · Salmon – approximately 450 IU per 3 ounces of cooked salmon · Tuna – approximately 150 IU per 3 ounces · Eggs – nearly 40 IU of vitamin D are found in the yolk · Sardines · Milk · Yogurt · Orange juice Vitamin D can also be taken from exposure to sunlight, but the amount synthesized by the skin depends on a lot of factors. For example, the amount of skin exposed to sunlight, whether there are clouds in the sky or not, current season, as well as applied sunscreen, can increase or decrease the amount of vitamin D absorbed by the skin. It's important to know a few things when it comes to producing vitamin D through the skin: · Exposure to sunshine through windows doesn’t allow the skin to produce vitamin D · A sky covered with clouds can reduce the absorption rate by 50% · Sunscreen prevents most of the skin from producing vitamin D, but the shielding is not 100% effective. Some vitamin D is produced even if sunscreen is applied · Exposing the legs, arms, face or back from 5 to 30 minutes twice a week might provide the body with sufficient amounts of vitamin D · Using commercial tanning beds can also help the skin produce some vitamin D, but the amounts are minimal Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency The cells in the body have receptors for vitamin D and this substance acts as a hormone. Unfortunately, it is believed that approximately 1 billion people are deficient in vitamin D. Almost 41% of US citizens have low levels of vitamin D in their bodies, according to a 2011 study. Here are some of the most common signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency: 1. Excessive fatigue – chronic tiredness can have multiple causes, and a deficiency in vitamin D might be one of them. For example, people who have vitamin D levels below 20 ng/ml might experience excessive fatigue regularly 2. Depression – depressed people might have low levels of vitamin D in their bloodstream. Observational studies discovered an important relationship between vitamin D deficiency and symptoms of depression and anxiety. 3. Moreover, vitamin D supplementation has been shown to improve seasonal depression symptoms 4. Bone deterioration – since vitamin D is involved in the absorption of calcium in the intestinal tract, too little vitamin D might lead to bone loss in people of all ages. Low levels of vitamin D have been associated with fragility fractures regularly 5. Back pain – studies show that vitamin D deficiency might also be correlated with severe back pains as well as joint and leg pains 6. Getting sick regularly – vitamin D plays an important role in protecting the body against viruses and bacteria. It stimulates the immune system and prevents colds and flu. People who have a deficiency in vitamin D usually get sick more often and are more sensitive to seasonal viruses and bacteria 7. Slow healing of cuts and bruises – vitamin D is necessary to create new skin tissue and complete the healing process of wounds and cuts. If there isn’t enough vitamin D in the body, injuries might heal slower than usual, and this can be a sign of vitamin D deficiency Who might be at risk for developing vitamin D deficiency? Some people are more likely to havetoo little vitamin D in their bodies. These people are known as groups at risk for vitamin D inadequacy. For example, people who have darker skin are less likely to get enough vitamin D from sunlight, even if they spend a lot of time outdoors. Studies show that the black population is consistently deficient in vitamin D in comparison with white populations. This happens because the extra melanin in the skin of black people prevents the skin from absorbing enough amounts of vitamin D. In such cases, supplementing with vitamin D is a viable option as well as taking this vital nutrient from certain foods such as sardines and tuna. People who spend most of their times indoors are also more likely to develop vitamin D deficiency, for obvious reasons. For example, business professionals who work full-time jobs in office buildings and potentially spend extra time at home working don’t get much exposure to sunlight. Similarly, many children spend a lot of time playing computer games indoors these days, and this can affect their vitamin D absorption. Parents should make a habit of sending their kids outside to get fresh air and a healthy dose of vitamin D from sunlight. Lastly, obese people are commonly associated with low amounts of vitamin D in the bloodstream. This might happen because men and women with a BMI of over 30 have higher amounts of subcutaneous fat. This fat is likely to prevent the release of vitamin D in blood circulation and trap absorbed vitamin D in fat tissues. What to do next? Now you understand the importance of getting adequate amounts of vitamin D in your body. The next logical step would be to become more aware of your vitamin D intake and try to increase it, if possible. For example, consider eating more foods rich in vitamin D as well as exposing your skin to sunlight more often. Vitamin D supplementation is also a good idea, but make sure you speak with your physician first. You might want to assess your vitamin D levels with a blood test before beginning supplementation.  

Table of Contents What Is the Growth Hormone? Growth Hormone Functions and Effects Growth Hormone Synthesis and Control The Basics of Acquired Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults Diagnosing Growth Hormone Deficiency Popular Clinical Features of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults Benefits of Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy Safety Considerations for Growth Hormone Therapy The Effects of Growth Hormone in People Who Are Not Deficient The Effects of Growth Hormone on HIV-Induced Cachexia The Effects of Growth Hormone on Athletes The Effects of Growth Hormone in Aging Patients Conclusions Get Your Growth Hormone Test and IGF-1 Test  1. Growth Hormone Test 2. Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein 3 (IGFBP-3) 3. IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1) Growth hormone deficiency is a health problem which can appear at birth or later on in life. It can affect adults and kids of all ages and has certain health consequences such as short stature in children, decreased muscle mass, low bone density, etc. This type of deficiency can be caused by various factors, including trauma, infection, radiation, or it could be genetic. This article takes a closer look at growth hormone deficiency as a medical condition. Keep reading to find out what influences it, how it can be treated, and what are the consequences when it gets too severe. What Is the Growth Hormone? Before learning more about growth hormone deficiency in adults, it’s necessary to understand what a growth hormone is. A growth hormone is a special type of protein which contains approximately 190 amino acids. This hormone is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain and it's necessary for the correct function of multiple processes in the body. For example, it's mainly responsible for bone growth, muscular development, maintaining healthy cholesterol levels, etc. When growth hormone is released by the pituitary, it travels through the bloodstream and binds to receptors in specific target cells. The human growth hormone is also responsible for the release of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) by the liver. Growth Hormone Functions and Effects Human growth hormone has numerous effects on children and adults alike. Since this hormone is called the "growth hormone," one of its primary function is to stimulate the growth of bones, tendons, cartilages, and ligaments in kids until they become adults. Its mode of action is a slow and complicated process which involves the secretion of IGF-1 which stimulates chondrocytes. These are cartilage cells which start the growth of bones in children. The human growth hormone is also involved in the development of muscles in adults. This hormone stimulates myoblasts which are cells directly responsible for muscle growth. At the same time, growth hormone also has various metabolic effects. For example, it helps metabolizing macronutrients such as protein, fats, and carbohydrates. The administration of growth hormone can also stimulate the secretion of insulin in certain people. Growth Hormone Synthesis and Control Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary somatotrophs and it has various anabolic properties. The somatotropic cells amount for approximately 20% of the pituitary tissue and they can be inhibited by somatostatins which are produced by the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is directly involved in the process of secreting the human growth hormone. For example, it emits the growth hormone-releasing hormone which kickstarts the production of growth hormone. The hypothalamus also secretes somatostatins to suppress this production when necessary. Other organs and tissues are involved in the production of growth hormone such as the liver, the gut, and the gonads. The human growth hormone is produced mainly at night in short pulses caused by the hypothalamus. This accounts for more than 85% of the total production of HGH. The release of growth hormone can be slightly increased through exercise. At the same time, it can be drastically decreased if the person in question is obese and sedentary. Ghrelin is also known as the “hunger hormone” and it can increase the production of growth hormone. This is a peptide created in the stomach which gives you the sensation of hunger. Ghrelin can bind to somatotrophs in the pituitary gland to increase the production of growth hormone. Having high levels of IGF-1 can also determine a reduction in the production of growth hormone. When these levels drop, Growth hormoneproduction is restored to normal parameters. You can measure the levels of IGF-1 in the bloodstream with a simple IGF-1 test. The Basics of Acquired Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults A deficiency in the production of human growth hormone can be a severe health problem. This deficiency can be acquired through injuries to the hypothalamus, trauma, accidents, surgery, radiation, and more. Those who were treated for cancers in young adulthood using radiation are at a higher risk for developing a deficiency in growth hormone. Diagnosing Growth Hormone Deficiency A thorough examination is required to identify patients who are deficient in this hormone because the disease doesn’t have specific symptoms. Growth hormone therapy will be prescribed to those who have a severe deficiency of growth hormone. Some of the criteria which qualify a patient for growth hormone therapy include a history of damage to the pituitary or hypothalamus, a parasellar mass lesion, etc. The human growth hormone is generated in a pulsatile fashion, so just by doing a simple blood test to measure the levels of this hormone in the bloodstream is not enough. More investigations are necessary and this includes examinations of the pituitary gland. In some cases, the results can differ from patient to patient and that’s why establishing a correct diagnosis can be difficult. Further testing methods include injecting growth hormone-releasing hormone and arginine to determine if growth hormone is increased in individual patients. Popular Clinical Features of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults Severe cases of growth hormone deficiency in adults are usually associated with obesity, diabetes, a visible loss of muscle mass, and poor sleep quality. At the same time, these patients have increased cholesterol and triglyceride levels as well as hyperglycemia. Other clinical features popular with people who have growth hormone deficiency include decreased bone density. In fact, these people are more susceptible to have fractured bones, particularly later in life. A study performed on 40 patients with an average age of 44 years revealed that approximately 30% of them developed fractures in the following six years. Studies have also shown that people with decreased levels of growth hormone can develop an abnormal cardiac function as well as reduced exercise capacity and oxygen volume in the lungs. This means that the heart doesn’t work as it should and without treatment, growth hormone deficiency in adults can lead to more serious cardiovascular complications. Benefits of Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy Growth hormone replacement therapy is a viable option for deficient adults. This type of treatment is administered daily and it’s only prescribed to patients who have a certain and well-documented diagnosis given by the doctor. Patients need to take a GH test and come back for further examinations to determine if he/she really needs therapy or not. For example, the patient has serious pituitary problems and there are indications which reveal growth hormone deficiency started since childhood. Such a patient is a candidate for growth hormone therapy and the treatment can increase his quality of life. Although the results are varied, studies show that growth hormone therapy can help deficient patients have more energy when exercising. At the same time, this therapy has been shown to increase lean muscle mass and reduce fatigue. Safety Considerations for Growth Hormone Therapy As with any other treatment, growth hormone therapy is not without some risks. Although these can be minimized, each patient can experience different types of mild side effects. In some cases, growth hormone therapy can reveal the fact that the patient might have hypoadrenalism or hypothyroidism. These two conditions can drastically influence the results of growth hormone therapy in patients of all ages. Some of the side effects commonly associated with this type of treatment include muscle pain, swelling of the soft tissue in the body, sleep apnea, water retention, high glucose and hypertension. Studies show that approximately 30% of the patients will develop such side effects. Some of these secondary effects can appear over 5-10 years. Studies show that some patients who benefited from growth hormone therapy also had a high chance of developing a second neoplasm. This was more likely to happen for patients who had a childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency. At the same time, experiencing radiation to the neck or head during childhood might increase the chances of experiencing some of these side effects. Still, checking up with your doctor regularly to monitor your vitals can prevent or minimize side effects when undergoing growth hormone therapy. It’s important to keep your hormone under control during and after growth hormone replacement therapy. The Effects of Growth Hormone in People Who Are Not Deficient Some people are wondering if it’s ok to take growth hormone to increase athletic performance or simply to enhance the levels of IGF-1 in the bloodstream. Studies have been done on people who are not deficient in growth hormone. By doing a GH test, it has been discovered that this hormone has little to no effects on athletic performance, healing of fractures or osteoporosis. Therefore, healthy adults might not need to supplement with growth hormone unless they are deficient and have a well-documented medical history to prove it. The Effects of Growth Hormone on HIV-Induced Cachexia Cachexia is a medical condition characterized by a loss of muscle mass, appetite, and excessive fatigue in people who are not actively trying to lose weight. This health issue can be caused by multiple diseases and the most popular ones are cancer and HIV. Studies have been done on the effects of growth hormone in HIV-positive people who have cachexia. It has been shown that growth hormone therapy can help increase muscle mass while reducing fat. However, this type of hormone might not be recommended for people who are HIV-positive and also have diabetes since it can worsen glucose control. Administering a growth hormone-releasing hormone every day can reduce visceral and liver fat, improving the quality of life for the patient. The Effects of Growth Hormone on Athletes It is illegal for professional athletes to take supplements with growth hormone and participate in multiple types of sports. However, athletes have been used this hormone in significant quantities in the past. Although there are little to no clinical benefits demonstrated by the administration of growth hormone, some athletes experienced an increased fat-free body mass. This is one of the benefits of taking growth hormone supplements, but athletic performance, endurance, and stamina have not been shown to be positively influenced. A study performed on 96 athletes who took 2mg of growth hormone per day for eight weeks had similar results. Endurance, power, and muscle strength weren't affected. However, the sprinting performance was increased by a mere 6% and only in male participants. Another set of studies performed on a total of 303 athletes revealed that strength and exercise performance remained unchanged. These athletes took a high dose of growth hormone, which amounted to approximately 2.5mg daily. Almost half of these athletes developed side effects such as carpal tunnel syndrome, excessive sweating, and even edema. As a result, we can conclude that supplements with growth hormone are not useful for people who are not deficient in it. This hormone doesn’t increase athletic performance, endurance, strength, or stamina, which is contrary to popular belief. It can cause unwanted side effects, so it’s highly recommended to administer it only to growth hormone deficient patients. The Effects of Growth Hormone in Aging Patients Aging is a natural part of life, and it doesn’t come without its fair share of negative aspects. For example, people after 50-60 years start to experience various symptoms such as a predisposition for obesity, low energy levels, decreased muscle mass, and a tendency to store more fat. Sit has been theorized that growth hormone can be used to revitalize and rejuvenate people of an elderly age, especially seniors who are 60 years old or older. Studies performed on multiple healthy individuals revealed that a combination of growth hormone and testosterone could be used to increase muscle strength and stamina in seniors. This program basically consists of a mix of growth hormone therapy and testosterone replacement therapy. Other studies show that increasing the levels of IGF-1 can also slow down the aging process. Measuring the levels of this hormone can be done with a simple IGF-1 test. IGF-1 derives directly from the growth hormone, so by injecting growth hormone, the levels of IGF-1 in the bloodstream should also increase. IGF-1: Benefits and Risks Administering small doses of growth hormone in seniors might also enhance insulin sensitivity and offer protection against chronic illnesses which are specific to people of elderly age. Certain studies revealed that growth hormone therapy could add approximately ten years of life to some senior patients, so the benefits of this treatment cannot be ignored. However, there were also cases when excessive amounts of growth hormone administered to seniors can result in health complications. It has been discovered that too much growth hormone in the bloodstream can create a suitable environment for the development of colon polyps. Left untreated, these polyps can lead to fatal colon cancer. At the same time, excessive doses of growth hormone can also lead to the proliferation of breast cancer in certain patients. Experts suggest that growth hormone therapy should only be administered to deficient seniors who have well-documented cases of pituitary damage or hypothalamus injuries. A growth hormone therapy prescribed to healthy seniors can be detrimental to their health in the long run if not properly monitored. Conclusions Before administering growth hormone replacement therapy, a whole suite of tests and examinations should be performed on the patient. These tests should determine if the person in question has a pituitary problem or well-documented issues with the hypothalamus. If the patient had been deficient in growth hormone since childhood should also be taken into consideration. These tests are necessary to distinguish a patient who is deficient in growth hormone or if he has low levels due to aging. Get Your Growth Hormone Test and IGF-1 Test  It has never been easier than now to test how much growth hormone your body is producing or what are your real levels of IGF-1 in the bloodstream. You can do that simply and efficiently using direct-to-consumer blood tests. Visit DiscountedLabs.com and order an affordable growth hormone test for you or one of your family members. The procedure is simple - you order your GH test; download a lab request form to visit a nearby lab to draw blood, and you get your results by mail in a few business days. The whole process is quick, safe, and confidential. When you get your results, you can compare them against reference values or ask your healthcare provider to help you interpret them. Here are three popular tests you can order from DiscountedLabs today that are related to growth hormone. 1. Growth Hormone Test Growth hormone test provides a primary method to test growth hormone in the bloodstream. This hormone is released in a pulsatile and episodic fashion, having a half-life of approximately 25 minutes. The test should be performed on fasting individuals who were at rest for at least 30 minutes before drawing blood. Growth hormone blood test should be used in conjunction with other types of tests to determine if the individual has a deficiency or not. 2. Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein 3 (IGFBP-3) IGF-1 is essential for a wide array of metabolic processes, as described earlier in this article. It’s also directly involved in muscle growth in adults. IGF-1 binds to a series of proteins, mainly to IGFBP-3. It binds to these proteins to safely circulate through the bloodstream. The iGFBP-3 protein helps to extend the half-life of growth hormone, and it must be available in correct levels in the bloodstream. This test measures the amount of IGFBP-3 in the blood. Patients should stop biotin supplementation 72 hours before doing the test. 3. IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1) The IGF-1 test is used to measure the levels of IGF-1 in the bloodstream. IGF-1 acts as a biomarker for the amount of growth hormone in the body. Use this test to determine the levels of IGF-1 in the body and find out if growth hormone is produced in sufficient quantities. These three tests give you a broader understanding of the levels of human growth hormone in the bloodstream. They're affordable, easy to do, and can be purchased online. Go to DiscountedLabs.com for more details!

Polycistic  ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex hormonal disorder that affects millions of women worldwide. A comprehensive PCOS test panel can provide valuable insights into the underlying causes and help guide effective treatment strategies. In this blog post, we will explore the components of a comprehensive PCOS test panel to gain insight into the underlying causes and guide effective treatment strategies.   From hormonal analysis to insulin resistance assessment, you'll learn about each crucial aspect involved in identifying polycystic ovarian syndrome. We'll also discuss additional testing measures like lipid profile assessments, liver and kidney function tests, as well as electrolyte balance evaluations for a complete understanding of your reproductive health. Lastly, discover the benefits of ordering a PCOS test panel online for convenience and confidentiality while working closely with your physician to interpret results and develop personalized treatment plans that address lifestyle changes essential for symptom management. Table of Contents: PCOS Test Panel Overview Importance of early diagnosis for effective treatment Components of the PCOS test panel Hormonal Analysis in Diagnosing PCOS Role of Prolactin in Reproductive Health TSH Levels and Their Impact on Fertility DHEA-S as an Indicator of Adrenal Function Significance of 17-OH Progesterone Testing Insulin Resistance Assessment with A1C Test Understanding Insulin Resistance in Relation to Female Fertility How High Glucose Levels Contribute To Symptoms Like Weight Gain Additional Tests Included in the Panel Lipid Profile Testing for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment Importance of Liver and Kidney Function Tests Evaluating Electrolyte Balance in Relation to Hormonal Health Benefits of Ordering the PCOS Test Panel Online Saving Time and Money by Avoiding Numerous Medical Appointments Ensuring Confidentiality When Discussing Sensitive Reproductive Issues Interpreting Results & Developing Treatment Plans Working closely with your physician for personalized care Addressing lifestyle changes as part of effective symptom management Frequently Asked Questions Pcos Test Panel What tests are in a PCOS panel? What is the most important lab test in the workup of PCOS? What are the 4 types of PCOS research? Is LH or FSH high in PCOS? Conclusion PCOS Test Panel Overview The PCOS test panel is a comprehensive blood test that includes 19 separate tests and panels designed to diagnose polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in women of reproductive age. This lab test panel helps healthcare providers assess hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance, and other factors associated with PCOS. Early recognition is essential for successful management of PCOS. Importance of early diagnosis for effective treatment An early diagnosis allows healthcare professionals to develop an appropriate management plan tailored to each individual's needs. Timely action can help avoid the emergence or worsening of conditions like infertility, type 2 diabetes, heart disease and endometrial cancer. Components of the PCOS test panel Hormonal analysis: Tests for key hormones like prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and 17-OH progesterone are included in the panel. A1C Test: The hemoglobin A1C test measures average blood sugar levels over three months which helps identify insulin resistance - a common feature among those diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Lipid profile testing: Evaluates cholesterol levels to assess cardiovascular risk factors associated with PCOS. Kidney function tests:This set of tests provides insights into kidney health which may be affected by PCOS. Liver function tests: These tests help identify any potential liver issues that may be related to hormonal imbalances or insulin resistance in women with PCOS. Complete blood count (CBC): This test evaluates overall health by measuring different components of the blood, such as red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, and platelets. Electrolyte balance evaluation:This analysis helps determine if there are any imbalances in essential minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium which can impact hormonal health. The availability of this comprehensive diagnostic tool at a discounted price through DiscountedLabs.com makes it more accessible for those seeking answers about their reproductive health. The convenience of ordering the panel online also offers privacy and flexibility without multiple doctor visits or lab appointments. PCOS test panel is a valuable tool for early diagnosis and effective treatment of the condition. Hormonal analysis plays an important role in diagnosing PCOS, which will be discussed further in the next heading.   Key Takeaway:  The PCOS test panel is a comprehensive blood test that helps diagnose polycystic ovarian syndrome in women. Early diagnosis of PCOS is essential to ensure successful treatment and reduce the risk of infertility, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and endometrial cancer. The availability of this diagnostic tool at a discounted price through DiscountedLabs.com makes it more accessible for those seeking answers about their reproductive health without multiple doctor visits or lab appointments. Hormonal Analysis in Diagnosing PCOS A hormonal analysis is crucial for diagnosing and monitoring polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The key hormones tested include prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and 17-OH progesterone. These tests help determine if there's an imbalance contributing to the development or progression of PCOS. Role of Prolactin in Reproductive Health Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a vital role in regulating menstrual cycles and fertility. High prolactin concentrations can disrupt ovulation, potentially causing irregular menstrual cycles or even infertility. A prolactin test helps identify elevated levels which may indicate underlying issues such as PCOS. TSH Levels and Their Impact on Fertility The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates the production of thyroid hormones essential for metabolism, growth, and overall well-being. Imbalanced TSH levels can affect reproductive health by causing irregular menstrual cycles or difficulty conceiving. By including a TSH test within the PCOS panel, healthcare providers can assess whether thyroid function contributes to symptoms associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome. DHEA-S as an Indicator of Adrenal Function Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that influences the production of other hormones, including estrogen and testosterone. Elevated levels of DHEA-S can contribute to hormonal imbalances associated with PCOS. A DHEA-S test provides insights into adrenal function and helps determine if it plays a role in the development or progression of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Significance of 17-OH Progesterone Testing The 17-OH progesterone test measures the level of this specific hormone in your blood, which can help identify potential issues related to ovulation and fertility. Abnormal levels may indicate conditions such as PCOS or congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Including this test within the comprehensive PCOS panel allows healthcare providers to assess whether there's an underlying issue contributing to symptoms like irregular periods or infertility. Hormonal examination is a critical technique for recognizing PCOS, as it can give knowledge into the different hormones that influence reproductive wellbeing. Moving on to another aspect of testing for PCOS, we will now look at insulin resistance assessment with A1C test.   Key Takeaway:  To diagnose and monitor PCOS, a hormonal analysis is crucial. A hormonal examination is important for identifying and observing PCOS; the essential hormones tested include prolactin, TSH, DHEA-S, and 17-OH progesterone to recognize if there's an unevenness that could be adding to PCOS. These tests help identify underlying issues such as irregular periods or infertility that may indicate conditions like CAH. Insulin Resistance Assessment with A1C Test An essential component within the PCOS test panel is the hemoglobin A1C test, which measures average blood sugar levels over three months. Women with elevated A1C results may have insulin resistance - a common feature among those diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Understanding how insulin resistance affects female fertility and recognizing its contribution to symptoms like weight gain can help women manage their condition more effectively. Understanding Insulin Resistance in Relation to Female Fertility Insulin resistance occurs when cells in the body do not respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels. This hormonal imbalance can disrupt normal reproductive processes by causing an increase in testosterone production and altering ovulation patterns. As a result, women with PCOS often experience irregular menstrual cycles, infertility issues, and other complications related to hormone imbalances. Hormonal Imbalance: High insulin levels stimulate the ovaries to produce excess amounts of male hormones (androgens), such as testosterone. Ovulation Issues: Elevated testosterone levels interfere with follicle development and maturation, leading to irregular or absent ovulation. Fertility Challenges: The combination of hormonal imbalances and disrupted ovulation makes it difficult for women with PCOS-related insulin resistance to conceive naturally. How High Glucose Levels Contribute To Symptoms Like Weight Gain Besides affecting fertility directly through hormonal changes, high glucose levels also contribute indirectly by promoting weight gain. Insulin resistance, triggered by weight gain, can lead to further PCOS symptoms and health issues. Furthermore, weight gain can exacerbate insulin resistance, creating a vicious cycle that worsens both PCOS symptoms and overall health. Making adjustments to diet, physical activity and managing stress levels can be beneficial in regulating blood sugar concentrations and thus helping with the symptoms of PCOS. It is essential to comprehend the effect of glucose on the body and what exams are vital for proper evaluation, as insulin resistance can have a significant consequence on female fertility. To further assess overall health related to PCOS, additional tests such as lipid profile testing and liver/kidney function assessments should be considered.   Key Takeaway:  The PCOS test panel includes the A1C test to measure average blood sugar levels and identify insulin resistance, which is common among those with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Insulin resistance can disrupt reproductive processes, leading to irregular menstrual cycles and fertility issues. High glucose levels also contribute indirectly by promoting weight gain, making it difficult for women with PCOS to maintain a healthy weight. Controlling blood sugar levels through modifications in habits can help improve insulin sensitivity and lessen some of the struggles linked with this disorder. Additional Tests Included in the Panel Besides hormone assessments, this comprehensive diagnostic tool also includes lipid profile testing, complete blood count (CBC), liver function tests, kidney function tests, electrolyte balance evaluation & more. These additional analyses provide insights into overall health status while helping identify potential complications related to PCOS. Lipid Profile Testing for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment A lipid profile test measures cholesterol levels and triglycerides in your blood. This test can provide important information to evaluate the risk of cardiovascular issues associated with PCOS. High cholesterol levels can increase the chances of developing heart disease or stroke - conditions that are already more prevalent among women with PCOS. Importance of Liver and Kidney Function Tests Liver function tests evaluate how well your liver processes nutrients and removes toxins from your body. Similarly, kidney function tests measure how effectively your kidneys filter waste products from the bloodstream. Both organs play a crucial role in maintaining hormonal balance; therefore, their proper functioning is vital for managing PCOS symptoms. Evaluating Electrolyte Balance in Relation to Hormonal Health An electrolyte panel assesses sodium, potassium, chloride & bicarbonate levels within the body. Imbalances can affect various physiological functions like muscle contractions and nerve impulses transmission - both important aspects when it comes to reproductive health. The electrolyte panel included in the PCOS test panel helps identify any imbalances that may contribute to hormonal fluctuations, thus providing valuable information for creating an effective treatment plan. Lipid profile testing: Assess cholesterol levels and triglycerides for cardiovascular risk factors. Liver function tests: Evaluate liver's ability to process nutrients and remove toxins from the body. Kidney function tests: Measure kidney's efficiency in filtering waste products from the bloodstream. Electrolyte balance evaluation: Identify potential imbalances affecting physiological functions related to reproductive health. The additional tests included in the panel can provide a more comprehensive view of overall health, allowing for better assessment and management of PCOS. By ordering the PCOS Test Panel online, individuals are able to take advantage of significant savings while maintaining privacy when discussing sensitive reproductive issues.   Key Takeaway:  The PCOS test panel offered by Discounted Labs includes additional tests such as lipid profile testing, liver and kidney function tests, and electrolyte balance evaluation. These tests provide insights into overall health status while helping identify potential complications related to PCOS, including cardiovascular risk factors associated with high cholesterol levels. Proper functioning of the liver and kidneys is vital for managing PCOS symptoms, making these evaluations important in creating an effective treatment plan. Benefits of Ordering the PCOS Test Panel Online The convenience of ordering a comprehensive PCOS test panel online offers women privacy, affordability, and flexibility. It eliminates the need for multiple doctor visits or lab appointments while providing access to accurate results that can be shared with healthcare providers during consultations. Saving Time and Money by Avoiding Numerous Medical Appointments One significant advantage of ordering your PCOS test panel online is the time and money saved from avoiding numerous medical appointments. By purchasing this all-inclusive diagnostic tool through DiscountedLabs.com, you gain access to an extensive range of tests at a fraction of the cost compared to traditional lab services. Furthermore, you can schedule blood draws at convenient times in local labs across most cities in the U.S., making it easier than ever to prioritize your health without disrupting your daily routine. Ensuring Confidentiality When Discussing Sensitive Reproductive Issues Discounted Labs understands that discussing reproductive health concerns may feel uncomfortable or invasive for some individuals. That's why they offer confidential services when purchasing their PCOS test panel online - ensuring complete privacy throughout every step of the process. Your personal information remains secure as well as any communication regarding sensitive topics like hormonal imbalances or fertility issues. Affordability: The discounted rates provided by Discounted Labs make essential testing more accessible for those seeking answers about their reproductive health without breaking the bank. Ease-of-use: With just a few clicks on their website, you can order your comprehensive PCOS test panel securely and have it delivered directly to your preferred lab location. Privacy: Your test results are kept confidential and can be accessed online using a secure login, ensuring that sensitive information remains protected at all times. Incorporating the PCOS test panel into your healthcare routine has never been more straightforward or accessible. By taking advantage of these online services, you can prioritize your well-being while maintaining complete control over the process - from ordering tests to discussing results with qualified medical professionals. Ordering the PCOS Test Panel online offers numerous benefits, including saving time and money while ensuring confidentiality when discussing sensitive reproductive issues. Interpreting results and developing treatment plans requires working closely with your physician for personalized care in order to address lifestyle changes as part of effective symptom management.   Key Takeaway:  Ordering the PCOS Test Panel online offers women privacy, affordability and flexibility. It saves time and money by avoiding numerous medical appointments while ensuring confidentiality when discussing sensitive reproductive issues. The discounted rates provided by Discounted Labs make essential testing more accessible for those seeking answers about their reproductive health without breaking the bank. Interpreting Results & Developing Treatment Plans Once you receive your PCOS test panel results, it's crucial to discuss them with a qualified healthcare provider who can interpret the data accurately. Based on the results, your healthcare provider can create a tailored treatment plan to address any hormone imbalances, insulin resistance issues and other contributing elements of PCOS. Working closely with your physician for personalized care Your healthcare provider will review the results of each test included in the PCOS panel to identify any abnormalities or potential concerns. A thorough discussion about your medical history and current symptoms is essential for understanding how these lab values relate to your overall health and wellbeing. An open line of communication between you and your doctor ensures that all aspects of PCOS are addressed effectively in creating a tailored treatment approach. Addressing lifestyle changes as part of effective symptom management In addition to medical interventions such as hormone therapy or medications targeting insulin resistance, many women diagnosed with PCOS benefit from making specific lifestyle modifications. These adjustments may include: Dietary changes: Consuming a balanced diet rich in whole foods like fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, healthy fats, and complex carbohydrates can help regulate blood sugar levels while promoting weight loss if needed. A registered dietitian specializing in PCOS nutrition can provide valuable guidance on meal planning and food choices (find an expert here). Physical activity: Engaging in regular exercise can improve insulin sensitivity, reduce inflammation, and promote weight management. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise per week (CDC recommendations). Stress reduction: Chronic stress may exacerbate hormonal imbalances associated with PCOS. Incorporating relaxation techniques such as deep breathing exercises, meditation, yoga, or mindfulness practices can help alleviate stress and support overall mental health (Mayo Clinic tips on stress relief). Taking a proactive approach to managing your PCOS symptoms through collaboration with healthcare professionals and lifestyle adjustments will empower you to take control of your reproductive health journey.   Key Takeaway:  After receiving the results of a PCOS test panel, it is important to discuss them with a qualified healthcare provider who can develop an individualized treatment plan addressing hormonal imbalances and insulin resistance management strategies. Making lifestyle modifications such as dietary changes, regular exercise, and stress reduction techniques can also help alleviate symptoms associated with PCOS. Frequently Asked Questions Pcos Test Panel What tests are in a PCOS panel? A PCOS test panel typically includes hormonal analysis, insulin resistance assessment, and additional tests. Some common components are LH, FSH, prolactin, TSH, DHEA-S, 17-OH progesterone testing, A1C test for glucose levels evaluation and lipid profile testing. Liver and kidney function tests as well as electrolyte balance assessments may also be included. What is the most important lab test in the workup of PCOS? The most crucial lab test in diagnosing PCOS is often hormonal analysis that measures levels of hormones like LH (luteinizing hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), estrogen and testosterone. These measurements help identify imbalances associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. What are the 4 types of PCOS research? Four primary types of research on PCOS include epidemiological studies to understand prevalence rates; clinical trials focusing on treatment efficacy; genetic investigations exploring potential hereditary factors; and molecular biology studies examining underlying cellular mechanisms contributing to this condition. Is LH or FSH high in PCOS? In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), luteinizing hormone (LH) levels tend to be elevated while follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) remains normal or slightly low. This leads to an increased LH:FSH ratio which can disrupt ovarian function causing irregular menstrual cycles and other symptoms characteristic of this disorder. Conclusion The PCOS Test Panel is an important tool for diagnosing and treating Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. By ordering the PCOS Test Panel from Discounted Labs, you can get an in-depth analysis of hormones, insulin resistance and other biomarkers to create a tailored treatment plan quickly and cost-effectively. By ordering your test online from Discounted Labs, you can save time and money while getting accurate results quickly so that you can start feeling better soon. With this pcos test panel, you are taking proactive steps towards improving your health today.  

Introduction to the Study The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging recently published a study called "The Relationship Between C-Reactive Protein and Total Testosterone in Aging Men." This study shows how C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels, low testosterone, and chronic inflammatory diseases in older men are connected in complex ways. Elevated CRP and low testosterone are common in older adults and are linked to several chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Understanding the Role of Testosterone Testosterone plays a crucial role in modulating inflammation. Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) has been observed to reduce CRP levels in aging, hypogonadal (low testosterone) men. Cross-sectional studies have shown that CRP levels are lower than total testosterone (TT) levels. This suggests a strong link, though there are differences when looking at different parts of metabolic syndrome. Study Objective: Analyzing CRP and Testosterone Levels The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between CRP and TT levels in men over a 14-year period, using data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. The research aimed to establish whether low androgen status (low testosterone levels) correlates with high inflammatory profiles, independent of other comorbidities. Methodology: A Cohort Study The study involved male participants with serum TT levels measured during two separate visits over three years apart. Key variables like CRP, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglyceride levels were collected through blood samples, along with comorbidity data at each visit. Panel regression analysis was utilized to delve into the relationship between these variables over time. Results: Testosterone Levels and Inflammation Out of 347 patients (average age 69), the study found a median CRP level of 1.0 mg/dL and a median TT level of 446 ng/dL. The results highlighted a significant association between increased TT levels and a decline in CRP levels, independent of comorbidities. Interestingly, factors like age, congestive heart failure, diabetes, HDL, and triglycerides did not significantly predict CRP levels. Conclusions: Implications for Testosterone Therapy The study concludes that lower serum total testosterone levels are associated with increased CRP in older men. This finding underscores the potential health benefits of TRT in managing chronic diseases in older, hypogonadal men by restoring testosterone levels. It highlights a critical aspect of aging male health and the importance of monitoring and potentially treating low testosterone levels. Elevate Your Health with Testosterone Testing At Discounted Labs, we understand the importance of monitoring your health as you age. Regular testosterone testing can be a crucial step in maintaining your well-being and preventing chronic diseases. Visit us at DiscountedLabs.com to learn more about our affordable and convenient blood tests, available without a doctor's visit in several U.S. states. Take charge of your health today and ensure your testosterone levels are within a healthy range.